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Searching and Sorting Algorithm

The document discusses various searching and sorting algorithms. It describes sequential, binary, ternary, and indexed searching techniques and provides pseudocode for binary and sequential search algorithms. Selection sort, insertion sort, and bubble sort algorithms are covered along with Python code examples. Partitioning of lists around a value x is also summarized.

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Bharath Raj
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79 views

Searching and Sorting Algorithm

The document discusses various searching and sorting algorithms. It describes sequential, binary, ternary, and indexed searching techniques and provides pseudocode for binary and sequential search algorithms. Selection sort, insertion sort, and bubble sort algorithms are covered along with Python code examples. Partitioning of lists around a value x is also summarized.

Uploaded by

Bharath Raj
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Searching & Sorting Algorithms

Lecture_Module 11 : CSL101

Prof Saroj Kaushik

Searching Techniques
Information retrieval is one of the most important application of computer Given a name, retrieve associated information Dictionary/directory look-up

Types of Searching
Sequential Searching Can search from unordered list Time complexity O(n) Binary searching Can search from ordered list only Time complexity O(log2n) Tenary searching Can search from ordered list only Time complexity O(log3n) Index searching Can search from ordered list only Uses index table

Sequential Search Algorithm


Input n, x(i), i=1,,n; key found = false; i=1 while i n and not(found) { if key = x(i) then found = true else i=i+1 Complexity O(n) } If found then print key is found else print key is not found

Binary Search Algorithm


Input n, x(i), i=1,,n; key found = false; L=1, U=n; While L U and not(found) { mid = (L+U)/2; if key = x(mid) then found = true else if key < x(mid) then U=mid-1 else L=mid+1 } Complexity O(log2n) If found then print key is found else print key is not found

Ternary Search Algorithm

Divide list into three equal portions

[1, n/3] ; [n/3 +1, 2n/3] and [2n/3 +1, n] Find out the range in which the key belongs and search that range using ternary search.
Indices
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10

12

14

20

24 O(log3n)

List

Complexity

Indexed Search
2 7 14 Index Table

10 12 14 20 24

List

Indexed Search Contd


2 16 29
Index

10 16 23 29 37

Index

10

12

14

16

18

20

23

26

29

32

35

37

38

40

List

Sorting Algorithms
Sorting is an important concept in real life. Always better to keep things in some sensible order. Useful for searching Various Techniques for sorting
Selection sort Insertion sort Bubble sort

Selection Sort
Algorithm for arranging elements of list in ascending order.
In unordered list choose minimum and swap with first element of unsorted list. Reduce the list size by one Repeat the process till list reduces to 0 size.

Selection Sort - contd


8 5 9 1 7 3 2 4 6 1 5 9 8 7 3 2 4 6 1 2 9 8 7 3 5 4 6 1 2 3 8 7 9 5 4 6 1 2 3 4 7 9 5 8 6 Continue

Selection Sort - Algorithm


Input n, x(i), i=1,,n i=1 while i n { Find min of list [x(i),x(n)] - let min = x(j) {# position of min} Swap x(i) with x(j) i=i+1 } print x(i), i=1,,n

Minimum - Algorithm
Statements for finding minimum of list x(i),x(n) min = x(i); j=i {# j is index at which min resides} k=i+1 while k n { if x(k) < min then { min = x(k); j=k } k=k+1 }

Swap - statements
Swap the values of x(i) and x(j). Here x(i) is the first element of unsorted list x(j) is minimum element
t = x(i) = x(j) = x(i) x(j) t

Complete Selection Sort Algorithm


input n, x(i), i=1,,n i=1 while i n { min = x(i); j=i ; k=i+1 while k n { if x(k) < min then { min = x(k); j=k } k=k+1 } t = x(i);x(i) = x(j);x(j) = t i=i+1 Time complexity O(n2) Space complexity O(1) } print x(i), i=1,,n

Python Program for inputting a list


# Input elements of a list and terminate by say,1000 def read_list(s): x=input('Input the value and terminate by 1000\n') >>> 'Input the value and terminate by 1000 while x != 1000: 5 s=s+[x] 4 x = input() 8 return s s=[] 1000 s=read_list(s) >>> [5,4,8] print '\nlist elements are:\n,s

Python Program for selection sort


def selection_sort(s): i=0 n=len(s) while i < n: k = min(s,i,n) # swap s[i] with s[k] t=s[i] ; s[i] = s[k]; s[k]=t i=i+1 print \n List at each iteration\n, s return s s=[] s=read_list(s) s=selection_sort(s) print '\nsorted list\n', s

def min(s, i, j): min=s[i]; index = i for k in range (i+1,j): if min > s[k]: min=s[k] index = k return index >>> s= [8,7,3,4] List at each iteration [3,7,8,4] List at each iteration [3,4,8,7] List at each iteration [3,4,7,8]

Insertion Sort
At each iteration From unordered list choose the first element and insert it in the sorted. Reduce the list size by one Repeat the process till list reduces to 0 size.

Selection Sort - contd


8 5 9 1 7 3 2 4 6 5 8 9 1 7 3 2 4 6 5 8 9 1 7 3 2 4 6 1 5 8 9 7 3 2 4 6 1 5 7 8 9 3 2 4 6 Continue

Insertion Sort - Algorithm


input n, x(i), i=1,,n i=2 while i n { - insert x(i) in the sorted list x(1),, x(i-1) - i=i+1 } print x(i), i=1,,n

Insert - Algorithm
Statements for inserting x(i) in the list x(1),x(i-1) k = i-1; val = x(i) while val < x(k) { x(k+1) = x(k) k=k-1 } x(k+1) = val

Complete Insertion Sort Algorithm


Input n, x(i), i=1,,n i=2 While i n { k = i-1; val = x(i) While val < x(k) { x(k+1) = x(k) k=k-1 } x(k+1) = val Time complexity O(n2) i=i+1 Space Complexity O(1) } print x(i), i=1,,n

Python Program for Insertion Sort


def insertion(s): k=1; n=len(s) while k < n: insert(s,s[k],0,k-1) k=k+1 return s s=[] s=read_list(s); s=insertion(s) print '\nsorted list\n',s def insert(s,x,low, up): j=up; i=low while x < s[j] and j>=i: s[j+1] = s[j]; j=j-1 s[j+1]=x return s >>> s= [5,4,1,2] List at each iteration [4,5,1,2] List at each iteration [1,4,5,2] List at each iteration [1,2,4,5]

Bubble Sort
In each iteration, exchange adjacent elements if not in proper order The highest element gets settled at the bottom of the list. Each time list is reduced by one from start to end1) Stop the process
If no exchange is done OR the list reduces to 1 size.

Bubble Sort - contd


8 5 9 1 7 3 2 4 6 5 8 1 7 3 2 4 6 9 5 1 7 3 2 4 6 8 9 1 5 3 2 4 6 7 8 9 1 3 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 No exchange, so list is sorted and exit

Bubble Sort - Algorithm


input n, x(i), i=1,,n found=false; while not(found) { - exchange pair of elements, if not in order - If no exchange then found =true } print x(i), i=1,,n

Loop for exchanging pair if required Algorithm


j = 1 ; End_elt = M exchange = false while j < End_elt { if x(j) > x(j+1) then { t=x(j); x(j) = x(j+1); x(j+1) = t exchange=true } j=j+1 }

Bubble Sort - Algorithm


input n, x(i), i=1,,n found=false; i=1 while not(found) { j = 1;exchange = false; End_elt =n-i+1 while j < End_elt { if x(j) > x(j+1) then {t=x(j);x(j) = x(j+1);x(j+1)= t exchange=true } j=j+1 } if exchange = false then found true i=i+1 }; print x(i), i=1,,n

Python Program for Bubble Sort


def bub(s): found=0 ; i=0; n=len(s) while found !=1: j = 0; exchange = 0 while j < n-i-1: if s[j] > s[j+1]: t=s[j]; s[j] = s[j+1]; s[j+1] = t exchange=1 j=j+1 if exchange == 0: found = 1 i=i+1 return s s=[]; s=read_list(s); s=bub(s) print '\nsorted list\n', s

>>> s= [5,4,8,2 1] List at each iteration [4,5,2,1,8] List at each iteration [4,2,1,5,8] List at each iteration [2,1,4,5,8] List at each iteration [1,2,4,5,8]

Partitioning of a List
Partitioning a given unordered list into two subsets such that
all elements in one set x and other elements in other list are > x

Applications of Partitioning
Sorting Median finding Statistical classification

Basic steps Partition around x


Initially set i to start index of the list and j to be the last index of the list Move towards middle first from left and then from right as follows:
Move i from left to right (increment i) till we encounter a number > x Then move j from right to left (decrement j) till we get a number x

Exchange wrongly partitioned pair Start the process from the existing positions till i crosses j.

Example

x=11
Initially i=1; j=9

10 20 8 25 6 35 14 26 i (10<x) j

10 20 8 25 6 35 1 4 26 i j 10 20 8 25 6 35 14 26 i (20>x) j 10 20 8 25 6 35 14 26 i (20>x) j (6 < x)

Increment i till we get a number > x

Now decrement j till we get a number < x

Now i=2; j=5

Example Contd
10 20 8 25 6 35 14 26 i (20>x) j (6 < x) 10 6 8 25 20 35 14 26 i (20>x) j (6 < x) 10 6 8 25 20 35 14 26 j i
Exchange i and j position values

Move i forward till i > j

Since i<j, so terminate the process

Partitioning Algorithm
Input list L(i), i=1,n i=1; j=n While (i j)

{ While (L(i) < x) { i=i+1 } While (L(j) > x) { j=j-1 } Swap L(i) and L(j) values i=i+1 j=j-1 }
Output L(k), k=1,j and L(k), k=i to n

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