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Chapter 2 Introduction To Data Structure

This document provides an introduction to data structures and algorithms. It defines key concepts such as problem solving, algorithms, and data structures. It explains that algorithms operate on data structures to solve problems. Various data structures are described, including linear structures like stacks, queues, and linked lists, and non-linear structures like trees and graphs. Examples of each data structure are given. The document concludes by emphasizing that understanding these concepts is essential for effective problem solving.

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Kalaivani Manoharan
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690 views

Chapter 2 Introduction To Data Structure

This document provides an introduction to data structures and algorithms. It defines key concepts such as problem solving, algorithms, and data structures. It explains that algorithms operate on data structures to solve problems. Various data structures are described, including linear structures like stacks, queues, and linked lists, and non-linear structures like trees and graphs. Examples of each data structure are given. The document concludes by emphasizing that understanding these concepts is essential for effective problem solving.

Uploaded by

Kalaivani Manoharan
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SCJ2013 Data Structure & Algorithms

Introduction to Data Structures & Algorithm


Nor Bahiah Hj Ahmad & Dayang Norhayati A. Jawawi

Objectives:
By the end of the class, students are expected to understand the following: problem solving introduction algorithm concept data structure concept

Software Eng. & Problem Solving


Software engineering
Provides techniques to facilitate the development of computer program

Problem solving
Taking the statement of a problem and develop a computer program to solve problems. The entire process requires to pass many phases, from understanding the problem, design solution and implement the solution.

Problem Solving
A solution to a problem is computer program written in programming language which consist of modules.

Type of Modules:
A single, stand-alone function A method of a class A class Several functions or classes working closely together Other blocks of code

Problem Solving
A good solution consists of : Modules that
organize data collection to facilitate operations must store, move, and alter data use algorithms to communicate with one another

Modularity
Advantage of module:
Constructing programs small/large modules Debugging programs task of debugging large programis reduced to small modular program. Reading programs- easier to understand compared to large program Modifying programs reduce large modification by concentrating on modules Eliminating redundant code by calling the modules will avoid the same code to be written multiple times

Modularity Example
book title year author publisher price getData() print() checkPrice() checkPublisher()

author firstName secondName getData() print() write() edit()

produce

12/8/2011

Algorithm
Module implements algorithms Algorithm: a step-by-step recipe for performing a task within a finite period of time Algorithms often operate on a collection of data, which is stored in a structured way in the computer memory (Data Structure) Algorithms: Problem solving using logic

Algorithm
Well-defined instructions in algorithm includes: 1. when given an initial state, (INPUT) 2. proceed through a well-defined series of successive states, (PROCESS) 3. eventually terminating in an end-state (OUTPUT)

Algorithm

Algorithm
3 types of algorithm basic control structure
Sequential Selection Repeatition (Looping)

Algorithm
Basic algorithm characteristics Finite solution Clear instructions Has input to start the execution Has output as the result of the execution Operate effectively

Algorithm creation techniques


Flowchart, pseudo code, language etc Factors for measuring good algorithm Running time Total memory usage

Algorithm & Data Structure


Data Structure
A way of storing and organizing data in a computer so that it can be used efficiently Choosing the right data structure will allow the most efficient algorithm to be used A well-designed data structure : allows a variety of critical operations to be performed anable to use few resources, both execution time and memory space, as possible

Data Structure
Operations to the Data Structure
Traversing- access and process every data in data structure at least once Searching search for a location of data Insertion insert item in the list of data Deletion - delete item from a set of data Sorting sort data in certain order Merging merge multiple group of data

Data Types
2 data types
1. Basic data types and 2. structured data types

Basic Data Types (C++) store only a single data


Integral
Boolean bool Enumeration enum Character char Integer short, int, long Floating point float, double

Data Types
Unsorted Linked List
Network Array Sorted Linked List

Linked StructureBinary Tree


Graph

Storage Structure
Structure (struct)

Structured Data Types

Queue

State Structure

Stack

Data Types
Structured Data Types
Array can contain multiple data with the same types Struct can contain multiple data with different type
typedef struct { int age; char *name; enum {male, female} gender; } Person;

Data Types
Linked Data Structure
Linear Data Structure with restriction
Queue & Stack

Linear Data Structure with no restriction


Unsorted linked list Sorted linked list

Non-linear Data Structure


Binary Tree Graph

Linear Data Structure with restriction


Queue
First-In-First-Out (FIFO) data structure the first element added to the queue will be the first one to be removed (post office, bank etc)

Out In Back Front

Queue Application

Stack

Linear Data Structure with restriction

Based on the principle of Last In First Out (LIFO) Stacks are used extensively at every level of a modern computer system (compiler etc.)
In Out Top

Stack Application

Linear Data Structure with no restriction


Linked list consists of:
a sequence of nodes, data fields one or two links or references pointing to the next and/or previous nodes

12

11

Linear Data Structure with no restriction


Sorted linked list
Data stored in ascending or descending order with no duplicates Insertion at front, middle or rear of the list Deletion will not affect the ascending / descending order of the list

Unsorted linked list


A linked list with no ordering

Non-linear Data Structure


Tree
A data structure based on a tree structure A tree structure is a way of representing the hierarchical nature of a structure in a graphical form a binary tree is a tree data structure in which each node has at most two children Used for searching big amount of data

Tree
Root Children of node 20 vertex

leaf

Sibling

Graph
A graph consists of a set of vertices, and a set of edges, such that each edge is a connection between a pair of vertices. Some applications require visiting every vertex in the graph exactly once.

Graph
The application may require that vertices be visited in some special order based on graph topology. Examples: Artificial Intelligence Search (Breadth-first search, depth first search) Shortest paths problems Web sites containing a link to and from other websites. Graph that represent courses and the pre-requisites.

Graph Example

Directed

Undirected graph

Network
Network is a directed graph. Can be used to represent a route. Example :
A route for an airline. A route for delivery vehicles.

Network Example
Weighted network that represents a route for a delivery truck. The route shows all cities in Johor for the truck to deliver items and the time taken for a journey from one city to another.

Conclusion
In this class you have learned about: Problem solving is the entire process of taking the statement of a problem and develop a computer program to solve problems. Algorithm is step-by-step recipe for performing a task operate on a collection of data Data structure is a way of storing and organizing data in a computer, it allows efficient algorithm to be used The knowledge given is to ensure that you are able to provide good solution to problem solving

References
Frank M. Carano, Janet J Prichard. Data Abstraction and problem solving with C++ Walls and Mirrors. 5th edition (2007). Addision Wesley. Nor Bahiah et al. Struktur data & algoritma menggunakan C++. Penerbit UTM. 2005.

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