Chapter 3 Orthographic Projection
Basic Topics Advanced Topics Exercises
Compiled by : Dzulkifli Awang, PHD
AN INTRODUCTION
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
Orthographic Projection
a system of drawing views of an object using perpendicular projectors from the object to a plane of projection
History
Orthographic Projection was formalized by Gaspard Monge (b. 1746). Monge worked as a drafter in the fortification design office of the school at Mezier for French army officers His work was kept a military secret for a number of years until he was allowed to publish in 1795. Stone cutters were the first to adopt his methods. Later carpenters and other trades abandoned their old methods for orthographic projection.
Ortho. Projection: Basic Topics
1.1) 1.2) 1.3) 1.4) 1.5) 1.6) 1.7) Engineering Graphics Overview Summary Orthographic Projection The Glass Box Method The Standard Views Lines Used in an Orthographic Projection Rules for Line Creation and Use Creating an Orthographic Projection
Ortho. Proj.: Advanced Topics
1.8) Auxiliary Views
Ortho. Projection: Exercises
Exercise 1-1: Principle views Exercise 1-2: Line types Exercise 1-3: Line use in an orthographic projection Exercise 1-4: Missing lines 1 Exercise 1-5: Missing lines 2 Exercise 1-8: Drawing an orthographic projection 1 Exercise 1-9: Drawing an orthographic projection 2
Ortho. Projection: Exercises
Exercise 1-12: Auxiliary views
Engineering Graphics
1.1) Introduction to Engineering Graphics
Engineering Graphics
What is Engineering Graphics?
A set of rules and guidelines that help you create an Engineering Drawing.
What is an Engineering Drawing?
A drawing that communicates an idea or design.
Engineering Graphics
Examples of Engineering Drawings
Mechanical Engineers Detailed drawing of a part that needs to be
machined.
Electrical Engineers A circuit schematic. Circuit board layout. Civil Engineers Plans for a bridge. Road layout.
Orthographic Projection
Summary
Summary
What will we learn in Chapter 3?
How to create an orthographic projection.
Key points
An orthographic projection is a 2-D representation of a 3-D object.
Orthographic Projection
Orthographic projection is the name given to the type of drawing where a 3D object is drawn as 3 different 2D views. These views are called the Plan (Top), Elevation (Front) and (Right/Left) End Elevation.
Orthographic Projection
1.2) Orthographic Projection Introduction
Introduction
Orthographic projection = 2-D representation of a 3-D object.
Introduction
An orthographic projection represents different sides of an object.
The Six Principal Views
The 6 principal views are created by looking at the object, straight on, in the directions indicated.
Different Viewpoint
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Mechanical and
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Parallel Projection
Parallel
Perspective
Orthographic Projection
Orthographic Projection
Ken Youssefi
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Mechanical
Standard 2D views
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First Angle
Third Angle
First and Third Angle Projections
Third-angle Projection
First-angle Projection
First Angle Projection
Third Angle Projection
Orthographic Projection
1.3) The Glass Box Method
The Glass Box Method
How do we create the 6 principal views?
The Glass Box Method
Glass Box Method
The object is placed in a glass box.
The sides of the box represent the 6 principal planes.
Glass Box Method
The image of the object is projected on the sides of the box.
Glass Box Method
Things to notice!
The projection planes. The projectors. How surfaces A and B are projected.
Glass Box Method
The box is unfolded creating the 6 principal views.
Orthographic Projection
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Standard 2D views
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Exercise 1-1
Principal Views
Exercise 1-1
Label the 5 remaining principal views with the appropriate view name.
Name each view. Top
Name each view.
Top
Right Side
Name each view.
Top
Right Side
Rear
Name each view.
Top
Left Side
Right Side
Rear
Name each view.
Top
Left Side
Right Side
Rear
Bottom
What are the differences between the Right Side and Left Side views?
Top
Left Side
Right Side
Rear
They are mirror images with one different line type.
Bottom
What are the differences between the Top and Bottom, and Front and Rear views?
Top
Left Side
Right Side
Rear
Bottom
They are mirror images with different line types.
Which view(s) have the least amount of hidden or dashed lines?
Top
Front and top views.
Left Side
Right Side
Rear
Bottom
Orthographic Projection
1.4) The Standard Views
Standard Views
When constructing an orthographic projection, we need to include enough views to completely describe the true shape of the part.
Complex part = more views Simple part = less views
Standard Views
The standard views used in an orthographic projection are;
Front view Top view Right side view
The remaining 3 views usually dont add any new information.
Standard Views
How many views do we need to completely describe a block?
Standard Views
How many views do we need to completely describe a block?
2 views. The 3rd view duplicates information.
Standard Views
How many views do we need to completely describe a sphere?
1 view. A sphere has only one dimension. Its diameter.
Front View
The front view shows the most features or characteristics of the object.
It usually contains the least amount of hidden lines. The front view is chosen first and the other views are based on the orientation of the front view.
View Alignment
The top and front views are aligned vertically and share the same width dimension. The front and right side views are aligned horizontally and share the same height dimension.
Standard Views of Primitive Solids
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Mechanical and
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View Orientation
Poor orientation Good orientation
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View Selection
Select the most descriptive views Use minimum number of views to describe the object
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Conventional Practices Holes, Ribs & Webs Principle of Revolution
Conventional Practices
Conventional Practices Intersections
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Miter Lines
Miter lines are used to transfer depth information.
45o line drawn from point O
Standard multiviews
Conventional Practices - Tangency
Fillets, Rounds & Chamfers
Top view
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Edge Lines Principal & Inclined
Principal lines appear vertical, horizontal or as point views. Inclined lines appear inclined in one view.
Edge Lines Oblique
Oblique line appears inclined in all views
Principal Planes
Principle planes are parallel to principal orthographic planes
Inclined Planes
Inclined planes are perpendicular to two opposite orthographic planes.
Oblique Planes
Oblique planes are neither parallel nor perpendicular to any principal orthographic planes.
Type of Planes
Oblique
Principal
Inclined
Edge View of a Plane
Principal planes appear in true size in one plane and as an edge view in the other two planes.
Orthographic Projection
1.5) Lines Types Used in an Orthographic Projection
Line Type and Weight
Line type and line weight provide valuable information to the print reader. For example, line type and weight can answer the following questions.
Is the feature visible or hidden from view? Is the line part of the object or part of a dimension? Is the line indicating symmetry?
Line Type and Weight
There are four commonly used line types;
continuous hidden center phantom
Line Type and Weight
Some lines are more important than others. Importance is indicated by line weight or thickness.
The thicker the line, the more important it is.
Line Types
Visible lines:
Visible lines represent visible edges and boundaries. Continuous and thick (0.5 - 0.6 mm).
Hidden lines:
Hidden lines represent edges and boundaries that cannot be seen. Dashed and medium thick (0.35 - 0.45 mm).
Line Types
Center lines:
Represent axes of symmetry. Long dash short dash and thin (0.3 mm).
Line Types
Phantom line:
Phantom lines are used to indicate imaginary features. alternate positions of moving parts adjacent positions of related parts The line type is long dash short dash short dash and the line weight is usually thin (0.3 mm).
Line Types
Dimension and Extension lines:
Dimension and extension lines are used to show the size of an object. In general, a dimension line is placed between
two extension lines and is terminated by arrowheads, which indicates the direction and extent of the dimension.
The line type is continuous and the line weight is thin (0.3 mm).
Line Types
Cutting Plane line:
Cutting plane lines are used to show where an imaginary cut has been made through the object in order to view interior features. The line type is phantom and the line weight is very thick (0.6 to 0.8 mm). Arrows are placed at both ends of the cutting plane line to indicate the direction of sight.
Line Types
Section line:
Section lines are used to show areas that have been cut by the cutting plane. Section lines are grouped in parallel line patterns and usually drawn at a 45 angle. The line type is usually continuous and the line weight is thin (0.3 mm).
Line Types
Break line:
Break lines are used to show imaginary breaks in objects. A break line is usually made up of a series of connecting arcs. The line type is continuous and the line weight is usually thick (0.5 0.6 mm).
Exercise 1-2
Line types
Example 1-2
Which of the following line types is a VISIBLE line?
Example 1-2
Which of the following line types is a HIDDEN line?
Example 1-2
Which of the following line types is a CENTER line?
Example 1-2
Which of the following line types is a PHANTOM line?
Example 1-2
Which of the following line types is a DIMENSION & EXTENSION lines?
Example 1-2
Which of the following line types is a CUTTING PLANE line?
Example 1-2
Which of the following line types is a SECTION line?
Example 1-2
Which of the following line types is a BREAK line?
Example 1-2
Notice how different line types are used.
Exercise 1-3
Line use in an orthographic projection
Exercise 1-3
Fill the following dotted orthographic projection with the appropriate line types.
Fill in the visible lines in to top view.
Fill in the visible lines in to front view.
Fill in the visible lines in to right side view.
Fill in the hidden lines in to front, top and right side views.
Draw the center lines in all the views.
NOTICE! The small dashes cross in the middle.
NOTICE! The center line connects between features in the same view.
Orthographic Projection
1.6) Rules for Line Creation and Use
Rules for Line Creation and Use
The following rules will help us create lines that communicate effectively.
CAUTION! Due to computer automation, some of the rules may be hard to follow.
Using Hidden Lines
Hidden lines represent edges and boundaries that cannot be seen.
Creating Hidden Lines
Rule 1:
The length of the hidden line dashes may vary slightly as the size of the drawing changes.
Creating Hidden Lines
Rule 2:
Hidden lines should always begin and end with a dash, Exception: When the hidden line begins or ends at a parallel visible or hidden line.
Creating Hidden Lines
Rule 3:
Dashes should join at corners.
Using Center Lines
Center lines represent axes of symmetry.
They are important for interpreting cylindrical shapes.
Using Center Lines
They are also used to indicate circle of centers, and paths of motion.
Creating Center Lines
Rule 1:
Center lines should start and end with long dashes.
Creating Center Lines
Rule 2:
Center lines should intersect by crossing either the long dashes or the short dashes.
Creating Center Lines
Rule 3:
Center lines should extend a short distance beyond the object or feature.
Creating Center Lines
Rule 4:
Center lines may be connected within a single view to show that two or more features lie in the same plane. CAUTION! Center lines should not extend
through the space between views .
Using Phantom Lines
Phantom lines uses:
They may also be used to indicate adjacent positions of related parts.
Using Phantom Lines
Phantom lines uses:
Used to indicate repeated detail.
Using Phantom Lines
Phantom lines uses:
They are also used to show a change in surface direction produced by fillets and rounds.
Using Phantom Lines
Phantom lines uses:
Used to indicate alternate positions of moving parts.
Creating Phantom Lines
Rule 1:
Phantom lines should start and end with a long dash.
Using Break Lines
Break lines are used to show imaginary breaks in an object.
Creating Break Lines
There are two types of break lines.
If the distance to traverse is short the series of connecting arcs is used.
Creating Break Lines
There are two types of break lines.
If the distance is long the thin straight line with a jog is used.
Line Precedence
If two lines occur in the same place, the line that is considered to be the least important is omitted. Lines in order of precedence/importance are as follows;
Cutting plane line Visible line Hidden line Centerline
Orthographic Projection
1.7) Creating an Orthographic Projection
Creating an Orthographic Projection
Choose a front view.
Which view shows the most about the object?
C
Creating an Orthographic Projection
Decide how many views are needed.
How many and which views?
2 Front Top
For procedural reasons, we will continue this example by drawing all 3 standard views.
Creating an Orthographic Projection
Draw the visible features of the front view.
Creating an Orthographic Projection
Draw projectors off of the front view.
Creating an Orthographic Projection
Draw the top view.
Creating an Orthographic Projection
Project back to the front view.
Creating an Orthographic Projection
Draw a 45 projector off the front view.
Creating an Orthographic Projection
Draw projectors over to the 45 line and down.
Creating an Orthographic Projection
Draw the right side view.
Creating an Orthographic Projection
Project back if needed.
Creating an Orthographic Projection
Draw centerlines where necessary.
Creating an Orthographic Projection
Completed Drawing
Projection Symbol
United States = 3rd angle projection Europe = 1st angle projection
1st Angle & 3rd Angle
Which orthographic projection uses 1st angle projection and which uses 3rd.
3rd Angle
1st Angle
Exercise 1-4
Missing lines 1
Exercise 1-4
Fill in the missing lines in the front, right side, and top views.
1 missing visible line in the front view.
The right side view has 1 missing visible line and 2 missing hidden lines.
The top view has 5 missing visible lines and 2 missing hidden lines.
Exercise 1-5
Missing lines 2
Exercise 1-5
Fill in the missing lines in the top, front, and right side views.
The top view has 1 missing visible line.
The front view has 4 missing visible lines and 4 missing center lines.
The right side view has 2 missing hidden lines and 1 missing center line.
Exercise 1-8
Drawing an orthographic projection 1
Exercise 1-8
Shade in the surfaces that will appear in the front, top, and right side views. Estimating the distances, draw the front, top, and right side views. Identify the surfaces with the appropriate letter in the orthographic projection.
1) Shade in the surfaces of the front view. 2) Draw the front view. 3) Identify the surfaces.
1) Shade in the surfaces of the right side view. 2) Draw the right side view. 3) Identify the surfaces. Notice the horizontal and vertical projectors.
1) Shade in the surfaces of the top view. 2) Draw the top view. 3) Identify the surfaces. Notice the 45 deg. projector
Exercise 1-9
Drawing an orthographic projection 2
Exercise 1-9
Identify the best choice for the front view. Estimating the distances, draw the front, top, and right side views.
Front view = A
Orthographic Projection
1.8) Auxiliary Views
Skip advanced topic
Auxiliary Views
Auxiliary views are used to show the true shape of features that are not parallel to any of the principle planes of projection.
Aligned with the angled surface Partial auxiliary view
Exercise 1-12
Auxiliary View
Exercise 1-12
Draw the auxiliary view for this object.
Orthographic Projection
End
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