Jones' Mathematical Text-Books*

PRICE LIST, JANUARY

I.
1.
1

SOS

A DRILL-BOOK

IN

FOURTH EDITION.
For high-school and college classes.

TRIGONOMETRY.

i2mo, cloth, xvi 192 pp. Single copies by mail, $1.00. All cash orders (carriage at the buyer's cost), 75 cents.
II.

A DRILL-BOOK. IN ALGEBRA.
FIFTH EDITION.

For high-school seniors and college freshmen. ^*\>^~ ^" * * i2mo, cloth, xvi 272 pp. Single copies by mail, $1.00. All cash orders (carriage at the buyer's cost), 75 cents.

AN ANSWER

TENTH EDITION. Eighteen tables (four-place, six-place, and ten-place), with explanations; for use in the class-room, the laboratory, and the office. Royal 8vo, cloth, 160 pp. Single copies by mail, $1.00. AH cash orders (carriage at the buyer's cost), 75 cents.
:

A BOX OF QUESTION CARDS, for the class-room. $1.00. III. LOGARITHMIC TABLES.

BOOK,

for teachers only, 25 cents.

IV.

FOUR-PLACE LOGARITHMS.

FIFTH EDITION. one of the logarithms of three-figure numbers, the other of trigonometric ratios, and their logarithms, for angles differing by

Two

tables:

ten minutes.

i2mo, paper, 8 pp.

V.
Eleven tables:

Single copies

by

mail, 5 cents.

All cash orders (carriage at

the buyer's cost), 4 cents.

FIVE-PLACE LOGARITHMS.

FIRST EDITION. one of the logarithms of four-figure numbers, one of trigonometric ratios, and their logarithms, for angles differing by minutes and nine minor tables. Royal 8vo. cloth, 64 pp. Single copies by mail, 60 cents.
;

All cash orders (carriage at the buyer's cost), 45 cents.

VI.

SOME PROOFS

IN ELEMENTARY FIRST EDITION.

GEOMETRY.
used instead of proofs

Twelve theorems. by limits

121710,

Alternative proofs that

Single copies

may be

paper, 16 pp.

by

All cash orders (carriage at the buyer's cost),

mail, 10 cents. 8 cents.

Single copies of these books are sent free to teachers of mathematics for For the most part they follow well-worn lines; but in some inspection things there are radical departures; and teachers are advised neither to accept them nor to reject them without careful examination. They are good books for private reading.

GEORGE W. JONES,
No
AGENTS.

Publisher,
ITHACA, N. Y.

LOGAEITHMIC TABLES

PROF.

GEORGE WILLIAM JONES

OF

CORNELL UNIVERSITY.

TENTH

EDITION.

To promote

the detection of errors in the tables, one dollar will be paid

tat the first notice of every such error.

Address Prof. Jones at Ithaca.

f* I ]f -./'*//

Hontron

THE MACMILLANITHACA,
N. Y.

CO.

GEORGE W.
1905.

JONES.

CONTENTS.
EXPLANATION OF THE TABLES, L FOUR-PLACE LOGARITHMS,

four-place table of logarithms of the natural

.....
.

PAGES.
8-11
12-14

numbers

1, 2, 8,.. 999,

with a table of pro-

portional differences in the margin, and of the logarithms of the squares, cubes, square-roots,

cube-roots and reciprocals of the

numbers

1, 2, 3,. .99.

IL

FOUR-PLACE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS,

15-19

A four-place table of
III.

logarithms of the six principal trigonometric functions, with differences for

minutes, and of the lengths of arcs In radians.

LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS,

20-87

A six-place
IV.

table of logarithms of four-figure

numbers, with a table of differences.

88-41

CONSTANTS OF MATHEMATICS AND OF NATURE WEIGHTS AND MEASURES,

A table of useful constants,

V.

with the logarithms of those In

common

use.
-

ADDITION-SUBTRACTION LOGARITHMS,

42-58

A six-place
themselves.

table of logarithms so related that,

by

their nse, the logarithm of the

sum and

of the

difference of

two numbers may be found from

their logarithms without taking out the

TL SINES AND TANGENTS OF SMALL ANGLES,

A table of the
ratios
sin

A": A,

tan A":

...
-

numbers

69

for angles

0-5, whereby

the logarithmic sines and

tangents of these small angles are found more exactly than by Table VII.

F1L TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS,

60-104

five-place table of natural sines, cosines, tangents,

and cotangents of angles 0-180,

to

minutes, and a six-place table of their logarithms, with differences of logarithms for seconds expressed in units of the sixth decimal place.
fill.

NATURAL LOGARITHMS,
A
six-place table of natural logarithms of the decimal
1, 2, 8,. .1218,

105-117

numbers,

.01, .02, .08,.. 9.99,

of the natural

numbers
IX.

and of the prime numbers between 1218 and 10000.

-

PRIME AND COMPOSITE NUMBERS, A table of prime and composite numbers from

118-187

numbers that
X.

are not divisible

by

2 or 5,

with the factors of the composite and ten-place logarithms of the primes.
1 to 20000,

SQUARE?,

A table of the squares of the natural numbers 1, 2,

...
-

188-189

8,

.999.

XL CUBES,
A A
XIL SQUARE-ROOTS,
the decimal

140-141

table of the cubes of the decimal

numbers

.1, .2, .8,. .99.9. -

table of the square-roots, to four decimal places, of the natural

numbers

XIIL CUBE-ROOTS,

A
XIV.

table of the cube-roots, to four decimal places, of the natural

.1, .2, .8,. .99.9,

......
numbers
.1, .2, .8,..

142-145

1, 2, 8,.. 999,

and of

99.9.

146-151

decimals

and of the decimals

.01, .02, .08,. .9.99.

RECIPROCALS,

table of the reciprocals of the decimal

numbers

XV. QUARTER-SQUARES,

....
.01, .02, .03,
.

...
numbers
.9.99.

1, 2, 8,.. 999,

of the

152-163

154-157

table of the quarter-squares of the natural

numbers

1, 2, 8,

2000.

XVL

BESSEL'S COEFFICIENTS,

168

table of Bessel's coefficients for second, third, fourth,

-

and

fifth differences, for interpolation.

XVTL BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS,

XVIII.

169
third, fourth,

A table of binomial coefficients for second,

ERRORS OF OBSERVATION,

and

fifth differences, for interpolation.

MO

A table of ordinates of

the probability-curve, values of probability integrals, and other values.

Copyright, 1889, by George William Jones.

EXPLANATION OF THE TABLES.

COMMON LOGARITHMS.
FORM OF A LOGARITHM.

THE LOGARITHM

of

a,

number

is

the exponent of that power to which another num-

ber, the base, must be raised to give the

number

first

named.

The base commonly used

mensurable powers of
the characteristic, and an

10, a

in computation is 10, and as most numbers are incomcommon logarithm, in general, consists of an integer, endless decimal, the mantissa.

If a number be resolved into two factors, of which one is an integer power of 10 and the other lies between 1 and 10, then the integer exponent of 10 is the characThe characteristic is teristic, and the logarithm of the other factor is the mantissa. the manpositive if the number be larger than unity, and negative if it be smaller A negative characteristic is indicated by the sign above it. tissa is always positive.
;

E.g.,

= 10 x 7.77, .0777 = 10- x 7.77,

7770
3

and log 7770 = 3.890421, and log. 0777 = 2.890421.

The logarithms of all numbers expressed by the same figures in the same order have different characteristics but the same mantissa for since all such numbers may be got one from another by multiplying or dividing by some integer power of 10,
;

their logarithms differ

by

integers.

In particular counting from the

:

if

the decimal point stand after the first figure of a number, if after two figures, it is 1 if after left, the characteristic is
;

three figures,

it is 2,

and so

on.

So, if the decimal point stand before the first sig1

;

nificant figure, the characteristic is

E.g., log
,

if

one zero follow the decimal point,

log .003649 = 3.562174.

it

is

2.

3649 = 3.562174,

log 3.649

= 0.562174,

TABLES OF LOGARITHMS.
of

The logarithms

any

set of consecutive

numbers, arranged in a form convenient

Such a table, to the base 10, need give for use, constitute a table of logarithms. only the mantissas the characteristics are evident.
;

In this book there are three tables of

gives the logarithms of
all

common

logarithms

three-figure

numbers correct

Table I, pp. 12, 13, to four decimal places.

:

Table

logarithms of all four-figure numbers correct to six Table IX, pp. 118-137, gives the logarithms of all prime numbers below 20000 correct to ten decimal places.
III, pp. 20-37, gives the

decimal places.

last figure of

All these tables are arranged upon the same general plan, that of double entry, the a number standing at the top of the page, above the logarithm, and the other figures at the extreme left and on a line with the logarithm.

The explanations
changes, they

may

that follow apply particularly to Table III serve also for Tables I and IX.

but, with slight

TABLE

III.

In Table III, the first three figures of a number stand at the left of the page, and the fourth figure at the top the mantissa of the logarithm is found on a line with the first three figures of the number, and under the fourth figure.
;

EXPLANATION OF THE TABLES.

The
figure,

the sixth mantissas, though endless decimals, are carried to six places only being that which is nearest to the true value, is in error by less than half a
;

six figures the last four are always printed in full, but the first two first column only, and at intervals of ten, or when they change. If a in the appear in middle of a line, warning is given by stars, and then the first the occur change
unit.

Of these

two

figures are read

from the

line below.
;

to 7079 begin with 84 E.g., on page 32 the mantissas of all numbers from 7000 and the change to 86 takes place in the of numbers from 7080 to 7244, with 85
;

logarithm of 7245.

numbers found in the table are tabular numbers, and their logaThe differences of consecutive tabular logarithms, the tabular differences, are printed in the column of differences with multiples of their

The

four-figure

rithms are tabular logarithms.

tenth parts below them.

TO TAKE OUT THE LOGARITHM OF A NUMBER.

For a four-figure number.

first

Take out the tabular mantissa that

the fourth figure
lies
;

lies in line

with the
is

three figures of the

number and under

the characteristic

the exponent of that integer power of 10 which

E.g.,

next below the number.

log .007246 = 3.860098.

log 72.44

= 1.859978,

log .7245=1.860038,

For a number

of less than four figures.

;

Make

the

number a

four-figure

number

by

annexing zeros
log 700
log

and follow the rule above.

log 72

E.g.,

= 2.845098, .007 = 3.845098,

= 1.857332, log .72 = 1.857332,

figures.

log 702 log .000702

=2.846337,

= 4.846337.
of the
first

For a number of more than four

Take out the tabular mantissa

four figures, subtract this mantissa from the next greater tabular mantissa, multiply the difference so found by the remaining figures, as a decimal, and add the product,
as a correction, to the mantissa of the
E.g., to take out log
first

four figures.

8513.64

The characteristic is 3, and the mantissa of log 8513 is .930083. The tabular difference is .000051, and the product of .000051 by The corrected logarithm (3.930083 + .000033) is 3.930116. The work may take
3.930134
83
51
this

.64 is .000033.

form

51
-.64

3.930083
32.64

33

3.930116

umn

is shortened by finding the tabular difference in the coland adding mentally that part of this difference which lies oppolies opposite the sixth posite the fifth figure of the number, a tenth of that which and so on. the seventh which lies a hundredth of that figure, opposite figure,

The labor

of multiplying

of differences

E.g., in the

tenth part

is 2,

example above, under 51 and opposite and the sum is 33.

:

6 is 31

opposite 4

is 20,

whose

So, to take out log .001386137

man. log 1386^.141763, tab. and the logarithm sought is 3.141806.

dif.

= 313,

313x. 137 = 43,

This process of finding logarithms of numbers of more than four figures is interthat the it rests upon this property of logarithms polation by proportional parts differences of logarithms are very nearly proportional to the differences of their
: ;

numbers when those

differences are small.

EXPLANATION OF THE TABLES.

TO TAKE OUT

A NUMBER FROM
in the table.

ITS

LOGARITHM.
lies
;

For a mantissa found exactly

Join the figure at the top that

above
in the

the given mantissa to the three figures

four-figure

upon the same line at the extreme left

number thus

found, so place the decimal point that the

lies

number
of
1

shall

be
ex-

the product of

some number that

between

and

by a

power

whose

ponent

is

the characteristic of the logarithm.

E.g., to take

out log- 1 3.583652

1
:

[log"

ig

rea d antilogarithm.

The mantissa .583652

istic is 3,

lies in line

with 383 and under 4

and since the character3834.

there are four integer figures, and the

1

number

is

So,

log- 0.583652
1

= 3.834,
:

log- 3.583652

003834.

To takeout log- 1.780029

is

The mantissa. 780029 lies in line with 602 and under 1, the number sought is .6026.
So,

6,

and since the characteristic

log- 3.780029 = 006026,

1
.

log- 2.780029
in the table.
less

= 602.6.
Take out the
four-figure antilogait

For a mantissa not found exactly

rithm of the tabular mantissa next
quotient of the difference of these
E.g., to take out log1

than the given mantissa, and to

difference.

join the

two mantissas by the tabular

:

3.583700

The next

less tabular

mantissa

is

583700 583652

48
is

583765 583652

.583652, whose four-figure antilogarithm 48 113 = .425 nearly,

:

is

3834,

113

and the number sought

1

3834.425 nearly.
:

To take out log- 1.780089

The next
less tabular

mantissa

780089
29
60
,

.780029, whose four-figure antilogarithm 60 72 = .83 nearly, 780101

is
:

is

6026,

29

72

and the number sought

1

is

.602683 nearly.
:

To take out log- 6.471197

The next
less tabular

mantissa

is

471197
45
52
is

471292
145

.471145, whose four -figure antilogarithm 52 147 = 35 nearly,

:

is

2959,

147

and the number sought

2959350 nearly.

is shortened by finding the tabular difference in the column and using the multiples of its tenth part for the several products in the Thus shortened, the whole work may in most cases be done course of the division. and the complete antilogarithm is then written down. only mentally,

The labor

of dividing

of differences,

E.g., in dividing

113,

48 by 113, the table of differences shows that 45 and that the remainder, 3, is nearly 3 hundredths of 113.
POSSIBLE ERRORS.

is

4 tenths of

The possible error of any logarithm, as printed in this table, is half a millionth, and but the probable error is the possible error of any tabular difference is a millionth much less. If several logarithms be added, or if a logarithm be multiplied by the exponent of a high power, the resulting logarithm may be in error by more than a
;

EXPLANATION OF THE TABLES.

the antilogarithm, the first got by dithe sixth generally trustworthy, figure is often in doubt, and the seventh to be used. The error is in the result is nearly ten times greater rarely possible figure if the logarithm be near the end of the table than if near the beginning for then
millionth.
vision, is
fifth figure of
;

In such a case the

the tabular difference, the divisor,

dividend has greater

effect.

and an error either in it or in the If greater accuracy be desired, larger tables must be used.
is

much

smaller,

LABOR-SAVING DEVICES.
is sought lie nearer the larger of two tabular numbe the correction applied, by subtraction, to the larger tabular mantissa; and bers, may nearer the larger of two tabular mantissas, the correction lie if a so, given logarithm to the larger tabular number. be subtraction, may applied, by

If the

number whose logarithm

To avoid straining the eyes the logarithms are grouped in blocks of five, and, instead of tracing the lines of figures across the page and down the columns, the computer may guide himself by correspondences of position in the blocks.

To
itself

tient figure, the

Write down, as first quodivide a logarithm whose characteristic is negative number of times the divisor is contained in that negative multiple of
:
;

which is equal to, or next larger than, the negative characteristic carry the positive remainder to the mantissa and divide for the mantissa of the quotient.
to such characteristics : Modify the logarithms by adding 1 the sums, differences, or multiples of the modified logarithms where the subject-matter is such that the general magnitude of the results cannot be

characteristics.

To avoid negative Use

mistaken.

To divide a modified logarithm Add such a multiple of 1 as will make the sum exceed the true logarithm by 10 times the divisor divide, and the quotient is the
: ;

true logarithm, modified.

The arithmetical complement

arithm
;

of a logarithm

is

the excess of

over the given log-

The arithmethe modified logarithm of the reciprocal of the number. read from the be of a tabular tical complement table, subtractdirectly logarithm may from 9 and the last from 10. the first of the logarithm figures ing
it is

CONSTANTS.
Table

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

TABLE
IV.

with the loggives the principal constants of mathematics and of nature, of a logarithm If the characteristic use. are in common arithms of such of them as of matheconstants to the In addition is used. modified the be negative logarithm determined. be constants these which are shown formulae certain may by matics,

IV

In chemistry, Professor Clarke is the authority. In physics, Professors Everett, Landolt and Bornstein are the principal authorities. When there have been several determinations of a constant, either the range has been been chosen which seemed given, where space permitted, or that one of them has

most

reliable.

Here the meter

is

taken as 39.370432 inches.

In the conversion tables for "Weights and Measures," the meter has been taken as 39.3700 inches, with a very small possible error, on the authority of Professor Rogers and of Professor Mendenhall, the superintendent of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. This value is also the legal value of the meter in the United
States.

The kilogram, by the determinations

is

of the International

Bureau

of

Weights

and Measures,

15432.35639 grains.

EXPLANATION OF THE TABLES.

ADDITION-SUBTRACTION LOGARITHMS.
TABLE
V.

the

Addition-subtraction logarithms (Gaussians) are of use in finding the logarithm of sum or difference of two numbers directly from their logarithms. They are

known as A-logarithms, B-logarithms, and C-logarithms. three parts: pp. 42-51, 52-53, 54-58.
The formulae
page
:

The

table is divided into

at the

bottom of any page show how to use the logarithms on that

;

for addition, at the left

for subtraction, at the right.

1,

All cases of addition can be solved by the use of part

only for subtraction This table
parts
1,
;

and part 2 need be used

the A-logarithms in

part 3

is

for subtraction only.

:

is

arranged on the same general plan as Table III

rithms

2 take the place of numbers in that table, and the B-logarithms that of logathe B-logarithms in part 3 take the place of numbers, and the C-logarithms

that of logarithms.

In parts

1, 2,

A,

B
b,

are so related that log-

B = 1 +log~'A.
b,

GIVEN log

a,

log

AND log a GREATER THAN log

and add
1
;

TO FIND log (a +

).

From

log b subtract log a

is

enter the table with this

;

sum

as A, take

out B, as a logarithm
Or,

found from

its
if

number

to

B add

log a.
.2,

from log a subtract log b, with this remainder as A, take out B, and add log

and

the remainder be less than

b.

enter the table

The work may take

this

form

A
log b
log a

9.216000 3.091175

[part 1

A
log a log b

0.110925

[part 2

3.847129
3.736204

3.875175

0.066116
3.941291

B
log(> +
)

0.360024

4.096228

GIVEN log

a,

log

b,

AND log a GREATER THAN log

b,

b,

TO FIND log (a

b).

From

log a subtract log

then

(a) If the

remainder be

less
is

than

.4,

enter the table with this remainder as B, and

its

and take out A, as a

number
0.230162
1.517893
1.287731

found from
[part
1

logarithm

to

A add

log

b-

B
log a log b

B
loga
log b

0.340079

[part 2

1.683719
1.343640

A a log( _)
()
If the

9.844400
1.132131
.4,

A
log(a-J)
found from
its

0.074875
1.418515

remainder be more than

C, as a logarithm
is

enter the table with this remainder as B,

and take out

number

to

C add

log

a.

B
log b
log a

0.450700
1.916429
log &
log a

0.600311

[part 3

0.196834 0.797145

2.367129

C
log( a

9.810070

C
log

9.874476
0.671621

_)

2.177199

(a-V)

EXPLANATION OF THE TABLES.

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.
In this book there are two tables of trigonometric functions
Table
the
II,
:

first five
;

the rest
gles,

pp. 15-19, gives the angles in degrees, and in radians, to five minutes for degrees and the last five degrees of a right angle, and to ten minutes for and it gives four-place logarithms of the six principal functions of these an-

with differences for minutes.

is

Table "VI, page 59, is a supplementary table whose object computations as involve very small angles.

to

make more

exact such

Table VII, pp. 60-104, gives the angles to minutes for two right angles, with their natural sines, cosines, tangents, and cotangents, correct to five places, and six-place logarithms of these functions, with differences for seconds.

The explanations
they

may

serve also for Table

that follow apply particularly to Table VII with slight changes II. For explanations of Table VI, see page 10.
;

TABLE
If the angle

VII.

be

less

than 45

or

more than 135, the name

;

of the function

and the

number

of degrees in the angle are found at the top of the page, and the minutes at the side of the page below the degrees if the angle lie between 45 and 135, the

name

and the number of degrees are found at the bottom of the page, and the minutes above the number of degrees. The functions are given for every to 180, and they lie in line with the minutes of the angle. degree and minute from
of the function
called the natural functions, and their logarithms, the are functions, printed side by side, the first in small type, and the other logarithmic in larger type as being more important. If a logarithm be negative, then the modified

The functions themselves,

logarithm

is

used.

At the right of the columns of logarithmic sines and cosines and between those of logarithmic tangents and cotangents are printed the sixtieth parts of the differences of consecutive logarithms they are the tabular differences for seconds.
;

Logarithmic secants and cosecants are found logarithms of cosines and sines.

by subtracting from 10 the modified

do not distinguish between positive and negative functions, and every some function of four different angles every sine is the sine of two angles that are supplementary, and the cosine of their complements, and so with every cosine, tangent, and cotangent.
tables
is

The

function

E.g.,

cosine of 78

on page 71 the decimal .19652 is the sine of 11 20' and of 168 40' and of 101 20' and 9.293399 is its logarithm.
;

40',

and the

TO TAKE OUT

A FUNCTION OF AN ANGLE.
If the degrees be at the top of the
its

For an angle given

in degrees

and minutes.

page, find the minutes under the degrees

and take out the number, or

logarithm,

that lies in line with the minutes and below the

If the degrees

name of the function

sought.

be at the bottom of the page, find the minutes over the degrees and the function sought above its name.
E.g., to take out nat-sin 16 10'
:

Under

16

and

nat-sine,

and

in line with 10'

:

on the

left,

read .27843.

So, to take out log-cot 107

34'

Over 107

and log-cotangent, and

in line

with 34' on the

left,

read 9.500481.

EXPLANATION OF THE TABLES.

For an angle given in degrees, minutes, and seconds. Take out, as above, the functions of the two tabular angles between which the given angle lies and to the
;

function of the less angle add such part of the excess of the function of the greater

angle over that of the

less,

as the seconds are of one minute.

The correction for seconds may be computed and applied mentally. "With logarithmic functions the corrections sought are the products of the tabular differences for seconds by the number of seconds.
If the function of the greater angle

tive

but

if it

be the

less function,

be the greater function, the correction the correction is negative.

:

is posi-

E.g., to take out nat-tan

106

33' 47*

nat-tan 106 nat-tan 106

34' 33'

= 3.3616 = 3.3652,

3.3652

_36x$=-28
:

28

3.3624

So, to take out log-cot 107

log-cot 107

34' 25*

34'= 9.500481
183

7.32x25=183.
9.500664

TO TAKE OUT AN ANGLE FROM ITS FUNCTION.

The function found

exactly in the table.

If the

name

of the function be found at

the top of the column, read the degrees at the top of the page, and the minutes in line

with the function under the degrees.

If the

name

of the function be 'found at the

bottom of the column, read the degrees

at the

bottom of the page, and the minutes

sine,

in line with the function over the degrees.

;

For every
be taken
is

made known

the table gives two angles, supplements and which of them shall in practice by other considerations. So with the other func-

tions if the signs of the functions be disregarded.

E.g., to take out nat-cos- .51279
1
:

The function is found on page

9'.

90,

over 120

and

in line with 51',

and over 59
1

and

in line with
:

So, to take out log-sin- 9.716224 and in line with 21', and under 148 So, to take out log-tan- .206744
in line with
9',
1 :

The function is found on page and in line with 39'.

The function
line
is

91,

under 31

found on page 91, over 58 and

and over 121

and in

with

51'.

The function not found exactly

in the table.

Take out the two tabular functions

between which the given function lies and to the smaller tabular angle add such part of sixty seconds as the difference between the function of the less angle and the given
function
is

a part of the tabular difference.

is

"With logarithmic functions the number of seconds by the tabular difference for seconds.
E.g., to take out nat-cos"
1
.

the quotient of this difference

51267

nat-cos 59
nat-cos 59

10'
9'

= .51254 = .51279 -25

:

.51267
.51279

60*x=29*
-12
3.47

59

9' 29*,

120
31

50' 31'. 21' 22*,

38' 38*.
is

1 So, to take out log-sin- 9.716300

log-sin 31

21*

=9.716224,

76

= 22*.

148

With

practice the seconds

may be computed

mentally, and the whole angle

then

read directly from the table.

10

EXPLANATION OF THE TABLES.

SINES
If

AND TANGENTS OF SMALL ANGLES.

TABLE
VI.
;

an angle be very small, its sine and tangent are also very small but their logarithms are negative and very large, and they change rapidly and at rapidly varying rates. Such logarithms, therefore, are not convenient for use where interpolation is
necessary, and in their stead the logarithms given in Table are based on the following considerations :

VI may

be used

they

An
57

angle whose bounding arc

i.

is

just as long as a radius is a radian

it is

equal to

11' 44".8,

e.,

to 206264".8,

and the number of seconds in an angle

is

206264.8

times the

number

of radians.

For a small angle the number of radians in the bounding arc is a little larger than the sine of the angle and a little smaller than its tangent it follows that, if A be a small angle expressed in radians, the ratio sin A A is a little smaller, and the ratio
: :

tan

A A
:

and

is a little larger, than unity closer as the angle grows smaller.

but both these ratios approach unity closer

If the angle be expressed in seconds, then the ratio sin A" is a little smaller is a little larger than this than the reciprocal of 206264.8, and the ratio tan A" These ratios change very slowly, and hence interpolation is always possireciprocal.
:
:

ble

the table gives their logarithms for every minute from

to

5.

The cosine and cotangent of an angle near 90 are the sine and tangent of the complementary small angle. The logarithm of the cotangent of a small angle is found by subtracting the modified logarithm of the tangent of the angle from 10 that of the tangent of an angle near 90, by subtracting the modified logarithm of the tangent of the complementary small angle from 10.
;

TO TAKE OUT THE SINE OB TANGENT OF

A SMALL ANGLE.

Take out the logarithm that

minutes
;

lies

interpolate for seconds,

below the number of degrees and in line with the and add the logarithm of the whole number of

seconds in the angle.

Let

A be the number of seconds in an

:

angle

then

E.g.,

So,

and sin A" = (sin A": A) -A, log-sin A" = log (sin A": A) + log A, and tan A" = (tan A" A) A, log-tan A" = log (tan A" A) + log A. log-sin 10' 30" = log (sin 630": 630) + log 630, = 4.685574 + 2.799341 = 7.484915. [pp. 59, 30. = 11 40" 11620": 3 13' + 11620, log (tan log-tan 620) log = 4.686034 + 4.065206 = 8.751240.
:

The angle

is

E.g., to take out log-sin-

found by a reverse process. and 8.414317,

1

1 log-tan- 8.414317

From Table
1

VII, page 61,

to
1

it

appears that the angles sought

lie

between

29/ and

30',

and nearer

29'

and by the formula

log-sin

A" - log (sin A": A) = log

is

log-tan

A" - log (tan A": A) = log A;

; 1

8.414317-4.685526 = 3.728791,

8.414317-4.685672 = 3.728645,
5354"
i.e., 1

and the angle

5355"

i.e.,l
1

29' 15".
:

29' 14".
:

So, to take out log-sin-

8.806231

log-tan- 8.806231
41'
;

The angle lies between 3 40' and 3 8.806231-4.685278 = 4.120953, and the angle is 13212" i.e., 3 40'
;

between 3
13185"

39'

and 3
3

40'

63
Jj>.

8.806231-4.686167 = 4.120064,
12".
.

i.e.,

39' 45".

EXPLANATION OF THE TABLES.

MINOR TABLES.
VIII.

11

NATURAL LOGARITHMS.

In table VIII, pp. 105-117, the natural logarithms (sometimes improperly called Naperian, and sometimes hyperbolic, logarithms) follow their numbers in parallel columns. The characteristics are given and a change in the position of the decimal
;

point in the

number changes both

IX.

the mantissa and the characteristic of the logarithm.

PRIME AND COMPOSITE NUMBERS.

all

the prime factors of composite numbers less than and the ten-place common logarithms of the It is a double entry table, and to find primes it is sufficient to look for primes. numbers whose logarithms are given. The ten-place logarithms of all composite

Table IX, pp. 118-137, gives

divisible

20000 that are not

by

2 or 5,

numbers whose prime factors are smaller than 20 000 are found by adding the logarithms of the factors, and of prime numbers greater than 20 000 by interpolation.
X-XIV.

SQUARES, CUBES, SQUARE-ROOTS, CUBE -ROOTS

AND RECIPROCALS.
;

Table X, pp. 138-139, gives the squares of all three-figure numbers in full and a change in the position of the decimal point in the number makes twice as great a

change in the square, and in the same direction. Table XI, pp. 140-141, gives the cubes of three-figure numbers correct to six

figures.

Table XII, pp. 142-145, in two parts, gives the square-roots of all three-figure numbers to four places, and by interpolation it gives the square-roots of all other numbers.

numbers

Table XIII, pp. 146-151, in three parts, gives the cube-roots of all three-figure to four places, and, by interpolation, of all other numbers. Table XIV, pp. 152-153, gives the reciprocals of all three-figure numbers to four

places, and,

by

interpolation, of all other

numbers.

XV.

QUARTER-SQUARES.

XV, pp. 154-157, makes it possible, without logarithms, to find the product of any two numbers whose sum does net exceed 2000, by addition and subtraction. For if a, b be any two numbers, then ^(a + b)* \(a b*)* = a b. The quarter-square of an even number is an integer, and that of an odd number ends always with the fraction ^ but as the sum and difference of any two integers
Table
;

are either both even or both odd, these fractions cancel each other in the subtraction.
XVI-XVII.

COEFFICIENTS FOR INTERPOLATION.

series
;

Let

a, b, c, d, e,f,
,

be any

a2

&a C2
,

d
,

t,

their second differences,

d,

a b c d e and so on and
I?
t,

lt

t,

their first differences

let

n be
3

the

number

of

any
;

then G = n, and c as T T G with Bessel's coefficients n =c + c.+^C, (# + c ) + C b + ^G (a + ) + C 6 a B T n = c + C, c, + C c + 3 c + with the binomial coefficients Of Bessel's coefficients C 2 is negative throughout, and C positive, C is negative for Of the binomial coefficients all values of C above .5. and C. for values below .5. values of C a and C are negative.
term,

Tn between c and

counting

fl

3
4

'

XVIII.

ERRORS OF OBSERVATION.
:

The first part gives ordinates of the Table XVIII, page 160, is in three parts The second part gives the probability that the absoprobability-curve, and its area. lute magnitude of the error does not exceed the indicated fraction of the probable
error.

third part tabulates four factors that give the probable error of a single Multiply the first observation, and the probable error of the mean of n observations two factors into the square root of the sums of the squares of the discrepancies be-

The

tween the n observations and their mean

or multiply the last two factors into the

sum

of the absolute values of the discrepancies.

12
1

I.

FOUR-PLACE LOGARITHMS.

I.

FOUR-PLACE LOGARITHMS.

13

50

L FOUR-PLACE LOGARITHMS.

H.
DKG.

FOUR-PLACE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

15

RAD.

16

H.
DEO.
HAD.

FOUR-PLACE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

II.

FOUR-PLACE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

IT

DEO.

RAD.

18

II.

FOUR-PLACE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

DEO.

RAD.

IL
DEO.

FOUR-PLACE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

19

BAD.

III.

LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS.

100

III.

LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS.

150

22

in.

LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS.

200

HI.

LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS.

23

250

III.

LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS.

300

in.

LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS.

25

350

26

LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS.

400

III.

LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS.

27

450

28

III.

LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS.

500

III.

LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS.

29

550

30
600

III.

LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS.

III.

LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS.

31

650

III.

LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS.

700

HI.

LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS.

33

750

34

LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS.

800

in.

LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS.

35

36

HI.

LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS.

900

LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS.

37

950

38

IV.

MATHEMATICAL CONSTANTS.
LOGARITHMS.
log 10
log,

BERNOULLI'S NUMBERS.
These numbers are defined by the equation

M=log 10 log lo =

/(*-!)=/[ +a>V2 !+a> 3/8 !H---- ] B 4 */4 + 'B e =l-Jas + B a <B/2

1

Mw=

.........

....

9.68778481180058678912
0.18498418899467064847

and found,

in succession,

by the formula

a/6 = 2 M [(a-6)/(a+ 6) + (a-&) 3 /3 (a+ &)=H---M = log, e= .... .434294481903251827651128918917

log,
]

B
2
1/6
1/80 1/42 1/80 5/66 691/2730 7/6

NUM.
.166666667 .083388383 .028809524 .088338338 .075757576

LOG.
9.2218487496 8.5228787463 8.8767507096 8.5228787453 8.8794260688
9.4033154003

l/M = log,10 =

2.802585092994045684017991454684

4
6

8 10
12 14

16 18 20 22

8617/510 48867/798 174611/830

854518/188

.253118553 1.16666667 7.09215686

54.9711779 529.124242 6192.12319 86580.2531 1425517.17 27298281.1 601580874.

0.0669467896 0.8507783327 1.7401850433 2.7235576597

24 26 28 80

286864091/2780

8558108/6

8.7918395878 4.9374188511 6.1589724516 7.4861845056 8.7792940208

...... 2.718281828459045235360287471853 n. ...... 8.141592653589793238462643383280 T= .... 1.144729886849400174148427851358 natlogjr= ..... 0.497149872694133854851268288291 Iog ir= = ........ 8.24187736759082778455 log arc = ........ 6.46372 61172 07184 15204 log arc ........ 4.68657 23540 51958 log arc 1" = .......... 57.29577 95131 R = ISO /" = ........ 8437'.74677 07849 R' =180-60'A= ....... 206264".80624 70964 R" = 180-60-60'Vr =
=
10 1
1'

48(568

R = = logR"=
log

logR'

.......... ..........
Jir JTT JIT

1.75812 26324 09172 21545

...... ....
jw
1/ir

8.58627888279281584796 6.81442518317645948047
ir a

EULER'S NUMBERS.
These numbers are defined by the equation
l/(l-a>/2 I !-a>/6 +)=1+E S as/2 and found, in succession, by the formula
!

rr

1/v*

tfv

VV'

+V4

I-}-E

---5*/4 I -|

2 8

8.142 1.571 .7854 .5236 4.189 .3188 9.870 .1018 1.772 .5642 6.288 8.142 1.571 1.047 8.878 .6866 19.74 .2026 8.545 1.128 9.425 4.712 2.356 1.571 12.57 .9549 29.61 .8040 5.817 1.698
12.57 6.283 8.142 2.094 16.76 1.278 89.48 .4053 7.090 2.257
15.71 7.854 8.927 2.618 20.94 1.592 49.85 .5066 8.862 2.821 18.85 9.425 4.712 8.142 25.13 1.910 59.22 .6079 10.63 8.885

Ei= c
then

Ej--C2n.E, n _4 +... + C Sn 4 E 4 TC, n ,,E a l n. K t =l, E4 =5, E.=61, E.=1885, E 10 =50521, E,,=27 02765, E 14 = 1998 60981, E,.=l 98915 12145. r-FUNCTION8 LOG r p.
,

4
5
6 7

8 9 n.
J 1

EULER'S CONSTANT,

p
1.0
1.1

01284
y,

0.57721566490158286061.
5
9.98884

6789
415 694 545 905 725
588 556

21.99 11.00 5.498 8.665 29.82 2.228 69.09 .7092 12.41 8.949 25.18 12.57 6.288 4.189 83.51 2.546 78.96 .8106 14.18 4.514 28.27 14.14 7.069 4.712 87.70 2.865 88.83 .9119 15.95 5.07s
ir".

1/ir".

9.99758 9.97884 658

9.96292
9.95802
169

518

1.2
1.8 1.4

281
781

9.94805

478 147 052 *940 *883 165 104 047 761 745 784
794 227
820
291

280 810

058

621 889

9.96990
9.95732

215 554 459 868

781

1 .77245

021

88509 05516 02730

0.56418 95885 47756 28695

0.81830 98861 88790 67154 0.10182 11886 42337 77144

421

8.14159 26585 89793 28846

686 948 724

921

9.94995

878 834
741

2 8

9.86960 44010 89858 61888

81.00627668029982017548
97.40909 10340 02437 28644

0.08225153448819948918
0.01026 69822 54684 33519 0.00826 77636 48053 88547

727 884
9.95430 9.96835
9.97571

4 6
6
7

1.5
1.6 1.7

764
9.95110

772

850 859

968 *008 *057

665 750 672 791 856 *004 *154

806.01968 47852 81458 2627

167

839

981 *027 *126 *229

605 444
712

961.8891985753044870802
8020.29322 77767 92067 514 9488.53101 60705 74007 129

0.00104016147829585280
0.0 3 831 09368 01775 66764 O.O'IOS 89039 16534 93666

1.8
1.9

9.96918 *088 *167 *298 *483 9.98807 463 622 784 949

8 9 10
11

9.99117

288

462

638

818

29809.09933 84462 11666 51

98648.04747 60830 20978 72

*=

HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS.
!

0.0*885 46803 57208 86918 0.0*106 78279 22686 15887

0.0*889 90018 45341 08108

+ + <e/2 !+<B /
a>

294204.01797 38905 97105 7

12

924269.1815283741862226

O.OM08 19858 90528 99806

8inhz=l( -#- )=a:+a; 3/8!+a: cosh x=\ (*+-*)=! tanhx=2* (2-l) B ax/2 !-2(2*-l) B 4x 3/4 H---cothx=l/x+2 B^c/2 1-2* B 4x s /4 + 2" B 6xV6 --8echx=l-E a x/2 + E 4x*/4 l-EgxVS H---!t
a!
1

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.
sin

0= 9 -

tan 9 =2(2 a -l)

'

cot 9=1/9-2* B,fl/2 1-2*

B a fl/2 +2(2*-l) B B 4 9 3/4 !-2 8 B 6 9 5/6

! !

+
1

cscha:=l/x+2(2-l)B,a:/2!-2(2 3 -l)B 4 xV4H---tanh-i

x.
0.1

x=x + x/8 + x/5 + *' A +

csc=l/9 + 2 (2-1) B a 9/2

+2 (2 3 -l) B 4 9 3/4
11

LOOAK1THM8 OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS. x. snhx. cshx. tnhx. x. snhx. cshx. tnhx. gdx.
5.720
1.0 0.0701 0.1884 9.8817
1.1 1.2

log 10 sin9=log 10 9-M-[2B

Iog 10 cos

2
2.5

0.5595 0.5754 9.9841

9= -M-[2(2-l)B a 9
1",
1',

0.2
0.8

11.884 16.937
22.381

0.4
0.5 0.6

1.8 1.4

1257 1788 2300

2228 2578 2947 3326

9034 9210

7818 4360
8704

7876

9941

POWEBS OF
1"
(!")

9V21 + 2 3 B 4 9*/2-4!^---- ] 3 /2 !+2 (2-l) B 4 9*/2 4 !-|---AND 1, EXPRESSED IN RADIANS.

(1)V2!, .0315230870989385480 3 =.0*531657693420779 (I ) (l) 3/3 = .08860 96155 70130
!

1.0008 1.0029

9978
9997

=.0 48481 36811 09536

9354
9471

4
5
6 7 8

4863

=
s s

.O 10 -O 10

23504 43054
11^52 21527

27.524 82.488 87.183 41.608 45.750

2797

8705 0.0000

1 (I") /2 !=

1.5
1.6 1.7 1.8
1.9

8282 8758 4225

4687 5148

0.7 0.8
0.9 1.0

8715 4112 4515 4924

5337

9567 9646
9710
9763 9806

2.3047 2.8047

0000
0000 0000 0000 0000

(l")
1' (!')

=
3 29

.O'11395
la .O

(1)*=
(l)*/4

.0'927 91772 43751 18477

!

7890

7890

(l") /3 !=

1899

8.1788 3.1733

=.0
s

08882 08665 72160

.0'S46 15949 94075

49.605

9 6076 6076 10 4.0419 4.0419

=
/2!=
3 3

(l')

.0 '42307974

97038

LEGENDRE'S VALUES.
=1/1"- 1/2"+ l/3 +1/3" <r,=l/l" 8,=ir/6=
8 4 =jr*/90= 8 6 =ir/945= 8 8 =jr 8 /9450= 8 IO *ir 10/985W=
n

(I') (l')

= =

/3!=

.0 10 24613 78210 .0 11 410229702

36 66323 85156 29937 19521 94779 59060 1349601623 16326 (l) /5 6 =r 10 26265 99029 73503 .O (l) s .0 I339 25831 98574 (l) /6 != 7 .O l "498 33459 70255 (1) =
.0

(1)*=
B

.0

8 16

.O 10

-l

---- =Sn -S

"- 1 /2

(!')*

.0*715986
.0 18

(l')*/4!=
(!')<

29833
I9

.0 17 208

8JJS6911T1V6385 12875=

..

1.64498406684822648647 1.08282323371113819152 1.01734306198444913971 1.00407735619794483938 1.00099 45751 27818 08584 1.00024608655330804880

-0 2 (l')*/5!= 1 =.01745329251994329577 a 3 (l) = .0 30461741978670860

.0 978S88486 (l) 7 /7!= 8 (1) = .0'*8 61031 3032094983 18 8 (l) /8!= .0 21 35494 30359 B 15 (1) = .O 15027 8S120 37434 10 .0^2622851339398 (1) =

16

sin

(1)"=
log sin log sin log sin

.0 19 4S7773
-

91663

sin 1'

Binl"=

.017452406437284 .000290888204563 .000004848186811

= 1' = 1" =
1

8.2418553184 6.4637261111

4.6855748668

IV.

CHEMISTRY, ENGINEERING, AND PHYSICS.

CHEMISTRY.

39

40
GRAVITY.
Length of the seconds pendulum
in inches,
-

IV.

PHYSICS.

at height

h above

sea level

39.012540 + .208268 sin 2

lat.

-3

h/10

IV.

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

NUM.
Loo.

41

MEASURES OF LENGTH.

42

V.

ADDITION-SUBTRACTION LOGARITHMS.

V.

ADDITION-SUBTRACTION LOGARITHMS.

43

44

V.

ADDITION-SUBTRACTION LOGARITHMS.

V.

ADDITION-SUBTRACTION LOGARITHMS.

45

46

V.

ADDITION-SUBTRACTION LOGARITHMS.

V.
A-

ADDITION-SUBTRACTION LOGARITHMS.

47

48

V.

ADDITION-SUBTRACTION LOGARITHMS.

V.

ADDITION-SUBTRACTION LOGARITHMS.

49

50

V.

ADDITION-SUBTRACTION LOGARITHMS.

V.

ADDITION-SUBTRACTION LOGARITHMS.

51

52

Y.

ADDITION-SUBTRACTION LOGARITHMS.

V.

ADDITION-SUBTRACTION LOGARITHMS.

53

54

V.

ADDITION-SUBTRACTION LOGARITHMS.

V.

ADDITION-SUBTRACTION LOGARITHMS.

55

56

V.

ADDITION-SUBTRACTION LOGARITHMS.

V.

ADDITION-SUBTRACTION LOGARITHMS.

57

58

V.

ADDITION-SUBTRACTION LOGARITHMS.

VI.

SINES

AND TANGENTS OF SMALL ANGLES.

59

60

VII.

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

VII.

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

61

62

VII.

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

VII.
00

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

63

64

VII.

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

VII.

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

65

66
6

VII.

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

VII.

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

67

68
8

VII.

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

YH
QO

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

69

VII.

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

VII.

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

71

VII.
12

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

VH. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

TOO

74
14

VII.

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

VH. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

15

75

VII. 16

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

YH. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

7T

no

VII.

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

18

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

79

80
20

VIL TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

VII TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

91

81

82
22

VII.

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

VII.
900

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

83

84
040

VII.

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

VH. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

85

86
26

VII.

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

VII.

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

87

97

88
OQo

VIL TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

VII.

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

9Q

90

VII.

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

VII.
01

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

91

VII.

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

VII.
qqo

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

93

94
34

TIL TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

YII.
1

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

95

96
Qfio

VII.

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

VII.

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

97

98

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

VII.

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

99

100
4-0

VII.

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

VII.
11

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

101

102
4-2

VH. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

VII.

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

103

104
4-4

VII.

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

Yin.
NUM.
Loo.

NATURAL LOGARITHMS.

105

106
NUM.
Loo.

VIII.

NATURAL LOGARITHMS.

VHI.
NUM.
LOG.

NATURAL LOGARITHMS.

107

108
NUM.
Loo.

NATURAL LOGARITHMS.

VIII.
NUM.
Loo.

NATURAL LOGARITHMS.

109

110
NUM.
Loo.

NATURAL LOGARITHMS.

VIII.
NUM.
Loo.

NATURAL LOGARITHMS.

Ill

112
1

VIII.

NATURAL LOGARITHMS.

VIII
NUM.
LOG.

NATURAL LOGARITHMS.

113

114
NUM.
LOG.

VIII.

NATURAL LOGARITHMS.

VIII.
NUM.
Loo.

NATURAL LOGARITHMS.

115

116
!

NATURAL LOGARITHMS.

Yin.
NUM.
Loo.

NATURAL LOGARITHMS.

117

118
Nun.

IX.

PRIME AND COMPOSITE NUMBERS.

IX.
NUM.

PRIME AND COMPOSITE NUMBERS.

119

120
N0M.

IX.

PRIME AND COMPOSITE NUMBERS.

IX.
NUM.

PRIME AND COMPOSITE NUMBERS.

121

122
Nun.

IX.

PRIME AND COMPOSITE NUMBERS.

IX.
NUM.

PRIME AND COMPOSITE NUMBERS.

123

124
NUM.

IX.

PRIME AND COMPOSITE NUMBERS.

IX.
NUM.

PRIME AND COMPOSITE NUMBERS.

125

126
NUM.

IX.

PRIME AKD COMPOSITE NUMBERS.

EX.
NUM.

PRIME AND COMPOSITE NUMBERS.

127

128
NUM.

IX.

PRIME AND COMPOSITE NUMBERS.

IX.
NUM.

PRIME AND COMPOSITE NUMBERS.

129

130
NUM.

IX.

PRIME AND COMPOSITE NUMBERS.

IX.
NUM.

PRIME AND COMPOSITE NUMBERS.

181

IX.
NUM.

PRIME AND COMPOSITE NUMBERS.

IX.
NUM.

PRIME AND COMPOSITE NUMBERS.

133

134
NUM.

IX.

PRIME AND COMPOSITE NUMBERS.

IX.
NUM.

PRIME AND COMPOSITE NUMBERS.

135

136
NUM.

IX.

PRIME AND COMPOSITE NUMBERS.

IX.
NUM.

PRIME AND COMPOSITE NUMBERS.

137

138

X.

SQUARES.

X.
50

SQUARES.

139

140

XI.

CUBES.

XI.

CUBES.

141

50

142

XII.

SQUARE ROOTS.

XII.

SQUARE ROOTS.

143

50

144

XII.

SQUARE ROOTS.

XII.

SQUARE ROOTS.

145

50

146

XIII.

CUBE ROOTS.

XIII.

CUBE ROOTS.

147

50

148

XIII.

CUBE ROOTS.

XIII.

CUBE ROOTS.

149

50

150

XIII.

CUBE ROOTS.

XIII.
5.0

CUBE ROOTS.

151

152

XIV. RECIPROCALS.

XIV. RECIPROCALS.
5.0

153

154

XV. QUARTER-SQUARES.

XV. QUARTER-SQUARES.
50

155

156

XV. QUARTER-SQUARES.

100

XV. QUARTER-SQUARES.
150

157

158

XVI

BESSEL'S COEFFICIENTS.

e,

XVII.
c,

BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS.

159

160

XVIII.

ERRORS OF OBSERVATION.

t.

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LIBRARY

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Under

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