Basic math symbols

Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example

= > < () [] + * /
mod

equals sign not equal sign strict inequality strict inequality inequality inequality parentheses brackets plus sign minus sign plus - minus minus - plus asterisk times sign

equality inequality greater than less than greater than or equal to less than or equal to calculate expression inside first calculate expression inside first addition subtraction both plus and minus operations both minus and plus operations multiplication multiplication

5 = 2+3 54 5>4 4<5 54 45 2 (3+5) = 16 [(1+2)*(1+5)] = 18 1+1=2 21=1 3 5 = 8 and -2 3 5 = -2 and 8 2*3=6 23=6 23=6 62=3 6/2=3

multiplication dot multiplication division sign / obelus division slash horizontal line modulo period power caret division division division / fraction remainder calculation decimal point, decimal separator exponent exponent

7 mod 2 = 1 2.56 = 2+56/100 23 = 8 2 ^ 3= 8

. ab a^b

a 3 a 4 a n a %
ppm ppb ppt

square root cube root forth root n-th root (radical) percent per-mille per-million per-billion per-trillion

a a = a

9 = 3
3 4

8 = 2 16 = 2

for n=3, n8 = 2 1% = 1/100 1 = 1/1000 = 0.1% 1ppm = 1/1000000 1ppb = 1/1000000000 1ppb = 10-12 10% 30 = 3 10 30 = 0.3 10ppm 30 = 0.0003 10ppb 30 = 310-7 10ppb 30 = 310-10

Geometry symbols
Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example

AB

angle measured angle spherical angle right angle degree arcminute arcsecond line line segment ray arc

formed by two rays

ABC = 30
ABC = 30 AOB = 30

= 90 1 turn = 360 1 = 60 1 = 60
infinite line line from point A to point B line that start from point A arc from point A to point B perpendicular lines (90angle) parallel lines equivalence of geometric shapes and size same shapes, not same size

= 90 = 60 = 6059' = 6059'59''

| || ~

perpendicular parallel congruent to similarity

AC |BC AB || CD ABC XYZ ABC ~ XYZ

 | xy|
rad grad

triangle

triangle shape distance between points x and y

ABC BCD | x -y | = 5

distance

= 3.141592654...
pi constant
is the ratio between the circumference and diameter of a circle

c = d = 2r 360 = 2 rad 360 = 400 grad

radians grads

radians angle unit grads angle unit

Algebra symbols
Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example

x := ~ () [] {} x x

x variable equivalence equal by definition equal by definition approximately equal approximately equal proportional to lemniscate much less than much greater than parentheses brackets braces floor brackets ceiling brackets

unknown value to find identical to equal by definition equal by definition weak approximation approximation proportional to infinity symbol much less than much greater than calculate expression inside first calculate expression inside first set rounds number to lower integer rounds number to upper integer

when 2x = 4, then x = 2

11 ~ 10 sin(0.01) 0.01
f(x) g(x)

1 1000000 1000000 1 2 * (3+5) = 16 [(1+2)*(1+5)] = 18

4.34 4.35

x! |x| f (x) (f g) (a,b) [a,b] e

exclamation mark single vertical bar function of x function composition open interval closed interval delta discriminant sigma sigma capital pi e constant / Euler's number EulerMascheroni constant golden ratio

factorial absolute value maps values of x to f(x)

4! = 1*2*3*4 = 24 | -5 | = 5 f (x) = 3x+5 f (x)=3x, g(x)=x1 (f g)(x)=3(x-1) x (2,6) x [2,6] t = t1 - t0 xi= x1+x2+...+xn

(f g) (x) = f (g(x))

(a,b) = {x | a < x < b} [a,b] = {x | a x b}

change / difference

= b2 - 4ac
summation - sum of all values in range of series double summation product - product of all values in range of series

xi=x1x2...xn e = lim (1+1/x)x , x

e = 2.718281828... = 0.527721566...
golden ratio constant

Linear Algebra Symbols

Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example

AB [] () |A| det(A)

dot cross tensor product inner product brackets parentheses determinant determinant

scalar product vector product tensor product of A and B

ab ab AB

matrix of numbers matrix of numbers determinant of matrix A determinant of matrix A

|| x || AT A A* A -1
rank(A) dim(U)

double vertical bars norm transpose Hermitian matrix Hermitian matrix inverse matrix matrix rank dimension matrix transpose matrix conjugate transpose matrix conjugate transpose

(AT)ij = (A)ji (A)ij = (A)ji (A*)ij = (A)ji

rank(A) = 3 rank(U) = 3

A A-1 = I
rank of matrix A dimension of matrix A

Probability and statistics symbols

Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example

P(A) P(A B) P(A B) P(A | B) f (x) F(x) E(X) E(X | Y) var(X) 2 std(X)

probability function probability of events intersection probability of events union conditional probability function probability density function (pdf) cumulative distribution function (cdf) population mean expectation value conditional expectation variance variance standard deviation

probability of event A probability that of events A and B probability that of events A or B probability of event A given event B occured

P(A) = 0.5 P(AB) = 0.5 P(AB) = 0.5 P(A | B) = 0.3

P(a x b) = f (x) dx F(x) = P(X x)

mean of population values expected value of random variable X expected value of random variable X given Y variance of random variable X variance of population values standard deviation of random variable X

= 10 E(X) = 10 E(X | Y=2) = 5 var(X) = 4 2 = 4 std(X) = 2

X cov(X,Y) corr(X,Y) X,Y Mo MR Md Q1 Q2 Q3 x s2 s zx X~

N(,2) U(a,b) exp() gamma(c, )

standard deviation median covariance correlation correlation summation double summation mode mid-range sample median lower / first quartile median / second quartile upper / third quartile sample mean sample variance sample standard deviation

standard deviation value of random variable X middle value of random variable x covariance of random variables X and Y correlation of random variables X and Y correlation of random variables X and Y summation - sum of all values in range of series double summation value that occurs most frequently in population

X = 2

cov(X,Y) = 4 corr(X,Y) = 3 X,Y = 3

MR = (xmax+xmin)/2
half the population is below this value 25% of population are below this value 50% of population are below this value = median of samples 75% of population are below this value average / arithmetic mean population samples variance estimator population samples standard deviation estimator

x = (2+5+9) / 3 = 5.333 s2 = 4 s=2

standard score zx = (x-x) / sx distribution of X normal distribution uniform distribution exponential distribution gamma distribution distribution of random variable X gaussian distribution equal probability in range a,b

X ~ N(0,3) X ~ N(0,3) X ~ U(0,3)

f (x) = e-x , x0
f (x) = c xc-1e-x / (c),x0

 2(k) F (k1, k2) Bin(n,p) Poisson() Geom(p) HG(N,K,n) Bern(p)

chi-square distribution F distribution binomial distribution Poisson distribution geometric distribution hypergeometric distribution Bernoulli distribution

f (x) = xk/2-1e-x/2 / ( 2k/2(k/2) ) f (k) = nCk pk(1-p)n-k f (k ) = k e - / k ! f (k) = p (1-p) k

Combinatorics Symbols
Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example

n!
nPk nCk

factorial permutation

n! = 123...n

5! = 12345 = 120
5P3

= 5! / (5-3)! = 60

combination

5C3

= 5!/[3!(5-3)!]=10

Set theory symbols

Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example

{} AB AB AB AB

set intersection union

a collection of elements objects that belong to set A and set B objects that belong to set A or set B subset has less elements or equal to the set subset has less elements than the set

A={3,7,9,14}, B={9,14,28} A B = {9,14} A B = {3,7,9,14,28} {9,14,28} {9,14,28} {9,14} {9,14,28}

subset proper subset / strict subset

AB AB AB AB 2A A=B Ac A\B A-B AB A B

not subset

left set not a subset of right set set A has more elements or equal to the set B

{9,66} {9,14,28} {9,14,28} {9,14,28} {9,14,28} {9,14} {9,14,28} {9,66}

superset

proper superset / set A has more strict superset elements than set B not superset power set power set equality complement relative complement relative complement symmetric difference symmetric difference element of not element of ordered pair cartesian product cardinality cardinality aleph-null aleph-one set A is not a superset of set B all subsets of A all subsets of A both sets have the same members all the objects that do not belong to set A objects that belong to A and not to B objects that belong to A and not to B objects that belong to A or B but not to their intersection objects that belong to A or B but not to their intersection set membership no set membership collection of 2 elements set of all ordered pairs from A and B the number of elements of set A the number of elements of set A infinite cardinality of natural numbers set cardinality of countable ordinal numbers set

A={3,9,14}, B={3,9,14}, A=B

A={3,9,14}, A-B={9,14} A={3,9,14}, A-B={9,14}

B={1,2,3}, B={1,2,3},

A={3,9,14}, B={1,2,3}, A B={1,2,9,14} A={3,9,14}, B={1,2,3}, A B={1,2,9,14} A={3,9,14}, 3 A A={3,9,14}, 1 A

aA xA (a,b) AB |A| #A

A={3,9,14}, |A|=3 A={3,9,14}, #A=3

 U
0

empty set universal set natural numbers / whole numbers set (with zero) natural numbers / whole numbers set (without zero) integer numbers set rational numbers set

={}
set of all possible values

C = {}

= {0,1,2,3,4,...} = {1,2,3,4,5,...}

0 6 -6 2/6

= {...-3,-2,1,0,1,2,3,...} = {x | x=a/b, a,b}

real numbers set

= {x | - < x <} 6.343434 = {z | z=a+bi, <a<, <b<} 6+2i

complex numbers set

Logic symbols
Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example

^ & + | x' x !

and caret / circumflex ampersand plus reversed caret vertical line single quote bar not exclamation mark circled plus / oplus

and and and or or or not - negation not - negation not - negation not - negation exclusive or - xor

xy x^y x&y x+y xy x|y x' x x !x xy

tilde implies equivalent for all there exists there does not exists therefore because / since

negation

~x

if and only if

Calculus & analysis symbols

Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example

limit

limit value of a function represents a very small number, near zero

e y' y '' y(n)

epsilon e constant / Euler's number derivative second derivative nth derivative derivative second derivative nth derivative time derivative time second derivative partial derivative

e = 2.718281828...
derivative - Leibniz's notation derivative of derivative n times derivation derivative - Lagrange's notation derivative of derivative n times derivation derivative by time - Newton notation derivative of derivative

e = lim (1+1/x)x , x (3x3)' = 9x2 (3x3)'' = 18x (3x3)(3) = 18 d(3x3)/dx = 9x2 d2(3x3)/dx2 = 18x

(x2+y2)/x = 2x
opposite to derivation

integral

 [a,b] (a,b) i z* z

double integral triple integral closed contour / line integral closed surface integral closed volume integral closed interval open interval imaginary unit complex conjugate complex conjugate nabla / del vector unit vector

integration of function of 2 variables integration of function of 3 variables

[a,b] = {x | a x b} (a,b) = {x | a < x < b} i -1 z = a+bi z*=a-bi z = a+bi z = a-bi

gradient / divergence operator

z = 3 + 2i z* = 3 + 2i z = 3 + 2i f (x,y,z)

x*y

convolution Laplace transform Fourier transform delta function

y(t) = x(t) * h(t) F(s) = {f (t)} X() = {f (t)}

Numeral symbols
Name zero one two three four five six seven eight European Roman Hindu Arabic Hebrew

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 I II III IV V VI VII VIII

nine ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty thirty fourty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety one hundred

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXX XL L LX LXX LXXX XC C

Greek alphabet letters

Greek Symbol Upper Case Lower Case Greek Letter Name Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Epsilon English Equivalent a b g d e Pronunciation al-fa be-ta ga-ma del-ta ep-si-lon

Zeta Eta Theta Iota Kappa Lambda Mu Nu Xi Omicron Pi Rho Sigma Tau Upsilon Phi Chi Psi Omega

z h th i k l m n x o p r s t u ph ch ps o

ze-ta eh-ta te-ta io-ta ka-pa lam-da m-yoo noo x-ee o-mee-c-ron pa-yee row sig-ma ta-oo oo-psi-lon f-ee kh-ee p-see o-me-ga

Roman numerals
Number Roman numeral

1 2 3 4 5

I II III IV V

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXX XL L LX LXX LXXX XC C CC CCC CD D DC DCC DCCC CM

1000 5000 10000 50000 100000 500000 1000000

M V X L C D M