PRECALCULUS COURSE SUMMARY

Cecilia Mora Oscar Lopez Blanca Meza Joanna Hernandez

Functions and their Graphs: Properties of Lines

By: Cecilia Mora

Function: A function is an equation in which each domain only has one range. y x Domain: All the inputs/x's Range: All the outputs/y's
Domain and range can also be found by looking at the graph of the function.

Slope:
also know as:

RISE RUN

change in y or change in x

The purpose of finding the slope of a

Point-Slope Form:

line is to measure the rate of change.

Point-slope form is another equation for a constant straight line.A point (x1, y1) and a slope (m) are given and the given is then plugged into the equation. It helps plot points more easily. Point-slope form also helps find the equation of a line in the graph.

Functions and their Graphs: Basic Functions, Functions and Graphs

By: Cecilia Mora Applications: Can be used to show linear growth, free-fall velocity, simple interest, linear depreciation,etc. Applications:
Position during free-fall, projectile motion, parabolic reflectors, quadratic growth, etc.

Domain: (-infinity,+infinity) Range: (-infinity,+infinity)

Domain: (-infinity, +infinity) Range: (0, +infinity)

Applications: Exponential growth, compound interest, population models

Domain: (-infinity,+infinity) Range: (-infinity,+infinity)

Domain: (-infinity,+infinity),X can't be zero Range: (-infinity,+infinity), Y can't be zero

Domain: (-infinity, +infinity) Range: (0, +infinity)

Domain: (0, +infinity) Range: (0, +infinity)

Functions and their Graphs: Basic Functions, Functions and Graphs Continued By: Cecilia Mora
Applications: Logarithmic growth, decibels (sound), Richter scale (earthquakes), inverse exponential models) Applications: Periodic behavior: harmonic motion, waves, circular motion, etc.

Domain: (0, +infinity) Range: (-infinity, +infinity)

Domain: (-infinity, +infinity) Range: [-1,1]

Domain: (-infinity, +infinity) Range: [-1,1]

Domain: (-infinity, +infinity) Range: (0, +infinity)

Domain: (-infinity,+infinity) Range: (-infinity,+infinity)

Domain: (-infinity,+infinity) Range: (-0,1)

Functions and their Graphs: Transformations (Shifts, Stretches, and Reflections) By: Cecilia Mora
A transformation is a function that maps real numbers to real numbers. The three main transformations are rotation, reflection, and translation.

A rotation turns

A reflection flips

A translation slides

If any of these transformation takes place, the object still has the same size, area, angles and line lengths, even if the object has moved. These transformations are called rigid transformations.Rigid transformations leave the size and shape of a figure unchanged, which include horizontal translations, vertical translations, reflections, or a combination of these. A vertical translation is a shift of the graph either up or down the coordinate plane. y=f(x)+c : a translation up c units y=f(x) -c : a translation down by c units A horizontal translation is a shift of the graph either to the left or right of the plane.

y=f (x-c) : a translation to the right by c units y=f (x+c) : a translation to the left by c units

Reflection Across the x axis y=-f(x) Across the y axis y=f (-x)

Functions and their Graphs: Transformations (Shifts, Stretches, and Reflections) continued
Non-rigid transformations are transformations in which most of the time they change the shape of the graph. These include horizontal or vertical stretches and shrinks.
When a graph is vertically stretched or shrunk, the x intercepts do not change as the transformation takes place. It changes the dimension of the graph, but the shape does not change. The base is either pulled outward or compressed inward. When a graph is horizontally stretched or shrunk, the base graph is pulled, or pushed together, while the yintercept is unchanged.

Horizontal Stretches or Shrinks y=f(x/c) a stretch by a factor of c if c>1 a shrink by a factor of c if c<1

Vertical Stretches or Shrinks y=f(x/c) a stretch by a factor of c if c>1 a shrink by a factor of c if c<1

Functions and their Graphs: Combination of Functions

By: Cecilia Mora Problem Solving Examples! Product Function:
(f*g)(x)=f(x) g(x) f(x)=3x-1 and g(x)=x2-x-2 (3x-1)(x2-x-2) Sum Function: 3x3-3x2-6x-x2+x+2 (f+g)(x)=f(g)+g(x) 3x3-4x2-5x+2 (3x-1)+(x2-x-2) Quotient Function: x2+2x-3 (f/g)(x)=f(x)/g(x) Difference Function: (3x-1)/(x2-x-2) (f-g)(x)=f(x)-g(x) Since denominator can't be zero: (3x-1)-(x2-x-2) Domain is all 2 2 x -x-2=(x-2)(x+1)=0 real #s except 3x-1-x +x+2 x-2=0 (x+1)=0 -x2+4x+1 2 and -1 Example of (fog)(x) or f of g: x=2 x= -1 2 f(x)=5x+2 and g(x)=x -1 The importance of (fog)(x) composition of = f(g(x)) =f(x)= 5x+2 substitute g(x) into the x of f(x) functions is the 2 = 5( x -1 ) + 2 distribute combination of 2 = 5x - 5 + 2 combine like terms two functions to 2 create a new one. = 5x -3 Example of (gof)(x) or g of f: f(x)=5x+2 and g(x)=x2-1 (gof)(x) = g (f(x)) = g(x)=x2-1 plug in f(x) into the x of g(x) 2 = ( 5x+2 ) - 1 distribute 2 = 25x + 20x + 4 - 1 combine like terms = 25x2 + 20x + 3

One function is substituted into the other.

demonstration of how to plug in for (gof)(x)

Polynomials and Rational Functions

Quadratic Functions
A quadratic function is a polynomial function. The basic quadratic function is y=x^2. The graph of a quadratic function is a parabola whose axis of symmetry is parallel to the y-axis. The function's will consist of a vertex and a axis of symmetry, the middle line that divides the parabola and reflects the points.

Polynomial Functions (Monotonic, one to one, Horizontal line test)

A polynomial function is an expression that consist of more than one degree. To test if the polynomial function is a function one uses the horizontal line test, in which a line is drawn the y-axis and simply only crosses or intersects with the graph once. If it intersects more than once, it is not a function.

The quadratic formula is used to find the values of (x) in a quadratic expression that cannot be easily factored.

Polynomials and Rational Functions

Synthetic Division
Synthetic division is a shortcut to find both the quotients and remainders without the use of having to do long division when dividing polynomials. The picture aside demonstrates synthetic division step by step.

Real Zeroes complex Numbers

f(x)= 10x^5- 3x^2+ x-6

In the example above it shows that (-6) is P and (10) is q. Next the information tells us to divide these two numbers to find the zeros. P/q= 6/10

Rational Functions
The image in the side shows a rational function graph, where two graphs do not intersect and contain horizontal and vertical asymptotes.

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

credit: Blanca M

Exponential Functions:
-Exponential function can be defined as function which obtains both a base (variable) and an exponent. -Formula: Y=a*b^x a: starting amount / b: variable / x: rate/input (domain) -Domain: (-,) Range: all real positive numbers -A negative exponent is the reciprocal of the positive. -An exponential function obtains two parts; the Exponential Decay and the Exponential Growth.

a) Exponential Decay: - The starting amount is decreased by a consistent rate over a certain period of time. - Y= a(1-b)^x -b<1 b) Exponential Growth: -The starting amount is increased by a consistent rate over a certain period of time. -Y=a(1+b)^x -b>1

Exponential Growth;

Exponential Decay

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

credit: Blanca M

Exponential Functions:
-Transformations -Y= a*b^(x-h)+v a: Vertical transformation (shrink or stretch) / b: base / x: exponent / h: horizontal shift (up or down) / v: vertical shift (left or right) -Exponential Population Modeling - P(t)+Po(1+r)^t P(t): Population at t / Po: Initial population / r: Rate / t: years

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

credit: Blanca M Logarithmic Functions and their Graphs -Logarithmic function is the reciprocal of of an exponential function. -Logs find the exponent. Properties of Logarithms

Basic Properties of Logarithms

For 0 < b 1, x > 0, and any real number Y.

Properties of Logarithmic
B, R, S, are positive real numbers with b and c= any real number. 1

-Logb1=0 -logb^b^y=y

b^y=x or b^0=1 b^y=b^y b^1=b

PRODUCT RULE: logb(RS)=logb^R+logb^S QUOTIENT RULE: logc^(R/S)= logb^R-logb^S POWER RULE: logb^(R)^c= clogb^R

-logb^b=1 or logb^x -blog^b^x

logb^x=logb^x

1) logb^(x/y)=logb^x+logb^y 2)logb^(x/y)=logb^x-logb^y 3) logb^(x^h)=hlogb^x 4)logb^x=loga^x/loga^b

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

credit: Blanca M

Solving Exponential and Logarithmic Equations

Analytical Geometry
By: Joanna Hernandez

Parabolas:
A parabola is a curve formed by several points (x,y) on a plane. All of these points are at the exact same distance (equidistant) from a point which is called the vertex and another which is the directrix. Parabolas are in the shape of a U and it never intersects.

Parts of a Parabola

Directrix: points are all equidistant to this Vertex: parabola intersects its axis at the vertex. it is also the midway point between the parabolas directrix and focus. focal axis: line that passes through the focus which is also perpendicular to the directrix (also known as line of symmetry.) line of symmetry: cuts the parabola in half focal length: the directed distance from the focus and vertex. (usually when the parabola is facing up or down) chord: a line that contains two end points focal width:chord's length that goes through the parabolas focus and is also perpendicular to the axis

f(x)= x^2

Analytical Geometry
Ellipse:
Set of points on a plane that have distances from two fixed points which have a constant sum. (forms an oval)
-Ellipses are used in several ways. In example, they form the paths of our planets, comets, and the moons of the planets.

(continued)

Parts of an Ellipse
- foci: fixed point of the ellipse -focal axis: the line that goes through the foci -center: the midway point between the foci and also a point on the focal axis -vertices: all the points where the axis is intersected by the ellipse. -chord: a line with endpoints -major axis: a chord that lies on it's focal axis -semimajor axis: a -semiminor axis: b

Analytical Geometry (continued)

Hyperbolas:
Set of points on a plane that have distances from two fixed points and have a common difference. (forms two seperate parabolas that face the opposite direction.) They never intersect. -Hyperbolas are used in astronomy, navigation, and optics.

Parts of a Hyperbola
-foci: fixed points of the hyperbola -focal axis: the line through the foci -center: the midway point between the foci and also a point on the focal axis -vertices: all the points where the axis is intersected by the ellipse. -chord: a line with endpoints -transverse axis: a chord that is lying on the hyperbolas focal axis that connects its vertices -semitransverse axis: a -semiconjugate axis: b