Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

Chapter 19

CHAPTER 19 1. When the bulbs are connected in series, the equivalent resistance is Rseries = Ri = 4Rbulb = 4(140 ) = 560 . When the bulbs are connected in parallel, we find the equivalent resistance from 1/Rparallel = (1/Ri) = 4/Rbulb = 4/(140 ), which gives Rparallel = 35 .

2.

(a) When the bulbs are connected in series, the equivalent resistance is 360 . Rseries = Ri = 3R1 + 3R2 = 3(40 ) + 3(80 ) = (b) When the bulbs are connected in parallel, we find the equivalent resistance from 1/Rparallel = (1/Ri) = (3/R1) + (3/R2) = [3/(40 )] + [3/(80 )], which gives Rparallel =

8.9 .

3.

If we use them as single resistors, we have R1 = 30 ; R2 = 50 . When the bulbs are connected in series, the equivalent resistance is 80 . Rseries = Ri = R1 + R2 = 30 + 50 = When the bulbs are connected in parallel, we find the equivalent resistance from 1/Rparallel = (1/Ri) = (1/R1) + (1/R2) = [1/(30 )] + [1/(50 )], which gives Rparallel =

19 .

4.

Because resistance increases when resistors are connected in series, the maximum resistance is Rseries = R1 + R2 + R3 = 500 + 900 + 1400 = 2800 = 2.80 k. Because resistance decreases when resistors are connected in parallel, we find the minimum resistance from 1/Rparallel = (1/R1) + (1/R2) + (1/R3) = [1/(500 )] + [1/(900 )] + [1/(1400 )], which gives Rparallel = 261 .

5.

The voltage is the same across resistors in parallel, but is less across a resistor in a series connection. We connect three 1.0- resistors in series as shown in the diagram. Each resistor has the same current and the same voltage: Vi = @V = @(6.0 V) = 2.0 V. Thus we can get a 4.0-V output between a and c.

a I

Page 19 1

Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

Chapter 19

6.

When the resistors are connected in series, as shown in A, we have RA = Ri = 3R = 3(240 ) = 720 . When the resistors are connected in parallel, as shown in B, we have 80 . 1/RB = (1/Ri) = 3/R = 3/(240 ), so RB = In circuit C, we find the equivalent resistance of the two resistors in parallel: 1/R1 = (1/Ri) = 2/R = 2/(240 ), so R1 = 120 . This resistance is in series with the third resistor, so we have 360 . RC = R1 + R = 120 + 240 = In circuit D, we find the equivalent resistance of the two resistors in series: R2 = R + R = 240 + 240 = 480 . This resistance is in parallel with the third resistor, so we have 1/RD = (1/R2) + (1/R) = (1/480 ) + (1/240 ), so RD =

A R R R

R R R

C R

R R

R R

160 .

7.

We can reduce the circuit to a single loop by successively combining parallel and series combinations. We combine R1 and R2 , which are in series: R7 = R1 + R2 = 2.8 k + 2.8 k = 5.6 k. We combine R3 and R7 , which are in parallel: 1/R8 = (1/R3) + (1/R7) = [1/(2.8 k)] + [1/(5.6 k)], which gives R8 = 1.87 k. We combine R4 and R8 , which are in series: R9 = R4 + R8 = 2.8 k + 1.87 k = 4.67 k. We combine R5 and R9 , which are in parallel: 1/R10 = (1/R5) + (1/R9) = [1/(2.8 k)] + [1/(4.67 k)], which gives R10 = 1.75 k. We combine R10 and R6 , which are in series: 4.6 k. Req = R10 + R6 = 1.75 k + 2.8 k =

R2 R1 A

R7 B B R3 A R6 R5 +

B R4 C R6

R3 R5 +

R4

D B

R9

R8 A R5 +

R4 C R6 A R5 + C R6

D C R6 A

D D

R10 +

Req +

Page 19 2

Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

Chapter 19

8.

(a) In series the current must be the same for all bulbs. If all bulbs have the same resistance, they will have the same voltage: Vbulb = V/N = (110 V)/8 = 13.8 V. (b) We find the resistance of each bulb from 34 . Rbulb = Vbulb/I = (13.8 V)/(0.40 A) = The power dissipated in each bulb is Pbulb = IVbulb = (0.40 A)(13.8 V) = 5.5 W.

9.

For the parallel combination, the total current from the source is I = NIbulb = 8(0.240 A) = 1.92 A. The voltage across the leads is Vleads = IRleads = (1.92 A)(1.5 ) = 2.9 V. The voltage across each of the bulbs is Vbulb = V Vleads = 110 V 2.88 V = 107 V. We find the resistance of a bulb from Rbulb = Vbulb/Ibulb = (107 V)/(0.240 A) = 450 . The power dissipated in the leads is IVleads and the total power used is IV, so the fraction wasted is 2.6%. IVleads/IV = Vleads/V = (2.9 V)/(110 V) = 0.026 =

Rbulb

I V

Rleads

10. In series the current must be the same for all bulbs. If all bulbs have the same resistance, they will have the same voltage: Vbulb = V/N = (110 V)/8 = 13.8 V. We find the resistance of each bulb from Pbulb = Vbulb2/Rbulb ; 7.0 W = (13.8 V)2/Rbulb , which gives Rbulb = 27 .

11. Fortunately the required resistance is less. We can reduce the resistance by adding a parallel resistor, which does not require breaking the circuit. We find the necessary resistance from 1/R = (1/R1) + (1/R2); 1/(320 ) = [1/(480 )] + (1/R2), which gives R2 = 960 in parallel.

12. The equivalent resistance of the two resistors connected in series is Rs = R1 + R2 . We find the equivalent resistance of the two resistors connected in parallel from 1/Rp = (1/R1) + (1/R2), or Rp = R1R2/(R1 + R2). The power dissipated in a resistor is P = V2/R, so the ratio of the two powers is Pp/Ps = Rs/Rp = (R1 + R2)2/R1R2 = 4. When we expand the square, we get R12 + 2R1R2 + R22 = 4R1R2 , or R12 2R1R2 + R22 = (R1 R2)2 = 0, which gives R2 = R1 =
Page 19 3

2.20 k.

Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

Chapter 19

Page 19 4

Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

Chapter 19

13. With the two bulbs connected in parallel, there will be 110 V across each bulb, so the total power will be 75 W + 40 W = 115 W. We find the net resistance of the bulbs from P = V2/R; 115 W = (110 V)2/R, which gives R = 105 .

14. We can reduce the circuit to a single loop by successively combining parallel and series combinations. We combine R1 and R2 , which are in series: R7 = R1 + R2 = 2.20 k + 2.20 k = 4.40 k. We combine R3 and R7 , which are in parallel: 1/R8 = (1/R3) + (1/R7) = [1/(2.20 k)] + [1/(4.40 k)], which gives R8 = 1.47 k. We combine R4 and R8 , which are in series: R9 = R4 + R8 = 2.20 k + 1.47 k = 3.67 k. We combine R5 and R9 , which are in parallel: 1/R10 = (1/R5) + (1/R9) = [1/(2.20 k)] + [1/(3.67 k)], which gives R10 = 1.38 k. We combine R10 and R6 , which are in series: Req = R10 + R6 = 1.38 k + 2.20 k = 3.58 k. The current in the single loop is the current through R6 : I6 = I = /Req = (12 V)/(3.58 k) = 3.36 mA. For VAC we have VAC = IR10 = (3.36 mA)(1.38 k) = 4.63 V. This allows us to find I5 and I4 ; 2.11 mA; I5 = VAC/R5 = (4.63 V)/(2.20 k) = I4 = VAC/R9 = (4.63 V)/(3.67 k) = 1.26 mA. For VAB we have VAB = I4R8 = (1.26 mA)(1.47 k) = 1.85 V. This allows us to find I3 , I2 , and I1 ; 0.84 mA; I3 = VAB/R3 = (1.85 V)/(2.20 k) = I1 = I2 = VAB/R7 = (1.85 V)/(4.40 k) = 0.42 mA. VAB = 1.85 V. From above, we have

I2 R 2 R1 A I + I3

R7 I3 R3 R5 +

I2

B R4 C R6

R4 R3 I4 I5 A C R5 I R6 I D B R4 C A

I4 R8 I5 R5

I4 R9 I5 R5

A I +

C R6

R6 I

A R10 I +

D C A

Req +

D D

R6 I

Page 19 5

Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

Chapter 19

15. (a) When the switch is closed the addition of R2 to the parallel set will decrease the equivalent resistance, so the current from the battery will increase. This causes an increase in the voltage across R1 , and a corresponding decrease across R3 and R4. The voltage across R2 increases from zero. Thus we have V1 and V2 increase; V3 and V4 decrease. (b) The current through R1 has increased. This current is now split into three, so currents through R3 and R4 decrease. Thus we have I1 = I and I2 increase; I3 and I4 decrease. increases. (c) The current through the battery has increased, so the power output of the battery (d) Before the switch is closed, I2 = 0. We find the resistance for R3 and R4 in parallel from 1/RA = (1/Ri) = 2/R3 = 2/(100 ), R1 a which gives RA = 50 . I I S For the single loop, we have + I = I1 = V/(R1 + RA) R2 I3 R3 I4 V R4 = (45.0 V)/(100 + 50 ) = 0.300 A. This current will split evenly through R3 and R4 : b 0.150 A. I3 = I4 = !I = !(0.300 A) = R1 After the switch is closed, we find the a resistance for R2 , R3 , and R4 in parallel from I 1/RB = (1/Ri) = 3/R3 = 3/(100 ), + R2 I3 R3 I4 V I2 which gives RB = 33.3 . R4 For the single loop, we have I = I1 = V/(R1 + RB) b 0.338 A. = (45.0 V)/(100 + 33.3 ) = This current will split evenly through R2 , R3 , and R4 :

I2 = I3 = I4 = @I = @(0.338 A) =

0.113 A.

Page 19 6

Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

Chapter 19

16. (a) When the switch is opened, the removal of a resistor from the parallel set will increase the equivalent resistance, so the current from the battery will decrease. This causes a decrease in the voltage across R1 , and a corresponding increase across R2 . The voltage across R3 decreases to zero. Thus we have V1 and V3 decrease; V2 increases. (b) The current through R1 has decreased. The current through R2 has increased. The current through R3 has decreased to zero. Thus we have I1 = I and I3 decrease; I2 increases. (c) Because the current through the battery decreases, the Ir term decreases, so the terminal voltage of increase. the battery will R1 (d) When the switch is closed, we find the a resistance for R2 and R3 in parallel from + 1/RA = (1/Ri) = 2/R = 2/(5.50 ), I R2 R3 which gives RA = 2.75 . r I2 I3 For the single loop, we have I = V/(R1 + RA + r) b = (18.0 V)/(5.50 + 2.75 + 0.50 ) = 2.06 A. R1 For the terminal voltage of the battery, we have S a Vab = Ir = 18.0 V (2.06 A)(0.50 ) = 17.0 V. + When the switch is opened, for the single loop, we have I R2 R3 r I I = V/(R1 + R2 + r) = (18.0 V)/(5.50 + 5.50 + 0.50 ) = 1.57 A. For the terminal voltage of the battery, we have Vab = Ir = 18.0 V (1.57 A)(0.50 ) = 17.2 V.
b

17. We find the resistance for R1 and R2 in parallel from 1/Rp = (1/R1) + (1/R2) = [1/(2.8 k)] + [1/(2.1 k)], which gives Rp = 1.2 k. Because the same current passes through Rp and R3 , the higher resistor will have the higher power dissipation, so the limiting resistor is R3 , which will have a power dissipation of ! W. We find the current from P3max = I3max2R3 ; 0.50 W = I3max2(1.8 103 ), which gives I3max = 0.0167 A. The maximum voltage for the network is Vmax = I3max(Rp + R3) 50 V. = (0.0167 A)(1.2 103 + 1.8 103 ) =

R1 a I1 c R2 I2 a R4 c I3 R3 b R3 I3 b

18. (a) For the current in the single loop, we have Ia = V/(Ra + r) = (8.50 V)/(81.0 + 0.900 ) = 0.104 A. For the terminal voltage of the battery, we have Va = Iar = 8.50 V (0.104 A)(0.900 ) = 8.41 V. (b) For the current in the single loop, we have Ib = V/(Rb + r) = (8.50 V)/(810 + 0.900 ) = 0.0105 A. For the terminal voltage of the battery, we have Vb = Ibr = 8.50 V (0.0105 A)(0.900 ) = 8.49 V.
Page 19 7

Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

Chapter 19

Page 19 8

Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

Chapter 19

19. The voltage across the bulb is the terminal voltage of the four cells: V = IRbulb = 4( Ir); (0.62 A)(12 ) = 4[2.0 V (0.62 A)r], which gives r = 0.23 .

20. We find the resistance of a bulb from the nominal rating: Rbulb = Vnominal2/Pnominal = (12.0 V)2/(3.0 W) = 48 . We find the current through each bulb when connected to the battery from: Ibulb = V/Rbulb = (11.8 V)/(48 ) = 0.246 A. Because the bulbs are in parallel, the current through the battery is I = 2Ibulb = 2(0.246 A) = 0.492 A. We find the internal resistance from V = Ir; 0.4 . 11.8 V = [12.0 V (0.492 A)r], which gives r =

21. If we can ignore the resistance of the ammeter, for the single loop we have I = /r; 0.060 . 25 A = (1.5 V)/r, which gives r =

22. We find the internal resistance from V = Ir; 8.8 V = [12.0 V (60 A)r], which gives r = 0.053 . Because the terminal voltage is the voltage across the starter, we have V = IR; 8.8 V = (60 A)R, which gives R = 0.15 .

23.
R10 R8 a R6 I6 I r b R4 I8 c R5 a R6 I r b I6 R10 R2.7 c R5

From the results of Example 197, we know that the current through the 6.0- resistor, I6 , is 0.48 A. We find Vbc from Vbc = I6R2.7 = (0.48 mA)(2.7 ) = 1.30 V. This allows us to find I8 ; I8 = Vbc/R8 = (1.30 V)/(8.0 k) = 0.16 A.

Page 19 9

Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

Chapter 19

24. For the current in the single loop, we have I = V/(R1 + R2 + r) = (9.0 V)/(8.0 + 12.0 + 2.0 ) = 0.41 A. For the terminal voltage of the battery, we have Vab = Ir = 9.0 V (0.41 A)(2.0 ) = 8.18 V. The current in a resistor goes from high to low potential. For the voltage changes across the resistors, we have Vbc = IR2 = (0.41 A)(12.0 ) = 4.91 V; Vca = IR1 = (0.41 A)(8.0 ) = 3.27 V. For the sum of the voltage changes, we have Vab + Vbc + Vca = 8.18 V 4.91 V 3.27 V = 0.

a +

R1 R2 c

25. For the loop, we start at point a: IR 2 Ir2 + 1 Ir1 = 0; I(6.6 ) 12 V I(2 ) + 18 V I(1 ) = 0, which gives I = 0.625 A. The top battery is discharging, so we have V1 = 1 Ir1 = 18 V (0.625 A)(1 ) = 17.4 V. The bottom battery is charging, so we have V2 = 2 + Ir2 = 12 V + (0.625 A)(2 ) = 13.3 V.

r1

1
+

I d r2

2
+

R c

26. To find the potential difference between points a and d, we can use any path. The simplest one is through the top resistor R1 . From the results of Example 198, we know that the current I1 is 0.87 A. We find Vad from 26 V. Vad = Va Vd = I1R1 = ( 0.87 A)(30 ) =
a I2

R1 I1 R3 I3

h r2

+ c

2
R2 e

1
g

+ f

r1

27. From the results of Example 198, we know that the currents are I1 = 0.87 A, I2 = 2.6 A, I3 = 1.7 A. On the circuit diagram, both batteries are discharging. so we have 43 V. Vbd = 2 I3r2 = 45 V (1.7 A)(1 ) = 77 V. Veg = 1 I2r1 = 80 V (2.6 A)(1 ) =
a I2

R1 I1 R3 I3

h r2

+ c

2
R2 e

1
g

+ f

r1

Page 19 10

Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

Chapter 19

28. For the conservation of current at point c, we have Iin = Iout ; I1 = I2 + I3 . For the two loops indicated on the diagram, we have loop 1: V1 I2R2 I1R1 = 0; + 9.0 V I2(15 ) I1(22 ) = 0; loop 2: V3 + I2R2 = 0; + 6.0 V + I2(15 ) = 0. When we solve these equations, we get I1 = 0.68 A, I2 = 0.40 A, I3 = 1.08 A. Note that I2 is opposite to the direction shown.

V1 + I1 c I2 I3 d

b
1

R1

a R2 V3 +
2

29. For the conservation of current at point c, we have Iin = Iout ; I1 = I2 + I3 . When we add the internal resistance terms for the two loops indicated on the diagram, we have loop 1: V1 I2R2 I1R1 I1r1 = 0; + 9.0 V I2(15 ) I1(22 ) I1(1.2 ) = 0; loop 2: V3 + I2R2 + I3r3 = 0; + 6.0 V + I2(15 ) + I2(1.2 ) = 0. When we solve these equations, we get I1 = 0.60 A, I2 = 0.33 A, I3 = 0.93 A.

V1 + I1 c I2 I3 d

b
1

R1

a R2 V3 +
2

30. For the conservation of current at point b, we have Iin = Iout ; I1 + I3 = I2 . For the two loops indicated on the diagram, we have loop 1: 1 I1R1 I2R2 = 0; + 9.0 V I1(15 ) I2(20 ) = 0; loop 2: 2 + I2R2 + I3R3 = 0; 12.0 V + I2(20 ) + I2(30 ) = 0. When we solve these equations, we get I1 = 0.156 A right, I2 = 0.333 A left, I3 = 0.177 A up. We have carried an extra decimal place to show the agreement with the junction equation.

R1
1

I1

1 2

+ a + d

R2 I2

b R3 I3

Page 19 11

Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

Chapter 19

31. For the conservation of current at point b, we have Iin = Iout ; I1 + I3 = I2 . When we add the internal resistance terms for the two loops indicated on the diagram, we have loop 1: 1 I1R1 I1r1 I2R2 = 0; + 9.0 V I1(1.0 ) I1(15 ) I2(20 ) = 0; loop 2: 2 + I3r2 + I2R2 + I3R3 = 0; 12.0 V + I3(1.0 ) + I2(20 ) + I2(30 ) = 0. When we solve these equations, we get I1 = 0.15 A right, I2 = 0.33 A left, I3 = 0.18 A up.

R1
1

I1

1 + 2

a + d

R2 I2

b R3 I3

b 32. When we include the current through the battery, we have six unknowns. For the conservation of current, we have R3 junction a: I = I1 + I2 ; R1 I 1 I junction b: I1 = I3 + I5 ; 3 I5 a junction d: I2 + I5 = I4 . 2 1 R5 For the three loops indicated on the diagram, we have loop 1: I1R1 I5R5 + I2R2 = 0; I4 I I1(20 ) I5(10 ) + I2(25 ) = 0; 2 R2 R4 loop 2: I3R3 + I4R4 + I5R5 = 0; d I3(2 ) + I4(2 ) + I5(10 ) = 0; 3 loop 3: + I2R2 I4R4 = 0. I + 6.0 V I2(25 ) I4(2 ) = 0; When we solve these six equations, we get + I1 = 0.274 A, I2 = 0.222 A, I3 = 0.266 A, I4 = 0.229 A, I5 = 0.007 A, I = 0.496 A. We have carried an extra decimal place to show the agreement with the junction equations.
33. When the 25- resistor is shorted, points a and d become the same point and we lose I2 . For the conservation of current, we have junction a: I + I5 = I1 + I4 ; junction b: I1 = I3 + I5 ; For the three loops indicated on the diagram, we have loop 1: I1R1 I5R5 = 0; I1(20 ) I5(10 ) = 0; loop 2: I3R3 I4R4+ I5R5 = 0; I3(2 ) + I4(2 ) + I5(10 ) = 0; loop 3: + I4R4 = 0. + 6.0 V I4(2 ) = 0; When we solve these six equations, we get I1 = 0.23 A, I3 = 0.69 A, I4 = 3.00 A, I5 = 0.46 A, I = 3.69 A. 0.46 A up. Thus the current through the 10- resistor is

b R1 a R3 I1
1

I5 R5 I4

I3
2

R4
3

I +

Page 19 12

Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

Chapter 19

34. For the conservation of current at point a, we have I2 + I3 = I1 . For the two loops indicated on the diagram, we have loop 1: 1 I1r1 I1R3 + 2 I2r2 I2R2 I1R1 = 0; + 12.0 V I1(1.0 ) I1(8.0 ) + 12.0 V I2(1.0 ) I2(10 ) I1(12 ) = 0; loop 2: 3 I3r3 I3R5 + I2R2 2 + I2r2 I3R4 = 0; + 6.0 V I3(1.0 ) I3(18 ) 12.0 V + I2(1.0 ) I3(15 ) = 0. When we solve these equations, we get I1 = 0.77 A, I2 = 0.71 A, I3 = 0.055 A. For the terminal voltage of the 6.0-V battery, we have Vfe = 3 I3r3 = 6.0 V (0.055 A)(1.0 ) = 5.95 V.

c R3 d R4 e

I1
1

r1

1 b R2 a r3 f R5 R1

2 r 2 I2 I3
2

35. The upper loop equation becomes loop 1: 1 I1r1 I1R3 + 2 I2r2 I2R2 I1R1 = 0; + 12.0 V I1(1.0 ) I1(8.0 ) + 12.0 V I2(1.0 ) I2(10 ) I1(12 ) = 0. The other equations are the same: I2 + I3 = I1 . loop 2: 3 I3r3 I3R5 + I2R2 2 + I2r2 I3R4 = 0; + 6.0 V I3(1.0 ) I3(18 ) 12.0 V + I2(1.0 ) I3(15 ) = 0. When we solve these equations, we get I1 = 1.30 A, I2 = 1.12 A, I3 = 0.18 A.

36. For the conservation of current at point b, we have I = I1 + I2 . For the two loops indicated on the diagram, we have loop 1: 1 I1r1 IR = 0; I1 + 2.0 V I1(0.10 ) I(4.0 ) = 0; loop 2: 2 I2r2 IR = 0; b + 3.0 V I2(0.10 ) I(4.0 ) = 0. I2 When we solve these equations, we get I1 = 5.31 A, I2 = 4.69 A, I = 0.62 A. For the voltage across R we have 2.5 V. Vab = IR = (0.62 A)(4.0 ) = Note that one battery is charging the other with a significant current.

1
+ c + d

r1
2

2 r 2

37. We find the equivalent capacitance for a parallel connection from 22 F. Cparallel = Ci = 6(3.7 F) = When the capacitors are connected in series, we find the equivalent capacitance from 1/Cseries = (1/Ci ) = 6/(3.7 F), which gives Cseries = 0.62 F.

38. Fortunately the required capacitance is greater. We can increase the capacitance by adding a parallel capacitor, which does not require breaking the circuit. We find the necessary capacitor from C = C1 + C2 ; 11 F in parallel. 16 F = 5.0 F + C2 , which gives C2 =
Page 19 13

Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

Chapter 19

Page 19 14

Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

Chapter 19

39. We can decrease the capacitance by adding a series capacitor. We find the necessary capacitor from 1/C = (1/C1) + (1/C2); 10,560 pF. 1/(3300 pF) = [1/(4800 pF)] + (1/C2), which gives C2 = Yes, it is necessary to break a connection to add a series component.

40. The capacitance increases with a parallel connection, so the maximum capacitance is Cmax = C1 + C2 + C3 = 2000 pF + 7500 pF + 0.0100 F = 0.0020 F + 0.0075 F + 0.0100 F = 0.0195 F. The capacitance decreases with a series connection, so we find the minimum capacitance from 1/Cmin = (1/C1) + (1/C2) + (1/C3) = [1/(2000 pF)] + [1/(7500 pF)] + [1/(0.0100 F)] = [1/(2.0 nF)] + [1/(7.5 nF)] + [1/(10.0 nF)], which gives Cmin = 1.4 nF.

41. The energy stored in a capacitor is U = !CV2. To increase the energy we must increase the capacitance, which means adding a parallel capacitor. Because the potential is constant, to have three times the energy requires three times the capacitance: 300 pF in parallel. C = 3C1 = C1 + C2 , or C2 = 2C1 = 2(150 pF) =

42. (a) From the circuit, we see that C2 and C3 are in series and find their equivalent capacitance from 1/C4 = (1/C2) + (1/C3), which gives C4 = C2C3/(C2 + C3). From the new circuit, we see that C1 and C4 are in parallel, with an equivalent capacitance Ceq = C1 + C4 = C1 + [C2C3/(C2 + C3)] (C1C2 + C1C3 + C2C3)/(C2 + C3). = (b) Because V is across C1 , we have Q1 = C1V = (12.5 F)(45.0 V) = 563 C. Because C2 and C3 are in series, the charge on each is the charge on their equivalent capacitance: Q2 = Q3 = C4V = C2C3/(C2 + C3)V = [(12.5 F)(6.25 F)/(12.5 F + 6.25 F)](45.0 V) = 188 C.

C1 C2 a C3 c b

V C1

a V

C4

43. From Problem 42 we know that the equivalent capacitance is Ceq = (C1C2 + C1C3 + C2C3)/(C2 + C3) = 3C1/2 = 3(8.8 F)/2 = 13.2 F. Because this capacitance is equivalent to the three, the energy stored in it is the energy stored in the network: U = !CeqV2 = !(13.2 106 F)(90 V)2 = 0.053 J.

Page 19 15

Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

Chapter 19

44. (a) We find the equivalent capacitance from 1/Cseries = (1/C1) + (1/C2) = [1/(0.40 F)] + [1/(0.50 F)], which gives Cseries = 0.222 F. The charge on the equivalent capacitor is the charge on each capacitor: Q1 = Q2 = Qseries = CseriesV = (0.222 F)(9.0 V) = 2.00 C. We find the potential differences from Q1 = C1V1 ; 2.00 C = (0.40 F)V1 , which gives V1 = 5.0 V. Q2 = C2V2 ; V2 = 4.0 V. 2.00 C = (0.50 F)V2 , which gives (b) As we found above Q1 = Q2 = 2.0 C. (c) For the parallel network, we have V1 = V2 = 9.0 V. We find the two charges from Q1 = C1V1 = (0.40 F)(9.0 V) = 3.6 C; Q2 = C2V2 = (0.50 F)(9.0 V) = 4.5 C.

C1 a

C2 b V c

C1

C2 a V b

45. For the parallel network the potential difference is the same for all capacitors, and the total charge is the sum of the individual charges. We find the charge on each from Q1 = C1V = (0A1/d1)V; Q2 = C2V = (0A2/d2)V; Q3 = C3V = (0A3/d3)V. Thus the sum of the charges is Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = [(0A1/d1)V] + [(0A2/d2)V] + [(0A3/d3)V]. The definition of the equivalent capacitance is Ceq = Q/V = [(0A1/d1)] + [(0A2/d2)] + [(0A3/d3)] = C1 + C2 + C3 .

46. The potential difference must be the same on each half of the capacitor, so we can treat the system as two capacitors in parallel: C = C1 + C2 = [K10(!A)/d] + [K20(!A)/d] = (0!A/d)(K1 + K2) = !(K1 + K2)(0A/d) =

K1

K2

!(K1 + K2)C0 .

47. If we think of a layer of equal and opposite charges on the interface between the two dielectrics, we see that they are in series. For the equivalent capacitance, we have 1/C = (1/C1) + (1/C2) = (!d/K10A) + (!d/K20A) = (d/20A)[(1/K1) + (1/K2)] = (1/2C0)[(K1 + K2)/K1K2], 2C0K1K2/(K1 + K2). which gives C =

K1 K2

Page 19 16

Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

Chapter 19

48. For a series network, we have Q1 = Q2 = Qseries = 125 pC. We find the equivalent capacitance from Qseries = CseriesV; 125 pC = Cseries(25.0 V), which gives Cseries = 5.00 pF. We find the unknown capacitance from 1/Cseries = (1/C1) + (1/C2); 1/(5.00 pF) = [1/(200 pF)] + (1/C2), which gives C2 =

5.13 pF.

49. (a) We find the equivalent capacitance of the two in series from 1/C4 = (1/C1) + (1/C2) = [1/(7.0 F)] + [1/(3.0 F)], which gives C4 = 2.1 F. This is in parallel with C3 , so we have 6.1 F. Ceq = C3 + C4 = 4.0 F + 2.1 F = (b) We find the charge on each of the two in series: Q1 = Q2 = Q4 = C4V = (2.1 F)(24 V) = 50.4 C. We find the voltages from Q1 = C1V1 ; 50.4 C = (7.0 F)V1 , which gives V1 = 7.2 V; Q2 = C2V2 ; 16.8 V. 50.4 C = (3.0 F)V2 , which gives V2 = The applied voltage is across C3: V3 = 24 V.

a V b c C3 C2 C1

C3

C4

a V b C

50. Because the two sides of the circuit are identical, we find the resistance from the time constant: = RC; 3.0 s = R(3.0 F), which gives R = 1.0 M.

Page 19 17

Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

Chapter 19

51. (a) We know from Example 197 that the equivalent resistance of the two resistors in parallel is 2.7 . There can be no steady current through the capacitor, so we can find the current in the series resistor circuit: I = /(R6 + R2.7 + R5 + r) = (9.0 V)/(6.0 + 2.7 + 5.0 + 0.50 ) = 0.634 A. We use this current to find the potential difference across the capacitor: Vac = I(R6 + R2.7) = (0.634 A)(6.0 + 2.7 ) = 5.52 V. The charge on the capacitor is Q = CVac = (7.5 F)(5.52 V) = 41 C. (b) As we found above, the steady state current through the 6.0- and 5.0- resistors is 0.63 A. The potential difference across the 2.7- resistor is Vbc = IR2.7 = (0.634 A)(2.7 ) = 1.7 V. We find the currents through the 8.0- and 4.0- resistors from Vbc = I8R8 ; 0.21 A; 1.7 V = I8(8.0 ), which gives I8 = Vbc = I4R4 ; 1.7 V = I4(4.0 ), which gives I4 = 0.42 A.

C R8 a R6 I6 I r b R4 I8 c I4 R5

C a R6 I r R2.7

b I

c R5

52. (a) We find the capacitance from R = RC; 3.5 106 s = (15 103 )C, which gives C = 2.3 109 F = 2.3 nF. C (b) The voltage across the capacitance will increase to the final + steady state value. The voltage across the resistor will start at the battery voltage and decrease exponentially: S VR = e t/ ; t /(35 s) 14 s. 16 V = (24 V)e , or t/(35 s) = ln(24 V/16 V) = 0.405, which gives t =

53. The time constant of the circuit is = RC = (6.7 103 )(3.0 106 F) = 0.0201 s = 20.1 ms. The capacitor voltage will decrease exponentially: VC = V0 e t/ ; 0.01V0 = V0 e t/(20.1 ms), or t/(20.1 ms) = ln(100) = 4.61, 93 ms. which gives t =

R +

C
S

Page 19 18

Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

Chapter 19

54. (a) In the steady state there is no current through the capacitors. Thus the current through the resistors is Vc = 24 V c I = Vcd/(R1 + R2) = (24 V)/(8.8 + 4.4 ) = 1.82 A. The potential at point a is C1 R1 Va = Vad = IR2 = (1.82 A)(4.4 ) = 8.0 V. (b) We find the equivalent capacitance of the two series capacitors: b I a S 1/C = (1/C1) + (1/C2) = [1/(0.48 F)] + [1/(0.24 F)], C2 R2 which gives C = 0.16 F. We find the charge on each of the two in series: d Vd = 0 Q1 = Q2 = Q = CVcd = (0.16 F)(24 V) = 3.84 C. The potential at point b is Vb = Vbd = Q2/C2 = (3.84 C)/(0.24 F) = 16 V. (c) With the switch closed, the current is the same. Point b must have the same potential as point a: Vb = Va = 8.0 V. (d) We find the charge on each of the two capacitors, which are no longer in series: Q1 = C1Vcb = (0.48 F)(24 V 8.0 V) = 7.68 C; Q2 = C2Vbd = (0.24 F)(8.0 V) = 1.92 C. When the switch was open, the net charge at point b was zero, because the charge on the negative plate of C1 had the same magnitude as the charge on the positive plate of C2. With the switch closed, these charges are not equal. The net charge at point b is Qb = Q1 + Q2 = 7.68 C + 1.92 C = 5.8 C, which flowed through the switch.

55. We find the resistance on the voltmeter from R = (sensitivity)(scale) = (30,000 /V)(250 V) = 7.50 106 =

7.50 M.

56. We find the current for full-scale deflection of the ammeter from I = Vmax/R = Vmax/(sensitivity)Vmax = 1/(10,000 /V) = 1.00 104 A =

100 A.

57. (a) We make an ammeter by putting a resistor in parallel with the galvanometer. For full-scale deflection, we have Vmeter = IGr = IsRs ; (50 106 A)(30 ) = (30 A 50 106 A)Rs , which gives Rs = 50 106 in parallel. (b) We make a voltmeter by putting a resistor in series with the galvanometer. For full-scale deflection, we have Vmeter = I(Rx + r) = IG(Rx + r); 1000 V = (50 106 A)(Rx + 30 ), 20 M in series. which gives Rx = 20 106 =

Is

Rs

G I IG r

Rx

r G IG

Page 19 19

Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

Chapter 19

58. (a) The current for full-scale deflection of the galvanometer is I = 1/(sensitivity) = 1/(35 k/V) = 2.85 102 mA = 28.5 A. We make an ammeter by putting a resistor in parallel with the galvanometer. For full-scale deflection, we have Vmeter = IGr = IsRs ; (28.5 106 A)(20.0 ) = (2.0 A 28.5 106 A)Rs , which gives Rs = 2.9 105 in parallel. (b) We make a voltmeter by putting a resistor in series with the galvanometer. For full-scale deflection, we have Vmeter = I(Rx + r) = IG(Rx + r); 1.00 V = (28.5 106 A)(Rx + 20 ), 35 k in series. which gives Rx = 3.5 104 =

Is

Rs

G I IG r

Rx

r G IG

59. We can treat the milliammeter as a galvanometer coil, and find its resistance from 1/RA = (1/Rs) + (1/r) = (1/0.20 ) + (1/30 ), which gives RA = 0.199 . We make a voltmeter by putting a resistor in series with the galvanometer. For full-scale deflection, we have Vmeter = I(Rx + RA) = IG(Rx + RA); 10 V = (10 103 A)(Rx + 0.199 ), which gives Rx = 1.0 103 = 1.0 k in series. The sensitivity of the voltmeter is Sensitivity = (1000 )/(10 V) = 100 /V.

Is

Rs

G
IG I Rx r

Page 19 20

Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

Chapter 19

60. Before connecting the voltmeter, the current in the series circuit is I0 = /(R1 + R2) = (45 V)/(37 k + 28 k) = 0.692 mA. The voltages across the resistors are V01 = I0R1 = (0.692 mA)(37 k) = 25.6 V; V02 = I0R2 = (0.692 mA)(28 k) = 19.4 V. When the voltmeter is across R1 , we find the equivalent resistance of the pair in parallel: 1/RA = (1/R1) + (1/RV) = (1/37 k) + (1/100 k), which gives RA = 27.0 k. The current in the circuit is I1 = /(RA + R2) = (45 V)/(27 k + 28 k) = 0.818 mA. The reading on the voltmeter is 22 V. VV1 = I1RA = (0.818 mA)(27.0 k) = 22.1 V = When the voltmeter is across R2 , we find the equivalent resistance of the pair in parallel: 1/RB = (1/R2) + (1/RV) = (1/28 k) + (1/100 k), which gives RB = 21.9 k. The current in the circuit is I2 = /(R1 + RB) = (45 V)/(37 k + 22 k) = 0.764 mA. The reading on the voltmeter is VV1 = I1RB = (0.764 mA)(21.9 k) = 16.7 V = 17 V. We find the percent inaccuracies introduced by the meter: (25.6 V 22.1 V)(100)/(25.6 V) = 14% low; 14% low. (19.4 V 16.7 V)(100)/(19.4 V) =

a I0 R1 + c a I1 R1 + c a I2 R1 + c b R2 RV b R2 RV b R2

61. We find the voltage of the battery from the series circuit with the ammeter in it: = IA(RA + R1 + R2) = (5.25 103 A)(60 + 700 + 400 ) = 6.09 V. Without the meter in the circuit, we have = I0(R1 + R2); 6.09 V = I0(700 + 400 ), which gives I0 = 5.54 103 A = 5.54 mA.

a I0

+ b

R1 R2 c d a RA R1 b R2 c

IA

Page 19 21

Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

Chapter 19

62. We find the equivalent resistance of the voltmeter in parallel with one of the resistors: 1/R = (1/R1) + (1/RV) = (1/9.0 k) + (1/15 k), which gives R = 5.63 k. The current in the circuit, which is read by the ammeter, is I = /(r + RA + R + R2) = (12.0 V)/(1.0 + 0.50 + 5.63 k + 9.0 k) = 0.82 mA. The reading on the voltmeter is 4.6 V. Vab = IR = (0.82 mA)(5.63 k) =

RA I A + r

a R1 V RV R2 c

63. In circuit 1 the voltmeter is placed in parallel with the resistor, so we find their equivalent resistance from 1/Req1 = (1/R) + (1/RV), or Req1 = RRV/(R + RV). The ammeter measures the current through this equivalent resistance I1 and the voltmeter measures the voltage across this equivalent resistance, so we have R1 = V/I = Req1 = RRV/(R + RV). + In circuit 2 the ammeter is placed in series with the resistor, so we find their equivalent resistance from Req2 = R + RA . The ammeter measures the current through this equivalent resistance and the voltmeter measures the voltage across this equivalent resistance, so we have I2 R2 = V/I = Req2 = R + RA . (a) For circuit 1 we get + R1a = (2.00 )(10.0 103 )/(2.00 + 10.0 103 ) = 2.00 . For circuit 2 we get 3.00 . R2a = (2.00 + 1.00 ) = Thus circuit 1 is better. (b) For circuit 1 we get R1b = (100 )(10.0 103 )/(100 + 10.0 103 ) = 99 . For circuit 2 we get 101 . R2b = (100 + 1.00 ) = Thus both circuits give about the same inaccuracy. (c) For circuit 1 we get R1c = (5.0 k)(10.0 k)/(5.0 k + 10.0 k) = 3.3 k. For circuit 2 we get R2c = (5.0 k + 1.00 ) = 5.0 k. Thus circuit 2 is better. Circuit 1 is better when the resistance is small compared to the voltmeter resistance. Circuit 2 is better when the resistance is large compared to the ammeter resistance.

a R b A c d R e A f RA V RV RA V RV

Page 19 22

Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

Chapter 19

64. The resistance of the voltmeter is RV = (sensitivity)(scale) = (1000 /V)(3.0 V) = 3.0 103 = 3.0 k. We find the equivalent resistance of the resistor and the voltmeter from 1/Req = (1/R) + (1/RV), or Req = RRV/(R + RV) = (7.4 k)(3.0 k)/(7.4 k + 3.0 k) = 2.13 k. The voltmeter measures the voltage across this equivalent resistance, so the current in the circuit is I = Vab/R = (2.0 V)/(2.13 k) = 0.937 mA. For the series circuit, we have = I(R + Req) = (0.937 mA)(7.4 k + 2.13 k) = 8.9 V.

a I R V RV R c + b

65. We know from Example 1914 that the voltage across the resistor without the voltmeter connected is 4.0 V. Thus the minimum voltmeter reading is Vab = (0.97)(4.0 V) = 3.88 V. We find the maximum current in the circuit from I = Vbc/R2 = (8.0 V 3.88 V)/(15 k) = 0.275 mA. Now we can find the minimum equivalent resistance for the voltmeter and R1 : Req = Vab/I = (3.88 V)/(0.275 mA) = 14.1 k. For the equivalent resistance, we have 1/Req = (1/R1) + (1/RV); 1/(14.1 k) = [1/(15 k)] + (1/RV), which gives RV = 240 k. We see that the minimum Req gives the minimum RV , so we have

a I R1 V RV R2 c

+ I

RV ? 240 k.

66. We find the resistances of the voltmeter scales: RV100 = (sensitivity)(scale) I = (20,000 /V)(100 V) = 2.0 106 = 2000 k; RV30 = (sensitivity)(scale) + = (20,000 /V)(30 V) = 6.0 105 = 600 k. The current in the circuit is I = (Vab/RV) + (Vab/R1). For the series circuit, we have = Vab + IR2 . When the 100-volt scale is used, we have I = [(25 V)/(2000 k)] + [(25 V)/(120 k)] = 0.221 mA. = 25 V + (0.221 mA)R2 . When the 30-volt scale is used, we have I = [(23 V)/(600 k)] + [(23 V)/(120 k)] = 0.230 mA. = 23 V + (0.230 mA)R2 . We have two equations for two unknowns, with the results: = 74.1 V, and Without the voltmeter in the circuit, we find the current: = I(R1 + R2); 74.1 V = I(120 k + 222 k), which gives I = 0.217 mA. Thus the voltage across R1 is Vab = IR1 = (0.217 mA)(120 k) = 26 V.

a R1 b I c R2 V RV

R2 = 222 k.

Page 19 23

Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

Chapter 19

67. When the voltmeter is across R1 , for the junction b, we have I1A + I1V = I1 ; [(5.5 V)/R1] + [(5.5 V)/(15.0 k)] = (12.0 V 5.5 V)/R2 ; [(5.5 V)/R1] + 0.367 mA = (6.5 V)/R2 . When the voltmeter is across R2 , for the junction e, we have I2 = I2A + I2 ; (12.0 V 4.0 V)/R1 = [(4.0 V)/R2] + [(4.0 V)/(15.0 k)]; [(8.0 V)/R1] = [(4.0 V)/R2] + 0.267 mA. We have two equations for two unknowns, with the results: R1 = 9.4 k, and R2 = 6.8 k.

a I1 I1A + c d I2 R1 + I2A f e R2 V RV I2V b R2 R1 V RV I1V

68. The voltage is the same across resistors in parallel, but is less a across a resistor in a series connection. We connect two resistors I1 in series as shown in the diagram. Each resistor has the same R1 Rbody current: + I = V/(R1 + R2) = (9.0 V)/(R1 + R2). b If the desired voltage is across R1 , we have R2 Vab = IR1 = (9.0 V)R1/(R1 + R2); 0.25 V = (9.0 V)R1/(R1 + R2) = (9.0 V)/[1 + (R2/R1)], c which gives R2/R1 = 35. When the body is connected across ab, we want very negligible current through the body, so the potential difference does not change. This requires Rbody = 2000 R1 . If we also do not want a large current from the battery, a possible combination is R1 = 2 , R2 = 70 .

69. Because the voltage is constant and the power is additive, we can use two resistors in parallel. For the lower ratings, we use the resistors separately; for the highest rating, we use them in parallel. The rotary switch shown allows the B contact to successively connect to C and D. The A contact connects to C and D for the parallel connection. We find the resistances for the three settings from P = V2/R; 50 W = (120 V)2/R1 , which gives R1 = 288 ; 100 W = (120 V)2/R2 , which gives R2 = 144 ; 150 W = (120 V)2/R3 , which gives R3 = 96 . As expected, for the parallel arrangement we have 1/Req = (1/R1) + (1/R2); 1/Req = [1/(288 )] + [1/(144 )], which gives Req = 96 = R3 . Thus the two required resistors are 288 , 144 .

A R2 D C R1 B +V

Page 19 24

Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

Chapter 19

70. The voltage drop across the two wires is Vdrop = IR = (3.0 A)(0.0065 /m)(2)(95 m) = The applied voltage at the apparatus is V = V0 Vdrop = 120 V 3.7 V = 116 V.

3.7 V.

71. We find the current through the patient (and nurse) from the series circuit: I = V/(Rmotor + Rbed + Rnurse + Rpatient) 7.3 mA. = (220 V)/(104 + 0 + 104 + 104 ) = 7.3 103 A =

72. (a) When the capacitors are connected in parallel, we find the equivalent capacitance from Cparallel = C1 + C2 = 0.40 F + 0.60 F = 1.00 F. The stored energy is 1.0 103 J. Uparallel = !CparallelV2 = !(1.00 106 F)(45 V)2 = (b) When the capacitors are connected in series, we find the equivalent capacitance from 1/Cseries = (1/C1) + (1/C2) = [1/(0.40 F)] + [1/(0.60 F)], which gives Cseries = 0.24 F. The stored energy is 2.4 104 J. Useries = !CseriesV2 = !(0.24 106 F)(45 V)2 = (c) We find the charges from Q = CeqV; Qparallel = CparallelV = (1.00 F)(45 V) = 45 C. 11 C. Qseries = CseriesV = (0.24 F)(45 V) =

73. The time between firings is t = (60 s)/(72 beats) = 0.833 s. We find the time for the capacitor to reach 63% of maximum from V = V0(1 e t/) = 0.63V0 , which gives e t/ = 0.37, or t = = RC; 0.833 s = R(7.5 C), which gives R = 0.11 M.

74. We find the required current for the hearing aid from P = IV; 2 W = I(4.0 V), which gives I= 0.50 A. With this current the terminal voltage of the three mercury cells would be Vmercury = 3(mercury Irmercury) = 3[1.35 V (0.50 A)(0.030 )] = 4.01 V. With this current the terminal voltage of the three dry cells would be Vdry = 3(dry Irdry) = 3[1.5 V (0.50 A)(0.35 )] = 3.98 V. Thus the mercury cells would have a higher terminal voltage.

75. (a) We find the current from I1 = V/Rbody = (110V)/(900 ) = 0.12 A. (b) Because the alternative path is in parallel, the current is the same: 0.12 A. (c) The current restriction means that the voltage will change. Because the voltage will be the same across both resistances, we have I2R2 = IbodyRbody ; I2(40 ) = Ibody(900 ), or I2 = 22.5Ibody . For the sum of the currents, we have 64 mA. I2 + Ibody = 23.5Ibody = 1.5 A, which gives Ibody = 6.4 102 A =
Page 19 25

Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

Chapter 19

Page 19 26

Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

Chapter 19

76. (a) When there is no current through the galvanometer, we have VBD = 0, a current I1 through R1 and R2 , and a current I3 through R3 and Rx . Thus we have VAD = VAB ; I1R1 = I3R3 , and VBC = VDC ; I1R2 = I3Rx . When we divide these two equations, we get R2/R1 = Rx/R3 , or Rx = (R2/R1)R3 . (b) The unknown resistance is 65.7 . Rx = (R2/R1)R3 = (972 /630 )(42.6 ) =

B R3 I3 A I1 R1 S R2 D + G Rx C

77. The resistance of the platinum wire is Rx = (R2/R1)R3 = (46.0 /38.0 )(3.48 ) = 4.21 . We find the length from R = L/A; = (10.6 108 m)L/?(0.460 103 m)2, which gives L =

26.4 m.

78. (a) When there is no current through the galvanometer, + the current I must pass through the long resistor R, so RV the potential difference between A and C is I VAC = IR. R Because there is no current through the measured emf, for the bottom loop we have A B C = IR. R When different emfs are balanced, the current I is the same, S so we have s = IRs , and x = IRx . G When we divide the two equations, we get x s/x = Rs /Rx , or x = (Rx/Rs)s . + or (b) Because the resistance is proportional to the length, we have S x = (Rx/Rs)s = (45.8 cm/25.4 cm)(1.0182 V) = 1.836 V. (c) If we assume that the current in the slide wire is much greater than the galvanometer current, the uncertainty in the voltage is V = IGRG = (30 )(0.015 mA) = 0.45 mV. Because this can occur for each setting and there will be uncertainties in measuring the distances, the minimum uncertainty is 0.90 mV. (d) The advantage of this method is that there is no effect of the internal resistance, because there is no current through the cell.

79. (a) We see from the diagram that all positive plates are connected d to the positive side of the battery, and that all negative plates are connected to the negative side of the battery, so the capacitors are connected in parallel. (b) For parallel capacitors, the total capacitance is the sum, so we have Cmin = 7(0Amin/d) = 7(8.85 1012 C2/N m2)(2.0 104 m2)/(2.0 103 m) = 6.2 1012 F = 6.2 pF. Cmax = 7(0Amin/d) = 7(8.85 1012 C2/N m2)(12.0 104 m2)/(2.0 103 m) = 3.7 1011 F = 37 pF. 6.2 pF ? C ? 37 pF. Thus the range is
Page 19 27

Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

Chapter 19

Page 19 28

Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

Chapter 19

80. The terminal voltage of a discharging battery is V = Ir. For the two conditions, we have 40.8 V = (7.40 A)r; 47.3 V = (2.20 A)r. We have two equations for two unknowns, with the solutions: =

50.1 V,

and r =

1.25 .

81. One arrangement is to connect N resistors in series. Each resistor will have the same power, so we need N = Ptotal/P = 5 W/! W = 10 resistors. We find the required value of resistance from Rtotal = NRseries ; 2.2 k = 10Rseries , which gives Rseries = 0.22 k. Thus we have 10 0.22-k resistors in series. Another arrangement is to connect N resistors in series. Each resistor will again have the same power, so we need the same number of resistors: 10. We find the required value of resistance from 1/Rtotal = (1/Ri) = N/Rparallel ; 1/2.2 k = 10/Rparallel , which gives Rparallel = 22 k. Thus we have 10 22-k resistors in parallel.

82. If we assume the current in R4 is to the right, we have R4 Vba I4 Vcd = I4R4 = (3.50 mA)(4.0 k) = 14.0 V. R5 d We can now find the current in R8 : R8 c a b I8 = Vcd/R8 = (14.0 V)/(8.0 k) = 1.75 mA. I8 From conservation of current at the junction c, we have I = I4 + I8 = 3.50 mA + 1.75 mA = 5.25 mA. r I If we go clockwise around the outer loop, starting at a, we have Vba IR5 I4R4 Ir = 0, or Vba = (5.25 mA)(5.0 k) (3.50 mA)(4.0 k) 12.0 V (5.25 mA)(1.0 ) = 52 V. If we assume the current in R4 is to the left, all currents are reversed, so we have Vdc = 14.0 V; I8 = 1.75 mA, and I = 5.25 mA. If we go counterclockwise around the outer loop, starting at a, we have Ir + I4R4 IR5 Ir + Vab = 0, or Vba = Vab = Ir + I4R4 IR5 Ir; Vba = (5.25 mA)(1.0 ) + 12.0 V (3.50 mA)(4.0 k) (5.25 mA)(5.0 k) = 28 V. The negative value means the battery is facing the other direction.

Page 19 29

Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

Chapter 19

83. When the leads are shorted (Rx = 0), there will be maximum current in the circuit, including the galvanometer. We have r G Vab,max = IG,maxr = (35 106 A)(25 ) = 8.75 104 V. a I We can now find the current in the shunt, Rsh : G I Ish,max = Vab,max/Rsh = (8.75 104 V)/Rsh . From conservation of current at the junction a, we have Ish Rsh Imax = IG,max + Ish,max = 35 106 A + (8.75 104 V)/Rsh . If we go clockwise around the outer loop, starting at a, Rser we have + Vba,max + V ImaxRser = 0; 4 6 4 V 8.75 10 V + 3.0 V [35 10 A + (8.75 10 V)/Rsh]Rser = 0; 35 106 A + (8.75 104 V)/Rsh = (3.0 V 8.75 104 V)/Rser ; 35 106 A + (8.75 104 V)/Rsh (3.0 V)/Rser . Rx When the leads are across Rx = 30 k, all currents will be one-half their maximum values. We have Vab = IGr = !(35 106 A)(25 ) = 4.375 104 V. The current in the shunt is Ish = Vab/Rsh = (4.375 104 V)/Rsh . From conservation of current at the junction a, we have I = IG + Ish = 17.5 106 A + (4.375 104 V)/Rsh . If we go clockwise around the outer loop, starting at a, we have Vba + V I(Rx + Rser) = 0; 4.375 104 V + 3.0 V [17.5 106 A + (4.375 104 V)/Rsh](30 103 + Rser)= 0; 17.5 106 A + (4.375 104 V)/Rsh = (3.0 V 4.375 104 V)/(30 103 + Rser); 17.5 106 A + (4.375 104 V)/Rsh (3.0 V)/(30 103 + Rser). We have two equations for two unknowns, with the solutions: Rsh = 13 , and Rser = 30 103 = 30 k.

Page 19 30

Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

Chapter 19

I = (120 V)/[(1 !)(100 ) + 40.0 ] = 1.33 A. Vbc = (1.33 A)(40.0 ) = 53.3 V. P = (53.3 V)2/(200 ) = 14.2 W. (c) For x = # we have Req = (#)(100 )(200 )/[(#)(100 ) + 200 ] = 22.2 . I = (120 V)/[(1 #)(100 ) + 66.7 ] = 1.23 A. Vbc = (1.23 A)(22.2 ) = 27.4 V. 3.75 W. P = (27.4 V)2/(200 ) =

85. (a) Normally there is no DC current in the circuit, so the voltage of the battery is across the capacitor. When there is an interruption, the capacitor voltage will decrease exponentially: VC = V0 e t/ . We find the time constant from the need to maintain 70% of the voltage for 0.20 s: 0.70V0 = V0 e (0.20 s)/ , or (0.20 s)/ = ln(1.43) = 3.57, which gives = 0.56 s. We find the required resistance from = RC; 0.56 s = R(22 106 F), which gives R = 2.5 104 = 25 k. (b) In normal operation, there will be no voltage across the resistor, so the device should be connected between b and c.

86. (a) Because the capacitor is disconnected from the power supply, the charge is constant. We find the new voltage from Q = C1V1 = C2V2 ; (10 pF)(10,000 V) = (1 pF)V2 , which gives V2 = 1.0 105 V = 0.10 MV. (b) A major disadvantage is that, when the stored energy is used, the voltage will decrease exponentially, so it can be used for only short bursts.

Page 19 31

84. The resistance along the potentiometer is proportional to the length, so we find the equivalent resistance between points b and c: 1/Req = (1/xRpot) + (1/Rbulb), or Req = xRpotRbulb/(xRpot + Rbulb). We find the current in the loop from I = V/[(1 x)Rpot + Req]. The potential difference across the bulb is Vbc = IReq , so the power expended in the bulb is P = Vbc2/Rbulb . (a) For x = 1 we have Req = (1)(100 )(200 )/[(1)(100 ) + 200 ] = 66.7 . I = (120 V)/[(1 1)(100 ) + 66.7 ] = 1.80 A. Vbc = (1.80 A)(66.7 ) = 120 V. 72.0 W. P = (120 V)2/(200 ) = (b) For x = ! we have Req = (!)(100 )(200 )/[(!)(100 ) + 200 ] = 40.0 .

a I + V x c b Rbulb Rpot