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Chapter 3

This document discusses state equations and their use in computer-aided circuit analysis. It begins by introducing state variables and state equations as a way to describe circuits containing energy storage elements like capacitors and inductors. Circuits can be described using systems of first-order differential equations called state-space equations. Examples are provided of writing state equations for various RLC circuits. Methods for solving state equations, including using the state transition matrix, are also covered.

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49 views52 pages

Chapter 3

This document discusses state equations and their use in computer-aided circuit analysis. It begins by introducing state variables and state equations as a way to describe circuits containing energy storage elements like capacitors and inductors. Circuits can be described using systems of first-order differential equations called state-space equations. Examples are provided of writing state equations for various RLC circuits. Methods for solving state equations, including using the state transition matrix, are also covered.

Uploaded by

eeenitt0301
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 3 State equations and computer aided circuit analysis

Prepared By: Mohammed Mujahid

State Variables and State Equations


As we know, when we apply KCL or KVL in networks that contain energystoring devices, we obtain integrodieren al equations. Also, when a network contains just one such device (capacitor or inductor), it is said to be a rstorder circuit. If it contains two such devices, it is said to be secondorder circuit, and so on. Thus, a first order linear, meinvariant circuit can be described by a differential equation of the form
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State Variables and State Equations


A second order circuit can be described by a secondorder differential equation of the same form where the highest order is a second derivative. An nthorder differential equation can be resolved into n rstorder simultaneous differential equations with a set of auxiliary variables called state variables. The resulting rstorder differential equations are called statespace equations, or simply state equations.
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Example 1
u

d 2i dt 2

Example 1
d 2i dt 2

Example 1
We now obtain the state equations:
u
0 x1 x 2

It is convenient and customary to express the state equations in matrix form:


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Example 1
We can also write the matrix form in a compact form: where

Example 1
In general, the state representation of a network can be described by the pair of statespace equa ons. The above state space equations can be realized with the below block diagram:

Example 2

input. Express the above equation as a set of state equations.

Example 2

0x1 x 2 0x 3 0x 4 0x1 0x 2 x 3 0x 4 0x1 0x 2 0x 3 x 4

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Example 2
In compact form, where

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Example 3
Write state equation(s) for the circuit shown below, given that step function. The output y is defined as
y v c (t)

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Example 3
This circuit contains only one energystoring device, the capacitor. Therefore, we need only one state variable. We choose the state variable to denote the voltage across the capacitor as shown below.

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Example 3

vS u o (t) RC

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Example 4
Write state equation(s) for the circuit shown below assuming

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Example 4
This circuit contains only one energystoring device, the inductor; therefore, we need only one state variable. We choose the state variable to denote the current through the inductor as shown below:

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Example 4

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Solution of Single State Equations


If a circuit contains only one energystoring device, the state equations are written as

The solution of the first state equation is


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Example 5
Find the capacitor voltage of the circuit shown below for given that the initial condition is VC (0) 1V

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Example 5
Given VC (0) 1V
or x 0 x (0) 1V
vS u o (t) RC

By comparing with

VS 2 2 RC 2 * 0.5

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Example 5

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The State Transition Matrix


We defined the state equations pair

where for two or more simultaneous differential equations, A and C are 2x2 or higher order matrices, and b and d are column vectors with two or more rows.

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The State Transition Matrix


The solution of the matrix differential equation with initial conditions is obtained from the relation

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How to compute the state transition matrix ?


1. 2.

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How to compute the state transition matrix ?


3.

We use the above system of equations if the eigenvalues are distinct. 4.


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Example 6

Solution:

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Example 6

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Example 6

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Example 7

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Example 7

From MATLAB,

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Example 7

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Example 7
From MATLAB,

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Example 7
From MATLAB,

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Example 7

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Repeated Eigenvalues

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Example 8

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Example 8

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Example 8

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To find the eigenvalues in MATLAB


Example 1:

Example 2:

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Example 9
A network is described by the state equation

where

Compute the state vector


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Example 9
Solution:

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Example 9

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Example 9

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Example 10
For the circuit shown below, the initial conditions are Use the state variable method to compute

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Example 10

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Example 10

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Example 10

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Example 10

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Example 10

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Example 10

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Example 10

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Example 10

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