CONTENT

S. No.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

TOPIC
Introduction to Company History of linux 11 Why linux is better All about Redhat 6 Installation steps for redhat 6 commands References Table of Figures 22 20

PAGE No.
2

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1.INTRODUCTION TO COMPANY:-

LinuxWorld ('LW') is a fast growing ISO 9001:2008 Certified Organisation; fully governed by young and energetic Technocrats, dedicated to Open Source technologies and Linux promotion. Red Hat serves global enterprises through technology and services made possible by the open source model, include Red Hat Enterprise Linux operating platforms and features RHCE, the global standard Linux certification.

The main objective of LW R&D's team is to work dedicate on the loopholes present in the existing Linux Operating System, to ensure that the same are removed and plug-in the new development which does not exist in Linux OS at present. In other words, it follows PushPull Strategy i.e. Pull out the loopholes and Push in the new developments. LW is the only organization in India having a wholly and solely dedicated R&D Centre for Linux OS. LW continues its long-standing partnership with the education market by providing the world's only 100% hands-on Linux curriculum designed on a competency based framework that includes live- system testing measurements. Add further quality & diversity to your IT program and/or teach the most thorough, relevant and up-to- date Linux skills & certification.

2.HISTORY OF LINUX:-

The History of Linux began in 1991 with the commencement of a personal project by a Finnish student, Linus Torvalds, to create a new free operating system kernel. Since then, the resulting Linux kernel has been marked by constant growth throughout its history. Since the initial release of its source code in 1991, it has grown from a small number of C files under a license prohibiting commercial distribution to its state in 2009 of over 370 megabytes of source under the GNU General Public License. The Unix operating system was conceived and implemented by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie (both of AT&T Bell Laboratories) in 1969 and first released in 1970. Its availability and portability caused it to be widely adopted. Another free operating system project, initially released in 1977, was the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD). This was developed by UC Berkeley from the 6th edition of Unix from AT&T. MINIX a Unix-like system intended for academic use, was released by Andrew S. Tanenbaum in 1987. While source code for the system was available, modification and redistribution were restricted. In addition, MINIX's 16-bit design was not well adapted to the 32-bit features of the increasingly cheap and popular Intel 386 architecture for personal computers. In the early nineties a commercial UNIX operating system for Intel 386 PCs was too expensive for private users. These factors and the lack of a widely adopted, free kernel provided the impetus for Torvalds's starting his project. He has stated that if either the GNU or 386BSD kernels were available at the time, he likely would not have written his own.

4.WHY LINUX IS BETTER:A lot of the advantages of Linux are a consequence of Linux' origins, deeply rooted in UNIX, except for the first advantage, of course:

Linux is free: Linux can be downloaded in its entirety from the Internet completely for free. No registration fees, no costs per user, free updates, and freely available source code in case you want to change the behavior of your system. Most of all, Linux is free as in free speech: The license commonly used is the GNU Public License (GPL). The license says that anybody who may want to do so, has the right to change Linux and eventually to redistribute a changed version, on the one condition that the code is still available after redistribution. In practice, you are free to grab a kernel image, for instance to add support for teletransportation machines or time travel and sell your new code, as long as your customers can still have a copy of that code.

Linux is portable to any hardware platform: A vendor who wants to sell a new type of computer and who doesn't know what kind of OS his new machine will run (say the CPU in your car or washing machine), can take a Linux kernel and make it work on his hardware, because documentation related to this activity is freely available.

Linux was made to keep on running: As with UNIX, a Linux system expects to run without rebooting all the time. That is why a lot of tasks are being executed at night or scheduled automatically for other

calm moments, resulting in higher availability during busier periods and a more balanced use of the hardware. This property allows for Linux to be applicable also in environments where people don't have the time or the possibility to control their systems night and day.

Linux is secure and versatile: The security model used in Linux is based on the UNIX idea of security, which is known to be robust and of proven quality. But Linux is not only fit for use as a fort against enemy attacks from the Internet: it will adapt equally to other situations, utilizing the same high standards for security. Your development machine or control station will be as secure as your firewall.

Linux is scalable: From a Palmtop with 2 MB of memory to a petabyte storage cluster with hundreds of nodes: add or remove the appropriate packages and Linux fits all. You don't need a supercomputer anymore, because you can use Linux to do big things using the building blocks provided with the system. If you want to do little things, such as making an operating system for an embedded processor or just recycling your old 486, Linux will do that as well.

The Linux OS and most Linux applications have very short debug-times: Because Linux has been developed and tested by thousands of people, both errors and people to fix them are usually found rather quickly. It sometimes happens that there are only a couple of hours between discovery and fixing of a bug.

5.ALL ABOUT REDHAT 6:

The Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Beta is available on the following architectures:

i386

AMD64/Intel64 System z IBM Power (64-bit)

Some of the many improvements and new features that are included in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6

Power management Tickless kernel and improvements through the application stack to reduce wakeups, power consumption measurement by Powertop, Power Management (ASPM, ALPM), and adaptive system tuning by Tuned, all enhance more efficient system power usage.

Next generation networking comprehensive IPv6 support (NFS 4, CIFS, mobile support [RFC 3775], ISATAP support), FCoE, iSCSI, and a new and improved mac 802.11 wireless stack.

Scalable filesystems ext4 file system provides support for larger file sizes and significantly reduces repair times over ext3. XFS is a high-performance file system that supports extremely large files and is optimized for large data transfers.

Virtualization KVM includes performance improvements and new features, sVirt protects the guest and host from unauthorized access, SR-IOV and NPIV deliver highperformance virtual use of physical devices, and libvirt leverages kernel resource management functionality.

Enterprise security enhancement SELinux includes improved ease of use, application sandboxing, and significantly increased coverage of system services, while SSSD provides unified access to identity and authentication services as well as caching for off-line use.

Development and runtime support SystemTap improvements, ABRT is a new framework for simple collection and reporting of bug information, and improvements are made to GCC (version 4.4.3), glibc (version 2.11.1), and GDB (version 7.0.1).

6.INSTALLATION STEPS FOR REDHAT ENTERPRISE LINUX 6: 6.1. Select Install or upgrade an existing system option on Grub Menu

6.2. Choose a language

6.3. Choose a keyboard type

6.4. Choose a installation media

6.5. Skip DVD media test (or select media test,if you want to test installation media before installation)

6.6 Red Hat 6 graphical installer starts, select next

6.7. Accepct Pre-Release Installation

6.8. Select storage devices

6.9. Insert computer name

6.10. Select time zone

6.11. Enter a password for root user

6.12. Select type of installation

6.13. Review partition layout

6.14. Accept write changes to disc

6.15. Writing changes (creating partitions) to disc

6.16. Configure boot loader options

6.17. Select softwares to install and enable repositories

6.18. Customize package selection Select PHP and Web Server to installation. PostgreSQL Databases Select MySQL and

Select set of Development tools like Eclipse IDE.

6.19. Checking dependencies for installation

6.20. Starting installation process

6.21. Installing packages

6.22. Installation is complete Click reboot computer and remove installation media.

6.23. Selecting RHEL 6 from grub

6.24. Booting Red Hat 6

6.25. Red Hat 6 Welcome screen

6.26. Create normal user

6.27. Setup date and time and keep up-to-date with NTP

6.28. Login Red Hat 6 Gnome Desktop

6.29. Red Hat (RHEL) 6 Gnome Desktop, empty and default look

7.LINUX BASIC COMMANDS:

date:used to show system date and time. ls: list files in the current working directory and only shows the file name. ls -al: list all files in the current working directory in long listing format showing permissions,ownership,size and time and date stamp.

cal: show the calendar. cal 04 2013: show thecalendar of April 2013.

pwd: show the name of the current working directory. cd ..: this command is used to reach the starting parent directory. cd /: used to reach directly to the home directory(/ ).

cd~ : it is used to reach the previous folder. whereis: show where the binary,source and manual page files are for a command. touch:used to create a file.

cat filename: it is used to display the contents of the file specified and it can not edit the file. cat> filename:used to overwrite the contents of the file specified. cat>>filename: used to append the contents of the file specified. mkdir : used to create new directory. mkdir .foldername : used to create hidden folder of the name specified. ls F:it is used to differentiate between file and directory. cd:used to change the directory

cat filename1 > filename2: it will send the contents of filename1 to the filename2

wc:printbyte, word and line counts of a file. vi: used to create new file and also used for editing and displaying files.after pressing I we will be in the insert mode , ESC to reach to the command mode,: w for saving the file, : wq to save the file and exit to the command mode, : q only for quit. Other commands used to make and read files are: Touch filename Cat filename Nano filename Gedit filename:- Graphical editor

rm: used to remove files and directories. rmdir: remove an existing directory. We can delete the directory only when it is empty.

rm r dirname: it will delete the directory with all its file. rm rfdirname: it will not ask us whether to remove directory or not, it will forcefully remove the directory. rm rfvdirname: it will tell us which processes are there in the specified directory.

top: display top cpu processes.

Cp sourcefilename targetfilename: copy the contents of sourcefile to the targetfile.

aliasaliasname=commandname: used toalias the existing command. alias:show all the commands whose alias was already made.

Unalias aliasname: it will remove the alias.

echo: used to print the specified contents. echo $x: used to print the value of x. tputsetafcolorcode: used to change the foreground color of the console history: show the history of previous used commands.

tput setab colorcode: used to change the background color of the console

echo $ PATH: it will show us the path of our current directory. PATH = commandname : it will remove the path due to which specified command will not run but this command will not produce any effect on inbuilt commands like history, cd, echo.

ls l: show long list details of all files and directories. ls a: shows all the hidden files and directories.

tr a-z A-Z <filename: used to change the contents of file to capital letter.

head -2 filename: used to read first two lines of the file. tail -2 filename: used to read last two lines of the file.

mv :used to move or rename files. mv imyfileyourfile : move the file from myfile(source) to yourfile (dest.). this effectively changes the name of myfile to yourfile mv i /data/myfile: move the file from myfile from the directory /data to the current working directory.

which command: it will show us the path of the specified command

Commandname>filename : output of the specified command will be shown in the given file. It will overwrite the contents of file. using>> will append the contents of the file echo $? :it is used after any command execution to check that it will contain some error or not.0 result will show that there is no error in the command

Find /etc/ -name passwd :- this command will find all the files with passwd name. Find /etc/ -name passwd 1>file1 : error will be shown and output will be transfer to file1 Find /etc/ -name passwd 2>file2 :error will be sent to file2. Find /etc/ -name passwd 2>file2 1>file1: it will perform 2 operations simultaneously by sending error to file2 and output to file1 Find /etc/ -name passwd&>file1 : it will send both output and error to file1.

rpm: this command is used to show the installed softwares in our system.

rpm qa|wc l: used to know the number of softwares installed. rpm qa|cat n :it will show the list of installed softwares with the number of lines.

id U username : it will specify the id of the following user id : it will show ids of all the logged in users. chfn username : it will change the information regarding the user without accessing its file who : it will tell us which users are logged in and where.

mii-tool: used to check the connectivity of the network cabel.

W username: it will tell us the details of the following users. Pinky :same as w command, will show details of the user. Ifconfig: it tells about the IP address of the system.

usermod L filename: used to lock the specified file without entering in it. usermod U filename: used to unlock the specified file without entering in it. passwd d filename: it will remove the password of file without entering in it.

ls ld /etc: used to see only one directory and its powers. ls ll /etc: used to see all the directories with there powers.

Who: show who is logged on. Whoami: print effective userid.

cmd1 | cmd2|cmd3: used to do pipelining of commands. more:used to read a file.

Useradd: used to add new user. Adding new user changes the contents of following files:

/etc/passwd /etc/shadow /etc/group /etc/gshadow

/etc/passwd:username : X:user id: group id: comment field:/home/username: /bin/bash Here first entry will specify the user name, second entry will give us the password link. These passwords are saved in etc/shadow file. Third and fourth entry is user and group id respectively.Next field is comment field which is usually empty.

/etc/shadow:username: password field :::::::

/etc/group:

/etc/gshadow:

Ping:used to connect to a specified network.

Passwd: used to change the password of existing user.

groupadd :used to create new group. chgrpgroupnamedirname: used to change the group of specified directory. chmodg+rwxdirname: used to change permissions of specified directory.

useradd G groupname username: used to add new user in the following group.

Chmod 750 dirname: used to give permissions to directory in octal notation. First digit specify user, second group and third other permission.

cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/icmp_echo_ignore_all: here 0 specify if anybody pings the system then do reply him but value 1 specify that only specifieduser can ping not all. echo 1 > cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/icmp_echo_ignore_all: it will give value 1 cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts:value 1 means broadcasting is disabled value 0 will enable the broadcasting.

Ssh: secure shell server It is a server that makes our shell secure. rpm q openssh server: it is used to check wheatherssh server is installed or not. rpm q openssh : it is used to check wheatherssh is installed or not.

chkconfigsshd on: used to permanently start daemon. Su username: used for remote login.

vim /etc/ssh/sshd_config : gives contents of sshd_config file.to see these content we must login with root.

7.Conclusion:
Study of the linux 6.0 has improved my overall understanding of the actual process that is going on in the background through commands which is generally not visible in the GUI (graphical user interface) Based operating system like Windows or Mac. Also it has introduced me to the Open Source Technology And its Immense Benefits.

The idea behind Open Source software is rather simple: when programmers can read, distribute and change code, the code will mature. People can adapt it, fix it, debug it, and they can do it at a speed that dwarfs the performance of software developers at conventional companies. This software will be more flexible and of a better quality than software that has been developed using the conventional channels, because more people have tested it in more different conditions than the closed software developer ever can. The Open Source initiative started to make this clear to the commercial world, and very slowly, commercial vendors are starting to see the point. While lots of academics and technical people have already been convinced for 20 years now that this is the way to go, commercial vendors needed applications like the Internet to make them realize they can profit from Open Source. Now Linux has grown past the stage where it was almost exclusively an academic system, useful only to a handful of people with a technical background. Now Linux provides more than the operating system: there is an entire infrastructure supporting the chain of effort of creating an operating system, of making and testing programs for it, of bringing everything to the users, of supplying maintenance, updates and support and customizations, etcetera. Today, Linux is ready to accept the challenge of a fast-changing world.

8.References:

https://www.archlinux.org
www.linuxtoday.com

www.linuxjournal.com www.opensuse.org
en.opensuse.org www.linuxformat.com www.linuxlinks.com www.linux.org www.redhat.com www.linux.com www.linuxmint.com

LIST OF FIGURES

S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

NAME Android Architechture Sequence chart for add account Sequence chart for add transaction Sequence chart for list account Sequence chart for recent transaction Sequence chart for search transaction Class diagram Available account screen Add new account After adding new account Account details Updating account details

PAGE No. 3 3 4 7 9 12 15 18

13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

Account transaction Add new transaction Recent transaction Transaction details Transaction deletion Showing menus Search transaction Set date 20