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Dynamics Forces

1) Dynamics is the study of forces that cause objects to accelerate or change motion. Sir Isaac Newton developed three laws of motion to describe the relationship between forces and motion. 2) There are four main types of forces - gravitational, electromagnetic, strong nuclear, and weak nuclear forces. Newton's laws describe how forces cause changes in an object's motion. 3) Mass is a measure of an object's inertia. There are two types of mass - inertial mass and gravitational mass. Friction opposes the motion of objects in contact.

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Mahir Mahmood
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60 views2 pages

Dynamics Forces

1) Dynamics is the study of forces that cause objects to accelerate or change motion. Sir Isaac Newton developed three laws of motion to describe the relationship between forces and motion. 2) There are four main types of forces - gravitational, electromagnetic, strong nuclear, and weak nuclear forces. Newton's laws describe how forces cause changes in an object's motion. 3) Mass is a measure of an object's inertia. There are two types of mass - inertial mass and gravitational mass. Friction opposes the motion of objects in contact.

Uploaded by

Mahir Mahmood
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Dynamics - Forces

Definition: Dynamics - the study of why objects move -causes of acceleration were first studied by Sir Isaac Newton & he developed Newton's Laws of Motion Definition: Force -a push or a pull -an agent that results in accelerating or deforming an object 4 Types of Forces: 1. Gravitational Force -an attractive force that exists between objects 2. Electromagnetic Force -force due to electric charges, both static & moving 3. Strong Nuclear Force -force that holds the particles in the nucleus together -stronger than electromagnetic force -acts over distances the size of a nucleus 4. Weak Nuclear Force -form of electromagnetic force -involved in radioactive decay of certain elements -physicists try to form GUT (Grand Unified Theory) of all forces (maybe String Theory?) ***All forces are vectors have both magnitude & direction Newton's 1st Law of Motion (Law of Inertia): "an object with no force acting on it remains at rest or moves with a constant velocity in a straight line" -objects at rest tend to stay at rest ("rest" is a special case of v = 0 m/s) Newton's 2nd Law of Motion: "the acceleration of a body is directly proportional to the net force on it and inversely proportional to its mass" -as force increases, rate of velocity increases, therefore acceleration increases -acceleration depends on mass -as mass increases, acceleration increases (if net force is constant) -acceleration is always in the same direction as the net force causing it Definition: Inertia -tendency of an object not to change its motion -mass is a measure of inertia -unit of Force: F = m a = (kg)(m / s 2 ) = Newton or N -method for finding net force ---> vector sum of all forces, keeping tracks of signs Newton's 3rd Law: "when one object exerts a force on a 2nd object, the 2nd object exerts a force on the 1 st that is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction" -action-reaction forces *Remember, net force and action-reaction forces are not the same thing! Mass & Weight: Weight is defined as... Fw = m g -in a negative direction g = 9.81m / s 2 -minus sign means down

a= Fnet

Fnet m = m a

Two Kinds of Mass: Definition: Inertial Mass -the ratio of net force on an object and its acceleration Fnet = m a Definition: Gravitational Mass -ratio of gravitational force to an object's acceleration Fnet = m g -both "masses" are valid ways of describing mass Friction: Definition: Friction (Ff)-force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are in contact Definition: Static Friction -force that opposes the start of motion Definition: Sliding (Kinetic) Friction -force between surfaces in relative motion -sliding friction < static friction -to keep an object moving with constant velocity, one must apply a force equal & opposite to force of friction -friction depends on: force pushing the surfaces together ( FN or 'normal' force) AND nature of contact surfaces (""---> mu stands for coefficient of friction)

Ff = FN

Problem-Solving Strategy for Problems Involving More Than One Force : 1. Always draw a picture of object. 2. Draw arrows representing all forces acting on object. (FBFD) 3. Label each force with its cause. Be specific. The Fall of Bodies in the Air: Definition: Air Resistance -force of air on objects moving through it -a.k.a. drag force -a friction-like force -depends on: size and shape of object, density of air, speed of motion Ex.: dropping a ping-pong ball -as v increases, drag force increases; after time, drag force = Fw (weight of ping-pong ball) -net force on ball is 0 N, no acceleration and velocity becomes constant ---> terminal velocity Definition: Terminal Velocity -velocity of a falling object reached when force of air resistance equals Fw (weight). _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Two common types of problems associated with dynamics: 1) Atwoods Machine invented in 1784 by George Atwood to analyze uniform accelerated motion -consists of two masses, m1 and m2, connected by an inelastic massless string over an ideal massless pulley -when m1 = m2, system is stationary (regardless of position of masses) -practical applications of Atwoods Machine include counterbalance in elevator that relieves the motor from the load of holding the FN elevator car, railway cars on incline railway tracks (like a tram car)
F

m1

2) Incline Plane
FII

m2

Fw

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