Appendix A

Geometers Sketchpad Commands

To select one object, click on the object with the Select arrow. To select multiple objects, hold down the Shift key while clicking on the objects. To select multiple objects using a marquee, press down on mouse button in a blank area of the sketch, drag to define a rectangular area of selection (marquee), release to select all objects in, or partially in, the selection marquee.

To deselect one or more objects from a group, hold down the Shift key while selecting the objects to be deselected. To deselect all objects, click in a blank area of the sketch.

File

To create a new sketch, select New Sketch from under the File menu. To create a new script, select New Script from under the File menu. To open a saved sketch or script, select Open from under the File menu. To save changes to an active script or sketch, select Save from under the File menu. To save an active script or sketch with a new name, select Save As from under the File menu. To close an active window, click in the upper left-hand box located in the drag bar or select Close from under the File menu. To print an active sketch or script, select Print from under the File menu. To leave Sketchpad, select Quit from under the File menu.

Edit

To correct an error, select Undo from the Edit menu (unlimited). To redo the last undo step in the sketch, select Redo from the Edit menu (unlimited).

To clear selected objects and their descendants, either press delete or select Clear from the Edit menu. Action Buttons Action button tip: When a sketch is saved with an action button selected, that button will play automatically when the sketch is next opened. Use action buttons to prepare readyto-go presentations. To create an action button to move the first selected point to a second selected point, select Movement from within Action Button from the Edit menu. To create a button to animate selected points on a selected segment or circle paths, select Animation from within Action Button from the Edit menu. To create two buttons: one which hides selected objects, and the other to show the same selected objects, select Hide/Show from within Action Button from the Edit menu.

Display

To change to a different type of line weight, select Line Weight from the Display menu. This will change the weight of any selected straight objects or circles as well as new objects with thick, thin, or dashed lines.

To change to a different color, select Color from the Display menu. This will change the color of any selected object as well as any new objects with color. To change to a different shade weight, select Shade from the Display menu. This will change the shade weight of any selected polygon or circle interiors as well as new interiors with shading.

To change text style or size for selected caption or selected objects labels, select Text Style from the Display menu. To change font for selected caption or selected objects labels, select Text Font from the Display menu. To hide an object from view, select the object(s) to be hidden, then Display Hide.

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Show all previously hidden objects, select Show All Hidden from the Display menu. If just a few objects are needed, then show all hidden, while holding down the Shift key, deselect the desired objects to be viewed, then hide the remaining objects.

To leave a trace of selected objects when dragged, select the desired objects, then Trace Locus from the Display menu. To animate selected points on selected segment or circle paths, select Animate from the Display menu.

Preferences - Select Preferences from the Display menu to change your preferences. You can now do the following.

Choose the units and precision for displayed measurements. Choose fonts and sizes for various types of text. Set the Script Tool directory. Choose the speed to play scripts. Set the number of samples in a newly constructed locus object.

Construct Hint: Use the Information tool menu to verify that you have the proper selections for a given construction. Point On Object Point At Intersection Select One or more straight objects or circles. Select two objects: straight objects or circles. To construct a point at an intersection of only two objects, click at the intersection point with the arrow tool. To construct a point at an intersection of more than two objects, select two of the objects, then Construct Point At Intersection. Point At Midpoint Segment Select one or more segments. Select two or more point (Switches to Ray or Line according to current straight object tool.) Perpendicular Line Parallel Line Angle Bisector Circle By Center+Point Select one straight object and one or more points (or vice versa.) Select one straight object and one or more points (or vice versa.) Select three point (point, vertex, point), in order. Select two points (center and radius endpoint), in order. iii

Circle By Center+Radius Select one point (defining center) and one segment (defining radius.) Polygon Interior Circle Interior Select three to thirty points (vertices), in order. Select one or more circles.

Transform

Marked vectors, angles, and ratios allow one to perform transformations based on dynamic objects within the sketch. Angles are marked clockwise (negative) and counterclockwise (positive) order: point, vertex, point. Ratios are marked in scale factor order: numerator over denominator. Select a shorter then longer segment to mark a ratio that shrinks objects. Translate Translate selected objects by either a fixed polar or Cartesian vector, or by dynamic marked vector. Rotate Rotate selected objects by a fixed angle or dynamic marked angle around a point marked as the center. Dilate Shrink or stretch selected objects by a fixed ratio or a dynamic marked ratio about a point marked as the center. Reflect Mark Vector Reflect selection across line, ray, or segment marked as a mirror. Mark the last two selected points as the initial and terminal points for dynamic translation vector. Mark Angle Mark Ratio Mark Mirror Mark Center Define Transformation Mark the last three selected points as angle for dynamic rotation. Mark the last two selected segments ratio for dynamic dilation. Mark the last selected segment, ray, or line as mirror for reflection. Mark the last selected point as the center for rotation or dilation. Defines a multi-step custom transformation that created selected image from selected pre-image. Custom transformations are added to the bottom of the Transform menu.

Measure

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Distance Length Slope Radius Circumference Area Angle Arc Angle Arc Length Ratio Calculate

Select two points, or one point and one straight object. Select a segment. Select a straight object. Select a circle or circle interior. Select a circle or circle interior. Select polygon interior, circle interior, or circle. Select three points (point, vertex, point). Select one circle and two points. Select one circle and two points. Select two segments. Select one or more measures.

The Calculator

To invoke the calculator choose Calculate from under the Measure menu. The display area shows the expression being built. You can enter a numerical value or click on a measurement from your sketch. Click Remove to remove an unwanted quantity or operator or click OK when the expression is as desired.

Next to the word Value is a pop-up menu that lists selected measures, , and other functions. The keypad has numbers to be used by clicking on the mouse button, or type from the keyboard. The next column has operators for addition (+), subtraction (), multiplication (*), and division(/). The next column contains parentheses, upcret (^) for raising to a power, and for changing sign.

Appendix B

Bibliography
Crowe, D., Symmetry, Rigid Motions, and Patterns. Arlington, Mass.: COMAP, 1986. Greenberg, M.J., Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometries. San Fransisco: W.H. Freeman and Company, 1974. Kay, David C., College Geometry A Discovery Approach. New York: HarperCollins College Publishers, 1994. Key Curriculum Press, The Geometers Sketchpad: User Guide and Reference Manual. Berkeley, CA: Key Curriculum Press, 1995. Schattschneider, D., Visions of Symmetry: Notebooks, Periodic Drawings and Related Work of M.C. Escher. New York: W.H. Freeman, 1990. Schattschneider, D., and James King, Geometry Turned On: Dynamic Software in Learning, Teaching, and Research., Washington, DC: Mathematical Association of American, 1997. Sibley, Thomas Q., The Geometric Viewpoint. Reading, Mass.: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc., 1998. Smart, James R., Modern Geometries. Pacific Grove, Calif: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, 1998. West, Stephen F. and Edward C. Wallace, Roads to Geometry. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1998.

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