Computer Fundamentals

Information Technology It is the process of creating, receiving, storing, retrieving, processing and delivering of information from one place to another by the use of electronic devices such as Mobile phone, Computer etc. Computer It is an electronic device as well as calculating machine which accepts input, process it and produced desired output. Basic components of computer are Input Unit, Processing Unit, Output Unit Input Unit Keyboard || Processing Unit Memory unit || Monitor Output Unit Printer

Mouse Control unit

ALU Arithmetic logic unit

Input Unit Input unit translates the data or instruction into the form that computer can understand. e.g. keyboard, mouse etc Processing Unit All the arithmetic and logical operations are carried out in processing unit. Output Unit Output unit translates the processed the data by the computer into the form that human can understand. e.g. monitor, printer etc. Hardware The physical components of computer are called as hardware. It actually processes the data to create information. Hardware is controlled by software. Memory The device which is used to store the data. Types of Memory Internal / Primary Memory The memory which is not transfer from one place to another place is called as internal Memory. Types of Primary Memory 1) RAM : Random Access Memory 2) ROM : Read Only Memory

Working of RAM & Rom

RAM
1) Random Access Memory 2) It is used for reading as well as writing operation 3) It is volatile memory. Here data will be lost as soon as the power is switched off 4) SRAM, VRAM, DRAM are the types of RAM 5) It is temporary memory

ROM
Read Only Memory It is used for reading purpose only It is non-volatile memory. The data will not be lost even if the power is switched off PROM, EPROM, EEPROM are the types of ROM It is permanent memory

Bits / Bytes
Bits Bytes Single zero or single one is called as one bit. Group of 8 bits is called as one byte.

Nibble Group of 4 bits is called as one nibble. 0 1 1 byte 1KB 1MB 1GB 1TB 1 bits 1 bits 8 bits 1024 bytes 1024 KB 1024 MB 1024 GB

Software It is a set of programs which makes the hardware active. A program consists of step by step instruction that tells the computer to do its task. There are three types of software 1) System software 2) Application software 3) Developmental software System Software System software is that software which is used to operate or run the computer or system. e.g. Operating system. Application Software Application software is that software which is used to perform a specific task for the specific application. e.g. Word, Excel, PowerPoint. Developmental Software The software which is used to develop any application or program. e.g. all programming languages such as C, C++, VB, JAVA etc. Operating System It is an interface between the computer hardware, computer software and computer user. e.g. windows, Linux etc. Booting The process of loading operating system files in the RAM memory of computer is called as booting. Steps that are carried out while booting 1) POST Power On Self Test 2) Loading of System Files

Dos versus Windows

Dos 1) Dos is a command line interface operating system 2) Input media is keyboard 3) Can run only one program at a time i.e. Single user single tasking operating system 4) User has to remember command in order to enter through keyboard Points for difference Windows Type of operating Windows is a graphical system user interface operating system Input media Input device is mouse & keyboard both Working method Can work more programs at a time i.e. Single user multitasking operating system Mode of Instructing User need not remember the commands in graphical mode Menus are available and hence easy to use Very easy to use ( user friendly)

5) Menus are not Easy to Use available in Dos 6) Difficult as compared Overall Result to Windows

Desktop Desktop is the primary screen for windows having small graphical programs called and a horizontal bar at the bottom called as taskbar. Properties of Desktop 1) Place the mouse arrow on the desktop 2) Give a single right click 3) Go to properties tab 4) Give a single left click You will get a dialog box, Themes Desktop Screen Saver Appearance Settings

Pattern

Wall Paper

Tile/Centre OK Cancel Apply

5) Select any pattern style & wall paper style from the list. 6) Select Tile/Centre option 7) Click on Apply & Click on OK.

Screen Saver 1) Place the mouse arrow on the desktop 2) Give a single right click 3) Go to properties tab & left click 4) Select Screen Saver tab 5) Select any screen saver time to clockwise by clicking on the down headed triangle 6) Set the wait time 7) Click on Apply & Click on OK. Taskbar It is a horizontal bar present at the bottom of desktop having start button on the left hand side to perform different tasks & clock on the right hand side showing the current time. Icon These are small graphics representing programs or application. To change the position of taskbar 1) Place the position of the cursor inside the taskbar (in blank space). 2) Drag the mouse towards any side of the screen. To change the width of taskbar 3) Place the position of the cursor on the border of the task bar. 4) Drag Upward direction becomes big Downward direction becomes small. Dialog Box If we do not want a task bar. Click on outside.

Always on top Auto Hide Show small icons in start menu Show Clock

OK

Cancel

Apply

Checked

Unchecked

To change or modify the properties of the taskbar

1) 2) 3) 4)

Place the mouse arrow to the blank area of the taskbar Give a single right click Go to properties tab Give a single left click

Dragging Keeping the mouse left button pressed & moving it in the required direction is called as dragging. Folder It is a collection of files and subfolder. To Create folder on desktop 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Place the mouse arrow on the desktop Give a single right click Go to new tab Go to folder tab & give a left click Type the name for the folder Press enter key or click outside

To Rename folder 1) 2) 3) 4) Select the folder which is to be renamed & give a right click on it Go to rename tab & left click Type a new name for the folder Press enter key or click outside

To Delete folder / File 1) Select the folder which is to be deleted & give a right click on it 2) Go to delete tab & left click 3) Click on Yes To Open folder/File 1) Select the folder which is to be opened & give a right click on it 2) Left click on open option OR 1) Select the folder which is to be opened & press enter key from keyboard OR 1) Double click on the folder which is to be opened To save a file in your folder 1) Go to any application (e.g. Paint brush, MS word) 2) Type the matter or draw drawings 3) Go to file menu-click on save as option.(A save as dialogue box will open) 4) Select your folder name by clicking the down headed triangle in save in text box 5) Type the file name in file name text box 6) Click on Save tab