Tanks 1

7.
1 Organic Liquid Storage Tanks

7.1.1 Process Description
1-2
Storage vessels containing organic liquids can be found in many industries, including
(1) petroleum producing and refining, (2) petrochemical and chemical manufacturing, (3) bulk storage
and transfer operations, and (4) other industries consuming or producing organic liquids. Organic
liquids in the petroleum industry, usually called petroleum liquids, generally are mixtures of
hydrocarbons having dissimilar true vapor pressures (for example, gasoline and crude oil). Organic
liquids in the chemical industry, usually called volatile organic liquids, are composed of pure
chemicals or mixtures of chemicals with similar true vapor pressures (for example, benzene or a
mixture of isopropyl and butyl alcohols).
Six basic tank designs are used for organic liquid storage vessels: fixed roof (vertical and
horizontal), external floating roof, domed external (or covered) floating roof, internal floating roof,
variable vapor space, and pressure (low and high). A brief description of each tank is provided below.
Loss mechanisms associated with each type of tank are provided in Section 7.1.2.
The emission estimating equations presented in Section 7.1 were developed by the American
Petroleum Institute (API). API retains the copyright to these equations. API has granted permission
for the nonexclusive; noncommercial distribution of this material to governmental and regulatory
agencies. However, API reserves its rights regarding all commercial duplication and distribution of its
material. Therefore, the material presented in Section 7.1 is available for public use, but the material
cannot be sold without written permission from the American Petroleum Institute and the U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency.
7.1.1.1 Fixed Roof Tanks
A typical vertical fixed roof tank is shown in Figure 7.1-1. This type of tank consists of a
cylindrical steel shell with a permanently affixed roof, which may vary in design from cone- or dome-
shaped to flat. Losses from fixed roof tanks are caused by changes in temperature, pressure, and
liquid level.
Fixed roof tanks are either freely vented or equipped with a pressure/vacuum vent. The latter
allows the tanks to operate at a slight internal pressure or vacuum to prevent the release of vapors
during very small changes in temperature, pressure, or liquid level. Of current tank designs, the fixed
roof tank is the least expensive to construct and is generally considered the minimum acceptable
equipment for storing organic liquids.
Horizontal fixed roof tanks are constructed for both above-ground and underground service
and are usually constructed of steel, steel with a fiberglass overlay, or fiberglass-reinforced polyester.
Horizontal tanks are generally small storage tanks with capacities of less than 40,000 gallons.
Horizontal tanks are constructed such that the length of the tank is not greater than six times the
diameter to ensure structural integrity. Horizontal tanks are usually equipped with pressure-vacuum
vents, gauge hatches and sample wells, and manholes to provide access to these tanks. In addition,
underground tanks may be cathodically protected to prevent corrosion of the tank shell. Cathodic
protection is accomplished by placing sacrificial anodes in the tank that are connected to an impressed
current system or by using galvanic anodes in the tank. However, internal cathodic protection against
9/97 Liquid Storage Tanks 7.1-1
corrosion is no longer widely used in the petroleum industry, due to corrosion inhibitors that are now
found in most refined petroleum products.
The potential emission sources for above-ground horizontal tanks are the same as those for
vertical fixed roof tanks. Emissions from underground storage tanks are associated mainly with
changes in the liquid level in the tank. Losses due to changes in temperature or barometric pressure
are minimal for underground tanks because the surrounding earth limits the diurnal temperature
change, and changes in the barometric pressure result in only small losses.
7.1.1.2 External Floating Roof Tanks
A typical external floating roof tank (EFRT) consists of an open- topped cylindrical steel shell
equipped with a roof that floats on the surface of the stored liquid. The floating roof consists of a
deck, fittings, and rim seal system. Floating decks that are currently in use are constructed of welded
steel plate and are of two general types: pontoon or double-deck. Pontoon-type and double-deck-type
external floating roof tanks are shown in Figures 7.1-2 and 7.1-3, respectively. With all types of
external floating roof tanks, the roof rises and falls with the liquid level in the tank. External floating
decks are equipped with a rim seal system, which is attached to the deck perimeter and contacts the
tank wall. The purpose of the floating roof and rim seal system is to reduce evaporative loss of the
stored liquid. Some annular space remains between the seal system and the tank wall. The seal
system slides against the tank wall as the roof is raised and lowered. The floating deck is also
equipped with fittings that penetrate the deck and serve operational functions. The external floating
roof design is such that evaporative losses from the stored liquid are limited to losses from the rim
seal system and deck fittings (standing storage loss) and any exposed liquid on the tank walls
(withdrawal loss).
7.1.1.3 Internal Floating Roof Tanks
An internal floating roof tank (IFRT) has both a permanent fixed roof and a floating roof
inside. There are two basic types of internal floating roof tanks: tanks in which the fixed roof is
supported by vertical columns within the tank, and tanks with a self-supporting fixed roof and no
internal support columns. Fixed roof tanks that have been retrofitted to use a floating roof are
typically of the first type. External floating roof tanks that have been converted to internal floating
roof tanks typically have a self-supporting roof. Newly constructed internal floating roof tanks may be
of either type. The deck in internal floating roof tanks rises and falls with the liquid level and either
floats directly on the liquid surface (contact deck) or rests on pontoons several inches above the liquid
surface (noncontact deck). The majority of aluminum internal floating roofs currently in service have
noncontact decks. A typical internal floating roof tank is shown in Figure 7.1-4.
Contact decks can be (1) aluminum sandwich panels that are bolted together, with a
honeycomb aluminum core floating in contact with the liquid; (2) pan steel decks floating in contact
with the liquid, with or without pontoons; and (3) resin-coated, fiberglass reinforced polyester (FRP),
buoyant panels floating in contact with the liquid. The majority of internal contact floating decks
currently in service are aluminum sandwich panel-type or pan steel-type. The FRP decks are less
common. The panels of pan steel decks are usually welded together.
Noncontact decks are the most common type currently in use. Typical noncontact decks are
constructed of an aluminum deck and an aluminum grid framework supported above the liquid surface
by tubular aluminum pontoons or some other buoyant structure. The noncontact decks usually have
bolted deck seams. Installing a floating roof minimizes evaporative losses of the stored liquid. Both
contact and noncontact decks incorporate rim seals and deck fittings for the same purposes previously
described for external floating roof tanks. Evaporative losses from floating roofs may come from deck
7.1-2 EMISSION FACTORS 9/97
fittings, nonwelded deck seams, and the annular space between the deck and tank wall. In addition,
these tanks are freely vented by circulation vents at the top of the fixed roof. The vents minimize the
possibility of organic vapor accumulation in the tank vapor space in concentrations approaching the
flammable range. An internal floating roof tank not freely vented is considered a pressure tank.
Emission estimation methods for such tanks are not provided in AP-42.
7.1.1.4 Domed External Floating Roof Tanks
Domed external (or covered) floating roof tanks have the heavier type of deck used in external
floating roof tanks as well as a fixed roof at the top of the shell like internal floating roof tanks.
Domed external floating roof tanks usually result from retrofitting an external floating roof tank with a
fixed roof. This type of tank is very similar to an internal floating roof tank with a welded deck and a
self supporting fixed roof. A typical domed external floating roof tank is shown in Figure 7.1-5.
As with the internal floating roof tanks, the function of the fixed roof is not to act as a vapor
barrier, but to block the wind. The type of fixed roof most commonly used is a self supporting
aluminum dome roof, which is of bolted construction. Like the internal floating roof tanks, these
tanks are freely vented by circulation vents at the top of the fixed roof. The deck fittings and rim
seals, however, are identical to those on external floating roof tanks. In the event that the floating
deck is replaced with the lighter IFRT-type deck, the tank would then be considered an internal
floating roof tank.
7.1.1.5 Variable Vapor Space Tanks
Variable vapor space tanks are equipped with expandable vapor reservoirs to accommodate
vapor volume fluctuations attributable to temperature and barometric pressure changes. Although
variable vapor space tanks are sometimes used independently, they are normally connected to the
vapor spaces of one or more fixed roof tanks. The two most common types of variable vapor space
tanks are lifter roof tanks and flexible diaphragm tanks.
Lifter roof tanks have a telescoping roof that fits loosely around the outside of the main tank
wall. The space between the roof and the wall is closed by either a wet seal, which is a trough filled
with liquid, or a dry seal, which uses a flexible coated fabric.
Flexible diaphragm tanks use flexible membranes to provide expandable volume. They may
be either separate gasholder units or integral units mounted atop fixed roof tanks.
Variable vapor space tank losses occur during tank filling when vapor is displaced by liquid.
Loss of vapor occurs only when the tanks vapor storage capacity is exceeded.
7.1.1.6 Pressure Tanks
Two classes of pressure tanks are in general use: low pressure (2.5 to 15 psig) and high
pressure (higher than 15 psig). Pressure tanks generally are used for storing organic liquids and gases
with high vapor pressures and are found in many sizes and shapes, depending on the operating
pressure of the tank. Pressure tanks are equipped with a pressure/vacuum vent that is set to prevent
venting loss from boiling and breathing loss from daily temperature or barometric pressure changes.
High-pressure storage tanks can be operated so that virtually no evaporative or working losses occur.
In low-pressure tanks, working losses can occur with atmospheric venting of the tank during filling
operations. No appropriate correlations are available to estimate vapor losses from pressure tanks.
7.1.2 Emission Mechanisms And Control
Emissions from organic liquids in storage occur because of evaporative loss of the liquid
during its storage and as a result of changes in the liquid level. The emission sources vary with tank
design, as does the relative contribution of each type of emission source. Emissions from fixed roof
tanks are a result of evaporative losses during storage (known as breathing losses or standing storage
losses) and evaporative losses during filling and emptying operations (known as working losses).
External and internal floating roof tanks are emission sources because of evaporative losses that occur
during standing storage and withdrawal of liquid from the tank. Standing storage losses are a result of
evaporative losses through rim seals, deck fittings, and/or deck seams. The loss mechanisms for fixed
roof and external and internal floating roof tanks are described in more detail in this section. Variable
vapor space tanks are also emission sources because of evaporative losses that result during filling
operations. The loss mechanism for variable vapor space tanks is also described in this section.
Emissions occur from pressure tanks, as well. However, loss mechanisms from these sources are not
described in this section.
7.1.2.1 Fixed Roof Tanks
The two significant types of emissions from fixed roof tanks are storage and working losses.
Storage loss is the expulsion of vapor from a tank through vapor expansion and contraction, which are
the results of changes in temperature and barometric pressure. This loss occurs without any liquid
level change in the tank.
The combined loss from filling and emptying is called working loss. Evaporation during
filling operations is a result of an increase in the liquid level in the tank. As the liquid level increases,
the pressure inside the tank exceeds the relief pressure and vapors are expelled from the tank.
Evaporative loss during emptying occurs when air drawn into the tank during liquid removal becomes
saturated with organic vapor and expands, thus exceeding the capacity of the vapor space.
Fixed roof tank emissions vary as a function of vessel capacity, vapor pressure of the stored
liquid, utilization rate of the tank, and atmospheric conditions at the tank location.
Several methods are used to control emissions from fixed roof tanks. Emissions from fixed
roof tanks can be controlled by installing an internal floating roof and seals to minimize evaporation of
the product being stored. The control efficiency of this method ranges from 60 to 99 percent,
depending on the type of roof and seals installed and on the type of organic liquid stored.
Vapor balancing is another means of emission control. Vapor balancing is probably most
common in the filling of tanks at gasoline stations. As the storage tank is filled, the vapors expelled
from the storage tank are directed to the emptying gasoline tanker truck. The truck then transports the
vapors to a centralized station where a vapor recovery or control system is used to control emissions.
Vapor balancing can have control efficiencies as high as 90 to 98 percent if the vapors are subjected to
vapor recovery or control. If the truck vents the vapor to the atmosphere instead of to a recovery or
control system, no control is achieved.
Vapor recovery systems collect emissions from storage vessels and convert them to liquid
product. Several vapor recovery procedures may be used, including vapor/liquid absorption, vapor
compression, vapor cooling, vapor/solid adsorption, or a combination of these. The overall control
efficiencies of vapor recovery systems are as high as 90 to 98 percent, depending on the methods used,
the design of the unit, the composition of vapors recovered, and the mechanical condition of the
system.
In a typical thermal oxidation system, the air/vapor mixture is injected through a burner
manifold into the combustion area of an incinerator. Control efficiencies for this system can range
from 96 to 99 percent.
7.1.2.2 Floating Roof Tanks
2-7
Total emissions from floating roof tanks are the sum of withdrawal losses and standing storage
losses. Withdrawal losses occur as the liquid level, and thus the floating roof, is lowered. Some
liquid remains on the inner tank wall surface and evaporates. For an internal floating roof tank that
has a column supported fixed roof, some liquid also clings to the columns and evaporates.
Evaporative loss occurs until the tank is filled and the exposed surfaces are again covered. Standing
storage losses from floating roof tanks include rim seal and deck fitting losses, and for internal floating
roof tanks also include deck seam losses for constructions other than welded decks. Other potential
standing storage loss mechanisms include breathing losses as a result of temperature and pressure
changes.
Rim seal losses can occur through many complex mechanisms, but for external floating roof
tanks, the majority of rim seal vapor losses have been found to be wind induced. No dominant wind
loss mechanism has been identified for internal floating roof or domed external floating roof tank rim
seal losses. Losses can also occur due to permeation of the rim seal material by the vapor or via a
wicking effect of the liquid, but permeation of the rim seal material generally does not occur if the
correct seal fabric is used. Testing has indicated that breathing, solubility, and wicking loss
mechanisms are small in comparison to the wind-induced loss. The rim seal factors presented in this
section incorporate all types of losses.
The rim seal system is used to allow the floating roof to rise and fall within the tank as the
liquid level changes. The rim seal system also helps to fill the annular space between the rim and the
tank shell and therefore minimize evaporative losses from this area. A rim seal system may consist of
just a primary seal or a primary and a secondary seal, which is mounted above the primary seal.
Examples of primary and secondary seal configurations are shown in Figures 7.1-6, 7.1-7, and 7.1-8.
The primary seal serves as a vapor conservation device by closing the annular space between
the edge of the floating deck and the tank wall. Three basic types of primary seals are used on
external floating roofs: mechanical (metallic) shoe, resilient filled (nonmetallic), and flexible wiper
seals. Some primary seals on external floating roof tanks are protected by a weather shield. Weather
shields may be of metallic, elastomeric, or composite construction and provide the primary seal with
longer life by protecting the primary seal fabric from deterioration due to exposure to weather, debris,
and sunlight. Internal floating roofs typically incorporate one of two types of flexible, product-
resistant seals: resilient foam-filled seals or wiper seals. Mechanical shoe seals, resilient filled seals,
and wiper seals are discussed below.
A mechanical shoe seal uses a light-gauge metallic band as the sliding contact with the shell of
the tank, as shown in Figure 7.1-7. The band is formed as a series of sheets (shoes) which are joined
together to form a ring, and are held against the tank shell by a mechanical device. The shoes are
normally 3 to 5 feet deep, providing a potentially large contact area with the tank shell. Expansion
and contraction of the ring can be provided for as the ring passes over shell irregularities or rivets by
jointing narrow pieces of fabric into the ring or by crimping the shoes at intervals. The bottoms of the
shoes extend below the liquid surface to confine the rim vapor space between the shoe and the floating
deck.
The rim vapor space, which is bounded by the shoe, the rim of the floating deck, and the
liquid surface, is sealed from the atmosphere by bolting or clamping a coated fabric, called the primary
seal fabric, that extends from the shoe to the rim to form an "envelope". Two locations are used for
attaching the primary seal fabric. The fabric is most commonly attached to the top of the shoe and the
rim of the floating deck. To reduce the rim vapor space, the fabric can be attached to the shoe and the
floating deck rim near the liquid surface. Rim vents can be used to relieve any excess pressure or
vacuum in the vapor space.
A resilient filled seal can be mounted to eliminate the vapor space between the rim seal and
liquid surface (liquid mounted) or to allow a vapor space between the rim seal and the liquid surface
(vapor mounted). Both configurations are shown in Figures 7.1-6 and 7.1-7. Resilient filled seals
work because of the expansion and contraction of a resilient material to maintain contact with the tank
shell while accommodating varying annular rim space widths. These rim seals allow the roof to move
up and down freely, without binding.
Resilient filled seals typically consist of a core of open-cell foam encapsulated in a coated
fabric. The seals are attached to a mounting on the deck perimeter and extend around the deck
circumference. Polyurethane-coated nylon fabric and polyurethane foam are commonly used materials.
For emission control, it is important that the attachment of the seal to the deck and the radial seal
joints be vapor-tight and that the seal be in substantial contact with the tank shell.
Wiper seals generally consist of a continuous annular blade of flexible material fastened to a
mounting bracket on the deck perimeter that spans the annular rim space and contacts the tank shell.
This type of seal is depicted in Figure 7.1-6. New tanks with wiper seals may have dual wipers, one
mounted above the other. The mounting is such that the blade is flexed, and its elasticity provides a
sealing pressure against the tank shell.
Wiper seals are vapor mounted; a vapor space exists between the liquid stock and the bottom
of the seal. For emission control, it is important that the mounting be vapor-tight, that the seal extend
around the circumference of the deck and that the blade be in substantial contact with the tank shell.
Two types of materials are commonly used to make the wipers. One type consists of a cellular,
elastomeric material tapered in cross section with the thicker portion at the mounting. Rubber is a
commonly used material; urethane and cellular plastic are also available. All radial joints in the blade
are joined. The second type of material that can be used is a foam core wrapped with a coated fabric.
Polyurethane on nylon fabric and polyurethane foam are common materials. The core provides the
flexibility and support, while the fabric provides the vapor barrier and wear surface.
A secondary seal may be used to provide some additional evaporative loss control over that
achieved by the primary seal. Secondary seals can be either flexible wiper seals or resilient filled
seals. For external floating roof tanks, two configurations of secondary seals are available: shoe
mounted and rim mounted, as shown in Figure 7.1-8. Rim mounted secondary seals are more
effective in reducing losses than shoe mounted secondary seals because they cover the entire rim vapor
space. For internal floating roof tanks, the secondary seal is mounted to an extended vertical rim
plate, above the primary seal, as shown in Figure 7.1-8. However, for some floating roof tanks, using
a secondary seal further limits the tanks operating capacity due to the need to keep the seal from
interfering with fixed roof rafters or to keep the secondary seal in contact with the tank shell when the
tank is filled.
The deck fitting losses from floating roof tanks can be explained by the same mechanisms as
the rim seal losses. However, the relative contribution of each mechanism is not known. The deck
fitting losses identified in this section account for the combined effect of all of the mechanisms.
Numerous fittings pass through or are attached to floating roof decks to accommodate
structural support components or allow for operational functions. Internal floating roof deck fittings
are typically of different configuration than those for external floating roof decks. Rather than having
tall housings to avoid rainwater entry, internal floating roof deck fittings tend to have lower profile
housings to minimize the potential for the fitting to contact the fixed roof when the tank is filled.
Deck fittings can be a source of evaporative loss when they require openings in the deck. The most
common components that require openings in the deck are described below.
1. Access hatches. An access hatch is an opening in the deck with a peripheral vertical well
that is large enough to provide passage for workers and materials through the deck for construction or
servicing. Attached to the opening is a removable cover that may be bolted and/or gasketed to reduce
evaporative loss. On internal floating roof tanks with noncontact decks, the well should extend down
into the liquid to seal off the vapor space below the noncontact deck. A typical access hatch is shown
in Figure 7.1-9.
2. Gauge-floats. A gauge-float is used to indicate the level of liquid within the tank. The
float rests on the liquid surface and is housed inside a well that is closed by a cover. The cover may
be bolted and/or gasketed to reduce evaporation loss. As with other similar deck penetrations, the well
extends down into the liquid on noncontact decks in internal floating roof tanks. A typical gauge-float
and well are shown in Figure 7.1-9.
3. Gauge-hatch/sample ports. A gauge-hatch/sample port consists of a pipe sleeve equipped
with a self-closing gasketed cover (to reduce evaporative losses) and allows hand-gauging or sampling
of the stored liquid. The gauge-hatch/sample port is usually located beneath the gaugers platform,
which is mounted on top of the tank shell. A cord may be attached to the self-closing gasketed cover
so that the cover can be opened from the platform. A typical gauge-hatch/sample port is shown in
Figure 7.1-9.
4. Rim vents. Rim vents are used on tanks equipped with a seal design that creates a vapor
pocket in the seal and rim area, such as a mechanical shoe seal. A typical rim vent is shown in
Figure 7.1-10. The vent is used to release any excess pressure or vacuum that is present in the vapor
space bounded by the primary-seal shoe and the floating roof rim and the primary seal fabric and the
liquid level. Rim vents usually consist of weighted pallets that rest on a gasketed cover.
5. Deck drains. Currently two types of deck drains are in use (closed and open deck drains)
to remove rainwater from the floating deck. Open deck drains can be either flush or overflow drains.
Both types consist of a pipe that extends below the deck to allow the rainwater to drain into the stored
liquid. Only open deck drains are subject to evaporative loss. Flush drains are flush with the deck
surface. Overflow drains are elevated above the deck surface. Typical overflow and flush deck drains
are shown in Figure 7.1-10. Overflow drains are used to limit the maximum amount of rainwater that
can accumulate on the floating deck, providing emergency drainage of rainwater if necessary. Closed
deck drains carry rainwater from the surface of the deck though a flexible hose or some other type of
piping system that runs through the stored liquid prior to exiting the tank. The rainwater does not
come in contact with the liquid, so no evaporative losses result. Overflow drains are usually used in
conjunction with a closed drain system to carry rainwater outside the tank.
6. Deck legs. Deck legs are used to prevent damage to fittings underneath the deck and to
allow for tank cleaning or repair, by holding the deck at a predetermined distance off the tank bottom.
These supports consist of adjustable or fixed legs attached to the floating deck or hangers suspended
from the fixed roof. For adjustable legs or hangers, the load-carrying element passes through a well or
sleeve into the deck. With noncontact decks, the well should extend into the liquid. Evaporative
losses may occur in the annulus between the deck leg and its sleeve. A typical deck leg is shown in
Figure 7.1-10.
7. Unslotted guidepoles and wells. A guidepole is an antirotational device that is fixed to the
top and bottom of the tank, passing through a well in the floating roof. The guidepole is used to
prevent adverse movement of the roof and thus damage to deck fittings and the rim seal system. In
some cases, an unslotted guidepole is used for gauging purposes, but there is a potential for differences
in the pressure, level, and composition of the liquid inside and outside of the guidepole. A typical
guidepole and well are shown in Figure 7.1-11.
8. Slotted (perforated) guidepoles and wells. The function of the slotted guidepole is similar
to the unslotted guidepole but also has additional features. Perforated guidepoles can be either slotted
or drilled hole guidepoles. A typical slotted guidepole and well are shown in Figure 7.1-11. As
shown in this figure, the guide pole is slotted to allow stored liquid to enter. The same can be
accomplished with drilled holes. The liquid entering the guidepole is well mixed, having the same
composition as the remainder of the stored liquid, and is at the same liquid level as the liquid in the
tank. Representative samples can therefore be collected from the slotted or drilled hole guidepole.
However, evaporative loss from the guidepole can be reduced by modifying the guidepole or well or
by placing a float inside the guidepole. Guidepoles are also referred to as gauge poles, gauge pipes, or
stilling wells.
9. Vacuum breakers. A vacuum breaker equalizes the pressure of the vapor space across the
deck as the deck is either being landed on or floated off its legs. A typical vacuum breaker is shown
in Figure 7.1-10. As depicted in this figure, the vacuum breaker consists of a well with a cover.
Attached to the underside of the cover is a guided leg long enough to contact the tank bottom as the
floating deck approaches. When in contact with the tank bottom, the guided leg mechanically opens
the breaker by lifting the cover off the well; otherwise, the cover closes the well. The closure may be
gasketed or ungasketed. Because the purpose of the vacuum breaker is to allow the free exchange of
air and/or vapor, the well does not extend appreciably below the deck.
Fittings used only on internal floating roof tanks include column wells, ladder wells, and stub
drains.
1. Columns and wells. The most common fixed-roof designs are normally supported from
inside the tank by means of vertical columns, which necessarily penetrate an internal floating deck.
(Some fixed roofs are entirely self-supporting and, therefore, have no support columns.) Column wells
are similar to unslotted guide pole wells on external floating roofs. Columns are made of pipe with
circular cross sections or of structural shapes with irregular cross sections (built-up). The number of
columns varies with tank diameter, from a minimum of 1 to over 50 for very large diameter tanks. A
typical fixed roof support column and well are shown in Figure 7.1-9.
The columns pass through deck openings via peripheral vertical wells. With noncontact decks,
the well should extend down into the liquid stock. Generally, a closure device exists between the top
of the well and the column. Several proprietary designs exist for this closure, including sliding covers
and fabric sleeves, which must accommodate the movements of the deck relative to the column as the
liquid level changes. A sliding cover rests on the upper rim of the column well (which is normally
fixed to the deck) and bridges the gap or space between the column well and the column. The cover,
which has a cutout, or opening, around the column slides vertically relative to the column as the deck
raises and lowers. At the same time, the cover slides horizontally relative to the rim of the well. A
gasket around the rim of the well reduces emissions from this fitting. A flexible fabric sleeve seal
between the rim of the well and the column (with a cutout or opening, to allow vertical motion of the
seal relative to the columns) similarly accommodates limited horizontal motion of the deck relative to
the column.
2. Ladders and wells. Some tanks are equipped with internal ladders that extend from a
manhole in the fixed roof to the tank bottom. The deck opening through which the ladder passes is
constructed with similar design details and considerations to deck openings for column wells, as
previously discussed. A typical ladder well is shown in Figure 7.1-12.
3. Stub drains. Bolted internal floating roof decks are typically equipped with stub drains to
allow any stored product that may be on the deck surface to drain back to the underside of the deck.
The drains are attached so that they are flush with the upper deck. Stub drains are approximately
1 inch in diameter and extend down into the product on noncontact decks.
Deck seams in internal floating roof tanks are a source of emissions to the extent that these
seams may not be completely vapor tight if the deck is not welded. Generally, the same loss
mechanisms for fittings apply to deck seams. The predominant mechanism depends on whether or not
the deck is in contact with the stored liquid. The deck seam loss equation accounts for the effects of
all contributing loss mechamisms.
7.1.3 Emission Estimation Procedures
The following section presents the emission estimation procedures for fixed roof, external
floating roof, domed external floating roof, and internal floating roof tanks. These procedures are
valid for all petroleum liquids, pure volatile organic liquids, and chemical mixtures with similar true
vapor pressures. It is important to note that in all the emission estimation procedures the physical
properties of the vapor do not include the noncondensibles (e. g., air) in the gas but only refer to the
condensible components of the stored liquid. To aid in the emission estimation procedures, a list of
variables with their corresponding definitions was developed and is presented in Table 7.1-1.
The factors presented in AP-42 are those that are currently available and have been reviewed
and approved by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. As storage tank equipment vendors
design new floating decks and equipment, new emission factors may be developed based on that
equipment. If the new emission factors are reviewed and approved, the emission factors will be added
to AP-42 during the next update.
The emission estimation procedures outlined in this chapter have been used as the basis for the
development of a software program to estimate emissions from storage tanks. The software program
entitled "TANKS" is available through the Technology Transfer Network (TTN) Bulletin Board
System maintained by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.
7.1.3.1 Total Losses From Fixed Roof Tanks
4,8-14
The following equations, provided to estimate standing storage and working loss emissions,
apply to tanks with vertical cylindrical shells and fixed roofs. These tanks must be substantially
liquid- and vapor-tight and must operate approximately at atmospheric pressure. The equations are not
intended to be used in estimating losses from unstable or boiling stocks or from mixtures of
hydrocarbons or petrochemicals for which the vapor pressure is not known or cannot be readily
predicted. Total losses from fixed roof tanks are equal to the sum of the standing storage loss and
working loss:
L
T
= L
S
+ L
W
(1-1)
where:
L
T
= total losses, lb/yr
L
S
= standing storage losses, lb/yr
L
W
= working losses, lb/yr
Standing Storage Loss - Fixed roof tank breathing or standing storage losses can be estimated from:
L
S
= 365 V
V
W
V
K
E
K
S
(1-2)
where:
L
S
= standing storage loss, lb/yr
V
V
= vapor space volume, ft
3
W
V
= vapor density, lb/ft
3
K
E
= vapor space expansion factor, dimensionless
K
S
= vented vapor saturation factor, dimensionless
365 = constant, d/yr
Tank Vapor Space Volume, V
V
- The tank vapor space volume is calculated using the following
equation:
where:
(1-3)
V
V
4
D
2
H
VO
V
V
= vapor space volume, ft
3
D = tank diameter, ft, see Note 1 for horizontal tanks
H
VO
= vapor space outage, ft
The vapor space outage, H
VO
is the height of a cylinder of tank diameter, D, whose volume is
equivalent to the vapor space volume of a fixed roof tank, including the volume under the cone or
dome roof. The vapor space outage, H
VO
, is estimated from:
H
VO
= H
S
- H
L
+ H
RO
(1-4)
where:
H
VO
H
S
= tank shell height, ft
H
L
= liquid height, ft
H
RO
= roof outage, ft; see Note 2 for a cone roof or Note 3 for a dome roof
Notes:
1. The emission estimating equations presented above were developed for vertical fixed roof
tanks. If a user needs to estimate emissions from a horizontal fixed roof tank, some of the tank
parameters can be modified before using the vertical tank emission estimating equations. First, by
assuming that the tank is one-half filled, the surface area of the liquid in the tank is approximately
equal to the length of the tank times the diameter of the tank. Next, assume that this area represents a
circle, i. e., that the liquid is an upright cylinder. Therefore, the effective diameter, D
E
, is then equal
to:
where:
(1-5)
D
E
= effective tank diameter, ft
L = length of tank, ft
D = actual diameter of tank, ft
One-half of the actual diameter of the horizontal tank should be used as the vapor space outage, H
VO
.
This method yields only a very approximate value for emissions from horizontal storage tanks. For
underground horizontal tanks, assume that no breathing or standing storage losses occur (L
S
= 0)
because the insulating nature of the earth limits the diurnal temperature change. No modifications to
the working loss equation are necessary for either above-ground or underground horizontal tanks.
2. For a cone roof, the roof outage, H
RO
, is calculated as follows:
H
RO
= 1/3 H
R
(1-6)
where:
H
RO
= roof outage (or shell height equivalent to the volume contained under the roof), ft
H
R
= tank roof height, ft
The tank roof height, H
R
, is equal to S
R
R
S
where:
S
R
= tank cone roof slope, if unknown, a standard value of 0.0625 ft/ft is used, ft/ft
R
S
= tank shell radius, ft
3. For a dome roof, the roof outage, H
RO
where:
(1-7)
H
RO
H
R
1
1
1
1
]
1/2 1/6
1
1
1
]
H
R
R
S
2
H
RO
= roof outage, ft
H
R
R
S
The tank roof height, H
R
, is calculated:
H
R
= R
R
- (R
R
2
- R
S
2
)
0.5
(1-8)
where:
H
R
R
R
= tank dome roof radius, ft
R
S
The value of R
R
usually ranges from 0.8D - 1.2D, where D = 2 R
S
. If R
R
is unknown, the tank
diameter is used in its place. If the tank diameter is used as the value for R
R
, Equations 1-7 and 1-8
reduce to H
R
= 0.268 R
S
and H
RO
= 0.137 R
S
.
Vapor Density, W
V
- The density of the vapor is calculated using the following equation:
where:
(1-9)
W
V
M
V
P
VA
RT
LA
W
V
3
M
V
= vapor molecular weight, lb/lb-mole; see Note 1
R = the ideal gas constant, 10.731 psia ft
3
/lb-mole R
P
VA
= vapor pressure at daily average liquid surface temperature, psia; see Notes 1 and 2
T
LA
= daily average liquid surface temperature, R; see Note 3
Notes:
1. The molecular weight of the vapor, M
V
, can be determined from Table 7.1-2 and 7.1-3 for
selected petroleum liquids and volatile organic liquids, respectively, or by analyzing vapor samples.
Where mixtures of organic liquids are stored in a tank, M
V
can be calculated from the liquid
composition. The molecular weight of the vapor, M
V
, is equal to the sum of the molecular weight,
M
i
, multiplied by the vapor mole fraction, y
i
, for each component. The vapor mole fraction is equal
to the partial pressure of component i divided by the total vapor pressure. The partial pressure of
component i is equal to the true vapor pressure of component i (P) multiplied by the liquid mole
fraction, (x
i
). Therefore,
(1-10)
M
V
M
i
y
i
M
i
,
Px
i
P
VA
where:
P
VA
, total vapor pressure of the stored liquid, by Raoults Law, is:
P
VA
= Px
i
(1-11)
For more detailed information, please refer to Section 7.1.4.
2. True vapor pressure is the equilibrium partial pressure exerted by a volatile organic liquid,
as defined by ASTM-D 2879 or as obtained from standard reference texts. Reid vapor pressure is the
absolute vapor pressure of volatile crude oil and volatile nonviscous petroleum liquids, except liquified
petroleum gases, as determined by ASTM-D-323. True vapor pressures for organic liquids can be
determined from Table 7.1-3. True vapor pressure can be determined for crude oils using
Figures 7.1-13a and 7.1-13b. For refined stocks (gasolines and naphthas), Table 7.1-2 or
Figures 7.1-14a and 7.1-14b can be used. In order to use Figures 7.1-13a, 7.1-13b, 7.1-14a, or
7.1-14b, the stored liquid surface temperature, T
LA
, must be determined in degrees Fahrenheit. See
Note 3 to determine T
LA
.
Alternatively, true vapor pressure for selected petroleum liquid stocks, at the stored liquid
surface temperature, can be determined using the following equation:
P
VA
= exp [A - (B/T
LA
)] (1-12a)
where:
exp = exponential function
A = constant in the vapor pressure equation, dimensionless
B = constant in the vapor pressure equation, R
T
LA
= daily average liquid surface temperature, R
P
VA
= true vapor pressure, psia
For selected petroleum liquid stocks, physical property data are presented in Table 7.1-2. For
refined petroleum stocks, the constants A and B can be calculated from the equations presented in
Figure 7.1-15 and the distillation slopes presented in Table 7.1-4. For crude oil stocks, the constants
A and B can be calculated from the equations presented in Figure 7.1-16. Note that in
Equation 1-12a, T
LA
is determined in degrees Rankine instead of degrees Fahrenheit.
The true vapor pressure of organic liquids at the stored liquid temperature can be estimated by
Antoines equation:
where:
(1-12b) log P
VA
A
B
T
LA
C
A = constant in vapor pressure equation
B = constant in vapor pressure equation
C = constant in vapor pressure equation
T
LA
= daily average liquid surface temperature, C
P
VA
= vapor pressure at average liquid surface temperature, mm Hg
For organic liquids, the values for the constants A, B, and C are listed in Table 7.1-5. Note
that in Equation 1-12b, T
LA
is determined in degrees Celsius instead of degrees Rankine. Also, in
Equation 1-12b, P
VA
is determined in mm of Hg rather than psia (760 mm Hg = 14.7 psia).
3. If the daily average liquid surface temperature, T
LA
, is unknown, it is calculated using the
following equation:
T
LA
= 0.44T
AA
+ 0.56T
B
+ 0.0079 I (1-13)
where:
T
LA
T
AA
= daily average ambient temperature, R; see Note 4
T
B
= liquid bulk temperature, R; see Note 5
= tank paint solar absorptance, dimensionless; see Table 7.1-6
I = daily total solar insolation factor, Btu/ft
2
d; see Table 7.1-7
If T
LA
is used to calculate P
VA
from Figures 7.1-13a, 7.1-13b, 7.1-14a, or 7.1-14b, T
LA
must be
converted from degrees Rankine to degrees Fahrenheit (F = R - 460). If T
LA
is used to calculate
P
VA
from Equation 1-12b, T
LA
must be converted from degrees Rankine to degrees Celsius
(C = [R - 492]/1.8). Equation 1-13 should not be used to estimate liquid surface temperature from
insulated tanks. In the case of insulated tanks, the average liquid surface temperature should be based
on liquid surface temperature measurements from the tank.
4. The daily average ambient temperature, T
AA
, is calculated using the following equation:
T
AA
= (T
AX
+ T
AN
)/2 (1-14)
where:
T
AA
= daily average ambient temperature, R
T
AX
= daily maximum ambient temperature, R
T
AN
= daily minimum ambient temperature, R
Table 7.1-7 gives values of T
AX
and T
AN
for selected U. S. cities.
5. The liquid bulk temperature, T
B
T
B
= T
AA
+ 6 - 1 (1-15)
where:
T
B
= liquid bulk temperature, R
T
AA
= daily average ambient temperature, R, as calculated in Note 4
= tank paint solar absorptance, dimensionless; see Table 7.1-6.
Vapor Space Expansion Factor, K
E
- The vapor space expansion factor, K
E
, is calculated using the
following equation:
where:
(1-16)
K
E
T
V
T
LA
P
V
P
B
P
A
P
VA
T
V
= daily vapor temperature range, R; see Note 1
P
V
= daily vapor pressure range, psi; see Note 2
P
B
= breather vent pressure setting range, psi; see Note 3
P
A
= atmospheric pressure, psia
P
VA
= vapor pressure at daily average liquid surface temperature, psia; see Notes 1 and 2 for
Equation 1-9
T
LA
= daily average liquid surface temperature, R; see Note 3 for Equation 1-9
Notes:
1. The daily vapor temperature range, T
V
T
V
= 0.72 T
A
+ 0.028 I (1-17)
where:
T
V
= daily vapor temperature range, R
T
A
= daily ambient temperature range, R; see Note 4
= tank paint solar absorptance, dimensionless; see Table 7.1-6
I = daily total solar insolation factor, Btu/ft
2
d; see Table 7.1-7
2. The daily vapor pressure range, P
V
, can be calculated using the following equation:
P
V
= P
VX
- P
VN
(1-18)
where:
P
V
= daily vapor pressure range, psia
P
VX
= vapor pressure at the daily maximum liquid surface temperature, psia; see Note 5
P
VN
= vapor pressure at the daily minimum liquid surface temperature, psia; see Note 5
The following method can be used as an alternate means of calculating P
V
for petroleum
liquids:
where:
(1-19) P
V
0.50 B P
VA
T
V
T
LA
2
P
V
B = constant in the vapor pressure equation, R; see Note 2 to Equation 1-9
P
VA
= vapor pressure at the daily average liquid surface temperature, psia; see Notes 1 and 2
to Equation 1-9
T
LA
= daily average liquid surface temperature, R; see Note 3 to Equation 1-9
T
V
= daily vapor temperature range, R; see Note 1
3. The breather vent pressure setting range, P
B
P
B
= P
BP
- P
BV
(1-20)
where:
P
B
= breather vent pressure setting range, psig
P
BP
= breather vent pressure setting, psig
P
BV
= breather vent vacuum setting, psig
If specific information on the breather vent pressure setting and vacuum setting is not
available, assume 0.03 psig for P
BP
and -0.03 psig for P
BV
as typical values. If the fixed roof tank is
of bolted or riveted construction in which the roof or shell plates are not vapor tight, assume that
P
B
= 0, even if a breather vent is used. The estimating equations for fixed roof tanks do not apply
to either low or high pressure tanks. If the breather vent pressure or vacuum setting exceeds 1.0 psig,
the standing storage losses could potentially be negative.
4. The daily ambient temperature range, T
A
T
A
= T
AX
- T
AN
(1-21)
where:
T
A
= daily ambient temperature range, R
T
AX
= daily maximum ambient temperature, R
T
AN
= daily minimum ambient temperature, R
Table 7.1-7 gives values of T
AX
and T
AN
for selected cities in the United States.
11
5. The vapor pressures associated with daily maximum and minimum liquid surface
temperature, P
VX
and P
VN
, respectively are calculated by substituting the corresponding temperatures,
T
LX
and T
LN
, into the vapor pressure function discussed in Notes 1 and 2 to Equation 1-9. If T
LX
and T
LN
are unknown, Figure 7.1-17 can be used to calculate their values.
Vented Vapor Saturation Factor, K
S
- The vented vapor saturation factor, K
S
, is calculated using the
following equation:
where:
(1-22) K
S
1
1 0.053P
VA
H
VO
K
S
= vented vapor saturation factor, dimensionless
P
VA
= vapor pressure at daily average liquid surface temperature, psia; see Notes 1 and 2 to
Equation 1-9
H
VO
= vapor space outage, ft, as calculated in Equation 1-4
Working Loss - The working loss, L
W
, can be estimated from:
L
W
= 0.0010 M
V
P
VA
QK
N
K
P
, (1-23)
where:
L
W
= working loss, lb/yr
M
V
= vapor molecular weight, lb/lb-mole; see Note 1 to Equation 1-9
P
VA
= vapor pressure at daily average liquid surface temperature, psia; see Notes 1 and 2 to
Equation 1-9
Q = annual net throughput (tank capacity [bbl] times annual turnover rate), bbl/yr
K
N
= turnover factor, dimensionless; see Figure 7.1-18
for turnovers > 36, K
N
= (180 + N)/6N
for turnovers 36, K
N
= 1
N = number of turnovers per year, dimensionless
where:
(1-24) N
5.614Q
V
LX
N = number of turnovers per year, dimensionless
Q = annual net throughput, bbl/yr
V
LX
= tank maximum liquid volume, ft
3
and
where:
(1-25)
V
LX
4
D
2
H
LX
D = diameter, ft
H
LX
= maximum liquid height, ft
K
P
= working loss product factor, dimensionless, 0.75 for crude oils. For all other organic
liquids, K
P
= 1
7.1.3.2 Total Losses From Floating Roof Tanks
3-5,13,15-17
Total floating roof tank emissions are the sum of rim seal, withdrawal, deck fitting, and deck
seam losses. The equations presented in this subsection apply only to floating roof tanks. The
equations are not intended to be used in the following applications:
1. To estimate losses from unstable or boiling stocks or from mixtures of hydrocarbons or
petrochemicals for which the vapor pressure is not known or cannot readily be predicted;
2. To estimate losses from closed internal or closed domed external floating roof tanks (tanks
vented only through a pressure/vacuum vent); or
3. To estimate losses from tanks in which the materials used in the rim seal and/or deck
fittings are either deteriorated or significantly permeated by the stored liquid.
Total losses from floating roof tanks may be written as:
L
T
= L
R
+ L
WD
+ L
F
+ L
D
(2-1)
where:
L
T
= total loss, lb/yr
L
R
= rim seal loss, lb/yr; see Equation 2-2
L
WD
= withdrawal loss, lb/yr; see Equation 2-4
L
F
= deck fitting loss, lb/yr; see Equation 2-5
L
D
= deck seam loss (internal floating roof tanks only), lb/yr; see Equation 2-9
Rim Seal Loss - Rim seal loss from floating roof tanks can be estimated using the following equation:
L
R
= (K
Ra
+ K
Rb
v
n
)DP
*
M
V
K
C
(2-2)
where:
L
R
= rim seal loss, lb/yr
K
Ra
= zero wind speed rim seal loss factor, lb-mole/ft yr; see Table 7.1-8
K
Rb
= wind speed dependent rim seal loss factor, lb-mole/(mph)
n
ft yr; see Table 7.1-8
v = average ambient wind speed at tank site, mph; see Note 1
n = seal-related wind speed exponent, dimensionless; see Table 7.1-8
P
*
= vapor pressure function, dimensionless; see Note 2
where:
(2-3) P
P
VA
/P
A
[1 (1 [P
VA
/P
A
])
0.5
]
2
P
VA
= vapor pressure at daily average liquid surface temperature, psia;
See Notes 1 and 2 to Equation 1-9 and Note 3 below
P
A
D = tank diameter, ft
M
V
= average vapor molecular weight, lb/lb-mole; see Note 1 to Equation 1-9,
K
C
= product factor; K
C
= 0.4 for crude oils; K
C
= 1 for all other organic liquids.
Notes:
1. If the ambient wind speed at the tank site is not available, use wind speed data from the
nearest local weather station or values from Table 7.1-9. If the tank is an internal or domed external
floating roof tank, the value of v is zero.
2. P
*
can be calculated or read directly from Figure 7.1-19.
3. The API recommends using the stock liquid temperature to calculate P
VA
for use in
Equation 2-3 in lieu of the liquid surface temperature. If the stock liquid temperature is unknown,
API recommends the following equations to estimate the stock temperature:
Tank Color
Average Annual Stock
Temperature, T
s
(F)
White T
AA
+ 0
a
Aluminum T
AA
+ 2.5
Gray T
AA
+ 3.5
Black T
AA
+ 5.0
a
T
AA
is the average annual ambient temperature in degrees Fahrenheit.
Withdrawal Loss - The withdrawal loss from floating roof storage tanks can be estimated using
Equation 2-4.
where:
(2-4)
L
WD
(0.943)QCW
L
D
1
1
1
]
1
N
C
F
C
D
L
WD
= withdrawal loss, lb/yr
Q = annual throughput (tank capacity [bbl] times annual turnover rate), bbl/yr
C = shell clingage factor, bbl/1,000 ft
2
; see Table 7.1-10
W
L
= average organic liquid density, lb/gal; see Note 1
0.943 = constant, 1,000 ft
3
gal/bbl
2
N
C
= number of fixed roof support columns, dimensionless; see Note 2
F
C
= effective column diameter, ft (column perimeter [ft]/); see Note 3
Notes:
1. A listing of the average organic liquid density for select petrochemicals is provided in
Tables 7.1-2 and 7.1-3. If W
L
is not known for gasoline, an average value of 6.1 lb/gal can be
assumed.
2. For a self-supporting fixed roof or an external floating roof tank:
N
C
= 0.
For a column-supported fixed roof:
N
C
= use tank-specific information or see Table 7.1-11.
3. Use tank-specific effective column diameter or
F
C
= 1.1 for 9-inch by 7-inch built-up columns, 0.7 for 8-inch-diameter pipe
columns, and 1.0 if column construction details are not known
Deck Fitting Loss - Deck fitting losses from floating roof tanks can be estimated by the following
equation:
L
F
= F
F
P
*
M
V
K
C
(2-5)
where:
L
F
= the deck fitting loss, lb/yr
F
F
= total deck fitting loss factor, lb-mole/yr
where:
(2-6)
F
F
[(N
F
1
K
F
1
) (N
F
2
K
F
2
) ... (N
F
n
f
K
F
n
f
)]
N
F
i
= number of deck fittings of a particular type (i = 0,1,2,...,n
f
), dimensionless
K
F
i
= deck fitting loss factor for a particular type fitting
(i = 0,1,2,...,n
f
), lb-mole/yr; see Equation 2-7
n
f
= total number of different types of fittings, dimensionless
P
*
, M
V
, K
C
are as defined for Equation 2-2.
The value of F
F
may be calculated by using actual tank-specific data for the number of each
fitting type (N
F
) and then multiplying by the fitting loss factor for each fitting (K
F
).
The deck fitting loss factor, K
F
i
for a particular type of fitting, can be estimated by the
following equation:
where:
(2-7)
K
F
i
K
Fa
i
K
Fb
i
(K
v
v)
m
i
K
F
i
= loss factor for a particular type of deck fitting, lb-mole/yr
K
Fa
i
= zero wind speed loss factor for a particular type of fitting, lb-mole/yr
K
Fb
i
= wind speed dependent loss factor for a particular type of fitting, lb-mole/(mph)
m
yr
m
i
= loss factor for a particular type of deck fitting, dimensionless
i = 1, 2, ..., n, dimensionless
K
v
= fitting wind speed correction factor, dimensionless; see below
v = average ambient wind speed, mph
For external floating roof tanks, the fitting wind speed correction factor, K
v
, is equal to 0.7.
For internal and domed external floating roof tanks, the value of v in Equation 2-7 is zero and the
equation becomes:
Loss factors K
Fa
, K
Fb
, and m are provided in Table 7.1-12 for the most common deck fittings
(2-8) K
F
i
K
Fa
i
used on floating roof tanks. These factors apply only to typical deck fitting conditions and when the
average ambient wind speed is below 15 miles per hour. Typical numbers of deck fittings for floating
roof tanks are presented in Tables 7.1-11, 7.1-12, 7.1-13, 7.1-14, and 7.1-15.
Deck Seam Loss - Neither welded deck internal floating roof tanks nor external floating roof tanks
have deck seam losses. Internal floating roof tanks with bolted decks may have deck seam losses.
Deck seam loss can be estimated by the following equation:
L
D
= K
D
S
D
D
2
P
*
M
V
K
C
(2-9)
where:
K
D
= deck seam loss per unit seam length factor, lb-mole/ft-yr
= 0.0 for welded deck
= 0.14 for bolted deck; see Note
S
D
= deck seam length factor, ft/ft
2
L
seam
=
______
A
deck
where:
L
seam
= total length of deck seams, ft
A
deck
= area of deck, ft
2
= D
2
4
D, P
*
, M
V
, and K
C
are as defined for Equation 2-2
If the total length of the deck seam is not known, Table 7.1-16 can be used to determine S
D
.
For a deck constructed from continuous metal sheets with a 7-ft spacing between the seams, a value of
0.14 ft/ft
2
can be used. A value of 0.33 ft/ft
2
can be used for S
D
when a deck is constructed from
rectangular panels 5 ft by 7.5 ft. Where tank-specific data concerning width of deck sheets or size of
deck panels are unavailable, a default value for S
D
can be assigned. A value of 0.20 ft/ft
2
can be
assumed to represent the most common bolted decks currently in use.
Note: Recently vendors of bolted decks have been using various techniques, such as gasketing the
deck seams, in an effort to reduce deck seam losses. However, emission factors are not
currently available in AP-42 that represent the emission reduction, if any, achieved by these
techniques. Some vendors have developed specific factors for their deck designs; however,
use of these factors is not recommended until approval has been obtained from the governing
regulatory agency or permitting authority.
7.1.3.3 Variable Vapor Space Tanks
18
Variable vapor space filling losses result when vapor is displaced by liquid during filling
operations. Since the variable vapor space tank has an expandable vapor storage capacity, this loss is
not as large as the filling loss associated with fixed roof tanks. Loss of vapor occurs only when the
tanks vapor storage capacity is exceeded. Equation 3-1 assumes that one-fourth of the expansion
capacity is available at the beginning of each transfer.
Variable vapor space system filling losses can be estimated from:
L
V
=(2.40 x 10
-2
) (M
V
P
VA
/V
1
) [(V
1
) - (0.25 V
2
N
2
)] (3-1)
where:
L
V
= variable vapor space filling loss, lb/1,000 gal throughput
M
V
= molecular weight of vapor in storage tank, lb/lb-mole; see Note 1 to Equation 1-9
P
VA
= true vapor pressure at the daily average liquid surface temperature, psia; see Notes 1
and 2 to Equation 1-9
V
1
= volume of liquid pumped into system, throughput, bbl/yr
V
2
= volume expansion capacity of system, bbl; see Note 1
N
2
= number of transfers into system, dimensionless; see Note 2
Notes:
1. V
2
is the volume expansion capacity of the variable vapor space achieved by roof lifting or
diaphragm flexing.
2. N
2
is the number of transfers into the system during the time period that corresponds to a
throughput of V
1
.
The accuracy of Equation 3-1 is not documented. Special tank operating conditions may result
in actual losses significantly different from the estimates provided by Equation 3-1. For example, if
one or more tanks with interconnected vapor spaces are filled while others are emptied simultaneously,
all or part of the expelled vapors will be transferred to the tank, or tanks, being emptied. This is
called balanced pumping. Equation 3-1 does not account for balanced pumping, and will overestimate
losses under this condition. It should also be noted that, although not developed for use with heavier
petroleum liquids such as kerosenes and fuel oils, the equation is recommended for use with heavier
petroleum liquids in the absence of better data.
7.1.3.4 Pressure Tanks
Losses occur during withdrawal and filling operations in low-pressure (2.5 to 15 psig) tanks
when atmospheric venting occurs. High-pressure tanks are considered closed systems, with virtually
no emissions. Vapor recovery systems are often found on low-pressure tanks. Fugitive losses are also
associated with pressure tanks and their equipment, but with proper system maintenance, these losses
are considered insignificant. No appropriate correlations are available to estimate vapor losses from
pressure tanks.
7.1.3.5 Variations Of Emission Estimation Procedures
All of the emission estimation procedures presented in Section 7.1.3 can be used to estimate
emissions for shorter time periods by manipulating the inputs to the equations for the time period in
question. For all of the emission estimation procedures, the daily average liquid surface temperature
should be based on the appropriate temperature and solar insolation data for the time period over
which the estimate is to be evaluated. The subsequent calculation of the vapor pressure should be
based on the corrected daily liquid surface temperature. For example, emission calculations for the
month of June would be based only on the meteorological data for June. It is important to note that a
1-month time frame is recommended as the shortest time period for which emissions should be
estimated.
In addition to the temperature and vapor pressure corrections, the constant in the standing
storage loss equation for fixed roof tanks would need to be revised based on the actual time frame
used. The constant, 365, is based on the number of days in a year. To change the equation for a
different time period, the constant should be changed to the appropriate number of days in the time
period for which emissions are being estimated. The only change that would need to be made to the
working loss equation for fixed roof tanks would be to change the throughput per year to the
throughput during the time period for which emissions are being estimated.
Other than changing the meteorological data and the vapor pressure data, the only changes
needed for the floating roof rim seal, deck fitting, and deck seam losses would be to modify the time
frame by dividing the individual losses by the appropriate number of days or months. The only
change to the withdrawal losses would be to change the throughput to the throughput for the time
period for which emissions are being estimated.
Another variation that is frequently made to the emission estimation procedures is an
adjustment in the working or withdrawal loss equations if the tank is operated as a surge tank or
constant level tank. For constant level tanks or surge tanks where the throughput and turnovers are
high but the liquid level in the tank remains relatively constant, the actual throughput or turnovers
should not be used in the working loss or withdrawal loss equations. For these tanks, the turnovers
should be estimated by determining the average change in the liquid height. The average change in
height should then be divided by the total shell height. This adjusted turnover value should then be
multiplied by the actual throughput to obtain the net throughput for use in the loss equations.
Alternatively, a default turnover rate of four could be used based on data from these type tanks.
7.1.4 Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAP) Speciation Methodology
In some cases it may be important to know the annual emission rate for a component (e. g.,
HAP) of a stored liquid mixture. There are two basic approaches that can be used to estimate
emissions for a single component of a stored liquid mixture. One approach involves calculating the
total losses based upon the known physical properties of the mixture (i. e., gasoline) and then
determining the individual component losses by multiplying the total loss by the weight fraction of the
desired component. The second approach is similar to the first approach except that the mixture
properties are unknown; therefore, the mixture properties are first determined based on the composition
of the liquid mixture.
Case 1 If the physical properties of the mixture are known (P
VA
, M
V
, M
L
and W
L
), the
total losses from the tank should be estimated using the procedures described previously for the
particular tank type. The component losses are then determined from either Equation 4-1 or 4-2. For
fixed roof tanks, the emission rate for each individual component can be estimated by:
where:
(4-1) L
T
i
(Z
V
i
)(L
T
)
L
T
i
= emission rate of component i, lb/yr
Z
V
i
= weight fraction of component i in the vapor, lb/lb
L
T
= total losses, lb/yr
For floating roof tanks, the emission rate for each individual component can be estimated by:
where:
(4-2) L
T
i
(Z
V
i
)(L
R
L
F
L
D
) (Z
L
i
)(L
WD
)
L
T
i
= emission rate of component i, lb/yr
Z
V
i
= weight fraction of component i in the vapor, lb/lb
L
R
= rim seal losses, lb/yr
L
F
= deck fitting losses, lb/yr
L
D
= deck seam losses, lb/yr
Z
L
i
= weight fraction of component i in the liquid, lb/lb
L
WD
= withdrawal losses, lb/yr
If Equation 4-1 is used in place of Equation 4-2 for floating roof tanks, the value obtained will be
approximately the same value as that achieved with Equation 4-2 because withdrawal losses are
typically minimal for floating roof tanks.
In order to use Equations 4-1 and 4-2, the weight fraction of the desired component in the
liquid and vapor phase is needed. The liquid weight fraction of the desired component is typically
known or can be readily calculated for most mixtures. In order to calculate the weight fraction in the
vapor phase, Raoults Law must first be used to determine the partial pressure of the component. The
partial pressure of the component can then be divided by the total vapor pressure of the mixture to
determine the mole fraction of the component in the vapor phase. Raoults Law states that the mole
fraction of the component in the liquid (x
i
) multiplied by the vapor pressure of the pure component (at
the daily average liquid surface temperature) (P) is equal to the partial pressure (P
i
) of that component:
where:
(4-3)
P
i
(P)(x
i
)
P
i
= partial pressure of component i, psia
P = vapor pressure of pure component i at the daily average liquid surface temperature,
psia
x
i
= liquid mole fraction, lb-mole/lb-mole
The vapor pressure of each component can be calculated from Antoines equation or found in
standard references, as shown in Section 7.1.3.1. In order to use Equation 4-3, the liquid mole
fraction must be determined from the liquid weight fraction by:
where:
(4-4) x
i
(Z
L
i
)(M
L
) / (M
i
)
x
i
= liquid mole fraction of component i, lb-mole/lb-mole
Z
L
i
= weight fraction of component i in the liquid, lb/lb
M
L
= molecular weight of liquid stock, lb/lb-mole
M
i
= molecular weight of component i, lb/lb-mole
If the molecular weight of the liquid is not known, the liquid mole fraction can be determined by
assuming a total weight of the liquid mixture (see Example 1 in Section 7.1.5).
The liquid mole fraction and the vapor pressure of the component at the daily average liquid
surface temperature can then be substituted into Equation 4-3 to obtain the partial pressure of the
component. The vapor mole fraction of the component can be determined from the following
equation:
where:
(4-5)
y
i
P
i
P
VA
y
i
= vapor mole fraction of component i, lb-mole/lb-mole
P
i
P
VA
= total vapor pressure of liquid mixture, psia
The weight fractions in the vapor phase are calculated from the mole fractions in the vapor phase.
where:
(4-6)
Z
V
i
y
i
M
i
M
V
Z
V
i
= vapor weight fraction of component i, lb/lb
y
i
M
i
M
V
= molecular weight of vapor stock, lb/lb-mole
The liquid and vapor weight fractions of each desired component and the total losses can be
substituted into either Equations 4-1 or 4-2 to estimate the individual component losses.
Case 2 For cases where the mixture properties are unknown but the composition of the
liquid is known (i. e., nonpetroleum organic mixtures), the equations presented above can be used to
obtain a reasonable estimate of the physical properties of the mixture. For nonaqueous organic
mixtures, Equation 4-3 can be used to determine the partial pressure of each component. If
Equation 4-4 is used to determine the liquid mole fractions, the molecular weight of the liquid stock
must be known. If the molecular weight of the liquid stock is unknown, then the liquid mole fractions
can be determined by assuming a weight basis and calculating the number of moles (see Example 1 in
Section 7.1.5). The partial pressure of each component can then be determined from Equation 4-3.
For special cases, such as wastewater, where the liquid mixture is a dilute aqueous solution,
Henrys Law should be used instead of Raoults Law in calculating total losses. Henrys Law states
that the mole fraction of the component in the liquid phase multiplied by the Henrys Law constant for
the component in the mixture is equal to the partial pressure (P
i
) for that component. For wastewater,
Henrys Law constants are typically provided in the form of atm m
3
/g-mole.
Therefore, the appropriate form of Henrys Law equation is:
P
i
= (H
A
) (C
i
) (4-7)
where:
P
i
= partial pressure of component i, atm
H
A
= Henrys Law constant for component i, atm m
3
/g-mole
C
i
= concentration of component i in the wastewater, g-mole/m
3
; see Note
Section 4.3 of AP-42 presents Henrys Law constants for selected organic liquids. The partial pressure
calculated from Equation 4-7 will need to be converted from atmospheres to psia (1 atm = 14.7 psia).
Note: Typically wastewater concentrations are given in mg/liter, which is equivalent to g/m
3
. To
convert the concentrations to g-mole/m
3
divide the concentration by the molecular weight of
the component.
The total vapor pressure of the mixture can be calculated from the sum of the partial pressures:
P
VA
= P
i
(4-8)
where:
P
VA
= vapor pressure at daily average liquid surface temperature, psia
P
i
This procedure can be used to determine the vapor pressure at any temperature. After
computing the total vapor pressure, the mole fractions in the vapor phase are calculated using
Equation 4-5. The vapor mole fractions are used to calculate the molecular weight of the vapor, M
V
.
The molecular weight of the vapor can be calculated by:
M
V
= M
i
y
i
(4-9)
where:
M
V
= molecular weight of the vapor, lb/lb-mole
M
i
y
i
Another variable that may need to be calculated before estimating the total losses, if it is not
available in a standard reference, is the density of the liquid, W
L
. If the density of the liquid is
unknown, it can be estimated based on the liquid weight fractions of each component (see
Section 7.1.5, Example 3).
All of the mixture properties are now known (P
VA
, M
V
, and W
L
). These values can now be
used with the emission estimation procedures outlined in Section 7.1.3 to estimate total losses. After
calculating the total losses, the component losses can be calculated by using either Equations 4-1 or
4-2. Prior to calculating component losses, Equation 4-6 must be used to determine the vapor weight
fractions of each component.
Figure 7.1-1. Typical fixed-roof tank.
1
Figure 7.1-2. External floating roof tank (pontoon type).
20
Figure 7.1-3 External floating Roof Tank (Double Deck)
Figure 7.1-4. Internal floating roof tank.
20
Figure 7.1-5. Domed external floating roof tank.
20
Figure 7.1-6. Vapor-mounted primary seals.
20
Figure 7.1-7. Liquid-mounted and mechanical shoe primary seals.
20
Figure 7.1-8. Secondary rim seals.
20
Figure 7.1-9. Deck fittings for floating roof tanks.
20
Figure 7.1-10. Deck fittings for floating roof tanks.
20
Figure 7.1-11. Slotted and unslotted guidepoles.
20
Figure 7.1-12. Ladder well.
20
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E
M
I
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I
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7
Where:
P exp
'
;
)
1
1
]
,
2,799
T 459.6
2.227 log
10
(RVP)

,
7,261
T 459.6
12.82
P = stock true vapor pressure, in pounds per square inch absolute.
T = stock temperature, in degrees Fahrenheit.
RVP = Reid vapor pressure, in pounds per square inch.
Note: This equation was derived from a regression analysis of points read off Figure 7.1-13a over the full
range of Reid vapor pressures, slopes of the ASTM distillation curve at 10 percent evaporated, and
stock temperatures. In general, the equation yields P values that are within +0.05 pound per square
inch absolute of the values obtained directly from the nomograph.
Figure 7.1-13b. Equation for true vapor pressure of crude oils
with a Reid vapor pressure of 2 to 15 pounds per square inch.
4
Where:
P exp
'
1
1
]
0.7553

,
413.0
T 459.6
S
0.5
log
10
(RVP)

1
1
]
1.854

,
1,042
T 459.6
S
0.5
;
)
1
1
]
,
2,416
T 459.6
2.013 log
10
(RVP)

,
8,742
T 459.6
15.64
P = stock true vapor pressure, in pounds per square inch absolute.
T = stock temperature, in degrees Fahrenheit.
RVP = Reid vapor pressure, in pounds per square inch.
S = slope of the ASTM distillation curve at 10 percent evaporated, in degrees Fahrenheit per percent.
Note: This equation was derived from a regression analysis of points read off Figure 7.1-14a over the full range of
Reid vapor pressures, slopes of the ASTM distillation curve at 10 percent evaporated, and stock temperatures.
In general, the equation yields P values that are within +0.05 pound per square inch absolute of the values
obtained directly from the nomograph.
Figure 7.1-14b. Equation for true vapor pressure of refined
petroleum stocks with a Reid vapor pressure of
1 to 20 pounds per square inch.
4
A = 15.64 - 1.854 S
0.5
- (0.8742-0.3280 S
0.5
)ln(RVP)
B = 8,742 - 1,042 S
0.5
- (1,049-179.4 S
0.5
)ln(RVP)
where:
RVP = stock Reid vapor pressure, in pounds per square inch
ln = natural logarithm function
S = stock ASTM-D86 distillation slope at 10 volume percent
evaporation (F/vol %)
Figure 7.1-15. Equations to determine vapor pressure constants A and B for refined
petroleum stocks.
8
A = 12.82 - 0.9672 ln (RVP)
B = 7,261 - 1,216 ln (RVP)
where:
RVP = Reid vapor pressure, psi
ln = natural logarithm function
Figure 7.1-16. Equations to determine vapor pressure Constants A and B for crude oil stocks.
8
Daily Maximum and Minimum Liquid Surface Temperature, (R)
T
LX
= T
LA
+ 0.25 T
V
T
LN
= T
LA
- 0.25 T
V
where:
T
LX
= daily maximum liquid surface temperature, R
T
LA
is as defined in Note 3 to Equation 1-9
T
V
is as defined in Note 1 to Equation 1-16
T
LN
= daily minimum liquid surface temperature, R
Figure 7.1-17. Equations for the daily maximum and minimum liquid surface temperatures.
8
Figure 7.1-18. Turnover factor (K
N
) for fixed roof tanks.
8
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Table 7.1-1. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE TANK EQUATIONS
Variable Description Variable Description Variable Description
L
T
total losses, lb/yr
L
S
standing storage losses, lb/yr
L
W
working losses, lb/yr
V
V
vapor space volume, ft
3
W
V
vapor density, lb/ft
3
K
E
vapor space expansion factor,
dimensionless
K
S
vented vapor saturation factor,
dimensionless
D tank diameter, ft
H
VO
vapor space outage, ft
H
S
tank shell height, ft
H
L
liquid height, ft
H
RO
roof outage, ft
H
R
tank roof height, ft
S
R
tank cone roof slope, ft/ft
R
S
tank shell radius, ft
R
R
tank dome roof radius, ft
M
V
vapor molecular weight,
lb/lb-mole
R ideal gas constant,
(10.731 psia ft
3
/lb-mole R)
P
VA
vapor pressure at daily average
liquid surface temperature, psia
T
LA
daily average liquid surface
temperature, R
M
i
molecular weight of
component i, lb/lb-mole
y
i
vapor mole fraction of
component i, lb-mole/lb-mole
x
i
liquid mole fraction of
component i, lb-mole/lb-mole
P true vapor pressure of
component i, psia
A constant in vapor pressure
equation, dimensionless
B constant in vapor pressure
equation, R
T
AA
daily average ambient
temperature, R
T
B
liquid bulk temperature, R
tank paint solar absorptance,
dimensionless
I daily total solar insolation
factor, Btu/ft
2
d
T
AX
daily maximum ambient
temperature, R
T
AN
daily minimum ambient
temperature, R
D
E
effective tank diameter, ft
L length of tank, ft
T
V
daily vapor temperature range,
R
P
V
daily vapor pressure range, psi
P
B
breather vent pressure setting
range, psig
P
A
atmospheric pressure, psi
T
A
daily ambient temperature
range, R
P
VX
vapor pressure at the daily
maximum liquid surface
temperature, psia
P
VN
vapor pressure at the daily
minimum liquid surface
temperature, psia
P
BP
breather vent pressure setting,
psig
P
BV
breather vent vacuum setting,
psig
Q annual net throughput, bbl/yr
K
N
turnover factor, dimensionless
N number of turnovers per year,
dimensionless
constant, (3.14159)
V
LX
tank maximum liquid volume,
ft
3
H
LX
maximum liquid height, ft
K
P
working loss product factor for
fixed roof tanks, dimensionless
L
R
rim seal loss, lb/yr
L
WD
withdrawal loss, lb/yr
L
F
deck fitting loss, lb/yr
K
Ra
zero wind speed rim seal loss
factor, lb-mole/ft yr
K
Rb
wind speed dependent rim seal
loss factor, lb-mole/
(mph)
n
ft yr
v average wind speed, mph
n seal-related wind speed
exponent, dimensionless
P* vapor pressure function,
dimensionless
F
R
rim deck loss factor,
lb-mole/ft yr
K
C
product factor for floating roof
tanks, dimensionless
C shell clingage factor,
bbl/1,000 ft
2
W
L
average organic liquid density,
lb/gal
F
F
total deck fitting loss factor,
lb-mole/yr
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Table 7.1-1 (cont.).
Variable Description Variable Description
N
F
i
number of deck fittings of a
particular type, dimensionless
N
c
number of columns
N
vb
number of vacuum breakers
N
d
number of drains
N
l
number of deck legs
n
f
total number of different types
of fittings, dimensionless
K
F
i
loss factor for a particular type
of deck fitting, lb-mole/yr
N
Fa
i
zero wind speed loss factor for
a particular type of deck
fitting, lb-mole/yr
N
Fb
i
wind speed dependent loss
factor for a particular type of
fitting, lb-mole/ mph
m
yr
K
v
fitting wind speed correction
factor, dimensionless
m
i
loss factor for a particular type
of deck fitting, dimensionless
i 1,2,.....n, dimensionless
L
D
deck seam loss, lb/yr
N
C
number of columns, dimen-
sionless
F
C
effective column diameter, ft
K
D
deck seam loss per unit seam
length factor, lb-mole/ft-yr
S
D
deck seam length factor, ft/ft
2
L
seam
total length of deck seam, ft
A
deck
area of deck, ft
2
P
i
partial pressure of component
i, psia
Z
L
i
liquid weight fraction of
component i, lb/lb
M
L
molecular weight of liquid
mixture, lb/lb-mole
Z
V
i
vapor weight fraction of
component i, lb/lb
N
TOTAL
total number of moles in
mixture, lb-mole
W
i
liquid density of component i,
lb/ft
3
L
T
i
emission rate of component i,
lb/yr
L
V
variable vapor space filling
loss, lb/1,000 gal throughput
V
1
volume of liquid pumped into
system, bbl/yr
V
2
volume expansion capacity, bbl
N
2
number of transfers into
system, dimensionless
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Table 7.1-2. PROPERTIES (M
V
, W
VC
, P
VA
, W
L
) OF SELECTED PETROLEUM LIQUIDS
a
Petroleum Liquid
Vapor
Molecular
Weight at 60F,
M
V
(lb/lb-mole)
Condensed
Vapor Density
At 60F,
W
VC
(lb/gal)
Liquid
Density At
60F,
W
L
(lb/gal)
True Vapor Pressure, P
VA
(psi)
40F 50F 60F 70F 80F 90F 100F
Gasoline RVP 13 62 4.9 5.6 4.7 5.7 6.9 8.3 9.9 11.7 13.8
Gasoline RVP 10 66 5.1 5.6 3.4 4.2 5.2 6.2 7.4 8.8 10.5
Gasoline RVP 7 68 5.2 5.6 2.3 2.9 3.5 4.3 5.2 6.2 7.4
Crude oil RVP 5 50 4.5 7.1 1.8 2.3 2.8 3.4 4.0 4.8 5.7
Jet naphtha (JP-4) 80 5.4 6.4 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.4 2.7
Jet kerosene 130 6.1 7.0 0.0041 0.0060 0.0085 0.011 0.015 0.021 0.029
Distillate fuel oil No. 2 130 6.1 7.1 0.0031 0.0045 0.0074 0.0090 0.012 0.016 0.022
Residual oil No. 6 190 6.4 7.9 0.00002 0.00003 0.00004 0.00006 0.00009 0.00013 0.00019
a
References 10 and 11.
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Table 7.1-3. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED PETROCHEMICALS
a
Name Formula
Molecular
Weight
Boiling
Point At
1 Atmosphere
(F)
Liquid
Density At
60F (lb/gal)
Vapor Pressure (psia) At
40F 50F 60F 70F 80F 90F 100F
Acetone CH
3
COCH
3
58.08 133.0 6.628 1.682 2.185 2.862 3.713 4.699 5.917 7.251
Acetonitrile CH
3
CN 41.05 178.9 6.558 0.638 0.831 1.083 1.412 1.876 2.456 3.133
Acrylonitrile CH
2
:CHCN 53.06 173.5 6.758 0.812 0.967 1.373 1.779 2.378 3.133 4.022
Allyl alcohol CH
2
:CHCH
2
OH 58.08 206.6 7.125 0.135 0.193 0.261 0.387 0.522 0.716 1.006
Allyl chloride CH
2
:CHCH
2
Cl 76.53 113.2 7.864 2.998 3.772 4.797 6.015 7.447 9.110 11.025
Ammonium hydroxide
(28.8% solution) NH
4
OH--H
2
O 35.05 83.0 7.481 5.130 6.630 8.480 10.760 13.520 16.760 20.680
Benzene C
6
H
6
78.11 176.2 7.365 0.638 0.870 1.160 1.508 1.972 2.610 3.287
iso-Butyl alcohol (CH
3
)
2
CHCH
2
OH 74.12 227.1 6.712 0.058 0.097 0.135 0.193 0.271 0.387 0.541
tert-Butyl alcohol (CH
3
)
3
COH 74.12 180.5 6.595 0.174 0.290 0.425 0.638 0.909 1.238 1.702
n-Butyl chloride CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
Cl 92.57 172.0 7.430 0.715 1.006 1.320 1.740 2.185 2.684 3.481
Carbon disulfide CS
2
76.13 115.3 10.588 3.036 3.867 4.834 6.014 7.387 9.185 11.215
Carbon tetrachloride CCl
4
153.84 170.2 13.366 0.793 1.064 1.412 1.798 2.301 2.997 3.771
Chloroform CHCl
3
119.39 142.7 12.488 1.528 1.934 2.475 3.191 4.061 5.163 6.342
Chloroprene CH
2
:CCl
.
CH:CH
2
88.54 138.9 8.046 1.760 2.320 2.901 3.655 4.563 5.685 6.981
Cyclohexane C
6
H
12
84.16 177.3 6.522 0.677 0.928 1.218 1.605 2.069 2.610 3.249
Cyclopentane C
5
H
10
70.13 120.7 6.248 2.514 3.287 4.177 5.240 6.517 8.063 9.668
1,1-Dichloroethane CH
3
CHCl
2
98.97 135.1 9.861 1.682 2.243 2.901 3.771 4.738 5.840 7.193
1,2-Dichloroethane CH
2
ClCH
2
Cl 98.97 182.5 10.500 0.561 0.773 1.025 1.431 1.740 2.243 2.804
cis-1,2- Dichloro-
ethylene CHCl:CHCl 96.95 140.2 10.763 1.450 2.011 2.668 3.461 4.409 5.646 6.807
trans-1,2-Dichloro-
ethylene CHCl:CHCl 96.95 119.1 10.524 2.552 3.384 4.351 5.530 6.807 8.315 10.016
Diethylamine (C
2
H
5
)
2
NH 73.14 131.9 5.906 1.644 1.992 2.862 3.867 4.892 6.130 7.541
Diethyl ether C
2
H
5
OC
2
H
5
74.12 94.3 5.988 4.215 5.666 7.019 8.702 10.442 13.342 Boils
Di-iso-propyl ether (CH
3
)
2
CHOCH(CH
3
)
2
102.17 153.5 6.075 1.199 1.586 2.127 2.746 3.481 4.254 5.298
1,4-Dioxane O CH
2
CH
2
OCH
2
CH
2
88.10 214.7 8.659 0.232 0.329 0.425 0.619 0.831 1.141 1.508
Dipropyl ether CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
OCH
2
CH
2
CH
3
102.17 195.8 6.260 0.425 0.619 0.831 1.102 1.431 1.876 2.320
Ethyl acetate C
2
H
5
OOCCH
3
88.10 170.9 7.551 0.580 0.831 1.102 1.489 1.934 2.514 3.191
Ethyl acrylate C
2
H
5
OOCCH:CH
2
100.11 211.8 7.750 0.213 0.290 0.425 0.599 0.831 1.122 1.470
Ethyl alcohol C
2
H
5
OH 46.07 173.1 6.610 0.193 0.406 0.619 0.870 1.218 1.682 2.320
7
.
1
-
5
0
E
M
I
S
S
I
O
N
F
A
C
T
O
R
S
9
/
9
7
Name Formula
Molecular
Weight
Boiling
Point At
1 Atmosphere
(F)
Liquid
Density At
60F (Pounds
Per Gallon)
Vapor Pressure (Pounds Per Square Inch Absolute) At
40F 50F 60F 70F 80F 90F 100F
Freon 11 CCl
3
F 137.38 75.4 12.480 7.032 8.804 10.900 13.40 16.31 19.69 23.60
n-Heptane CH
3
(CH
2
)
5
CH
3
100.20 209.2 5.727 0.290 0.406 0.541 0.735 0.967 1.238 1.586
n-Hexane CH
3
(CH
2
)
4
CH
3
86.17 155.7 5.527 1.102 1.450 1.876 2.436 3.055 3.906 4.892
Hydrogen cyanide HCN 27.03 78.3 5.772 6.284 7.831 9.514 11.853 15.392 18.563 22.237
Isooctane (CH
3
)
3
CCH
2
CH(CH
3
)
2
114.22 210.6 5.794 0.213 0.387 0.580 0.812 1.093 1.392 1.740
Isopentane (CH
3
)
2
CHCH
2
CH
3
72.15 82.1 5.199 5.878 7.889 10.005 12.530 15.334 18.370 21.657
Isoprene (CH
2
):C(CH
3
)CH:CH
2
68.11 93.5 5.707 4.757 6.130 7.677 9.668 11.699 14.503 17.113
Isopropyl alcohol (CH
3
)
2
CHOH 60.09 180.1 6.573 0.213 0.329 0.483 0.677 0.928 1.296 1.779
Methacrylonitrile CH
2
:CH(CH
3
)CN 67.09 194.5 6.738 0.483 0.657 0.870 1.160 1.470 1.934 2.456
Methyl acetate CH
3
OOCCH
3
74.08 134.8 7.831 1.489 2.011 2.746 3.693 4.699 5.762 6.961
Methyl acrylate CH
3
OOCCH:CH
2
86.09 176.9 7.996 0.599 0.773 1.025 1.354 1.798 2.398 3.055
Methyl alcohol CH
3
OH 32.04 148.4 6.630 0.735 1.006 1.412 1.953 2.610 3.461 4.525
Methylcyclohexane CH
3
C
6
H
11
98.18 213.7 6.441 0.309 0.425 0.541 0.735 0.986 1.315 1.721
Methylcyclopentane CH
3
C
5
H
9
84.16 161.3 6.274 0.909 1.160 1.644 2.224 2.862 3.616 4.544
Methylene chloride CH
2
Cl
2
84.94 104.2 11.122 3.094 4.254 5.434 6.787 8.702 10.329 13.342
Methyl ethyl ketone CH
3
COC
2
H
5
72.10 175.3 6.747 0.715 0.928 1.199 1.489 2.069 2.668 3.345
Methyl methacrylate CH
3
OOC(CH
3
):CH
2
100.11 212.0 7.909 0.116 0.213 0.348 0.541 0.773 1.064 1.373
Methyl propyl ether CH
3
OC
3
H
7
74.12 102.1 6.166 3.674 4.738 6.091 7.058 9.417 11.602 13.729
Nitromethane CH
3
NO
2
61.04 214.2 9.538 0.213 0.251 0.348 0.503 0.715 1.006 1.334
n-Pentane CH
3
(CH
2
)
3
CH
3
72.15 96.9 5.253 4.293 5.454 6.828 8.433 10.445 12.959 15.474
n-Propylamine C
3
H
7
NH
2
59.11 119.7 6.030 2.456 3.191 4.157 5.250 6.536 8.044 9.572
1,1,1-Trichloroethane CH
3
CCl
3
133.42 165.2 11.216 0.909 1.218 1.586 2.030 2.610 3.307 4.199
Trichloroethylene CHCl:CCl
2
131.40 188.6 12.272 0.503 0.677 0.889 1.180 1.508 2.030 2.610
Toluene CH
3
C
6
H
5
92.13 231.1 7.261 0.174 0.213 0.309 0.425 0.580 0.773 1.006
Vinyl acetate CH
2
:CHOOCCH
3
86.09 162.5 7.817 0.735 0.986 1.296 1.721 2.262 3.113 4.022
Vinylidene chloride CH
2
:CCl
2
96.5 89.1 10.383 4.990 6.344 7.930 9.806 11.799 15.280 23.210
a
Reference 11.
9
/
9
7
L
i
q
u
i
d
S
t
o
r
a
g
e
T
a
n
k
s
7
.
1
-
5
1
Table 7.1-4. ASTM DISTILLATION SLOPE FOR SELECTED REFINED
PETROLEUM STOCKS
a
Refined Petroleum Stock
Reid Vapor Pressure, RVP
(psi)
ASTM-D86 Distillation Slope
At 10 Volume Percent
Evaporated, (F/vol%)
Aviation gasoline ND 2.0
Naphtha 2-8 2.5
Motor gasoline ND 3.0
Light naphtha 9-14 3.5
a
Reference 8. ND = no data.
Table 7.1-5. VAPOR PRESSURE EQUATION CONSTANTS
FOR ORGANIC LIQUIDS
a
Name
Vapor Pressure Equation Constants
A B C
(Dimensionless) (C) (C)
Acetaldehyde 8.005 1600.017 291.809
Acetic acid 7.387 1533.313 222.309
Acetic anhydride 7.149 1444.718 199.817
Acetone 7.117 1210.595 229.664
Acetonitrile 7.119 1314.4 230
Acrylamide 11.2932 3939.877 273.16
Acrylic acid 5.652 648.629 154.683
Acrylonitrile 7.038 1232.53 222.47
Aniline 7.32 1731.515 206.049
Benzene 6.905 1211.033 220.79
Butanol (iso) 7.4743 1314.19 186.55
Butanol-(1) 7.4768 1362.39 178.77
Carbon disulfide 6.942 1169.11 241.59
Carbon tetrachloride 6.934 1242.43 230
Chlorobenzene 6.978 1431.05 217.55
Chloroform 6.493 929.44 196.03
Chloroprene 6.161 783.45 179.7
Cresol(-M) 7.508 1856.36 199.07
Cresol(-O) 6.911 1435.5 165.16
Cresol(-P) 7.035 1511.08 161.85
Cumene (isopropylbenzene) 6.963 1460.793 207.78
Cyclohexane 6.841 1201.53 222.65
Cyclohexanol 6.255 912.87 109.13
Cyclohexanone 7.8492 2137.192 273.16
Dichloroethane(1,2) 7.025 1272.3 222.9
Dichloroethylene(1,2) 6.965 1141.9 231.9
Diethyl (N,N) anilin 7.466 1993.57 218.5
Dimethyl formamide 6.928 1400.87 196.43
Dimethyl hydrazine (1,1) 7.408 1305.91 225.53
Dimethyl phthalate 4.522 700.31 51.42
Dinitrobenzene 4.337 229.2 -137
Dioxane(1,4) 7.431 1554.68 240.34
Epichlorohydrin 8.2294 2086.816 273.16
Ethanol 8.321 1718.21 237.52
Ethanolamine(mono-) 7.456 1577.67 173.37
Ethyl acetate 7.101 1244.95 217.88
Ethyl acrylate 7.9645 1897.011 273.16
Ethyl benzene 6.975 1424.255 213.21
Ethyl chloride 6.986 1030.01 238.61
Ethyl ether 6.92 1064.07 228.8
Formic acid 7.581 1699.2 260.7
Furan 6.975 1060.87 227.74
Furfural 6.575 1198.7 162.8
Heptane(iso) 6.8994 1331.53 212.41
Hexane(-N) 6.876 1171.17 224.41
Name
Vapor Pressure Equation Constants
A B C
(Dimensionless) (C) (C)
Hexanol(-1) 7.86 1761.26 196.66
Hydrocyanic acid 7.528 1329.5 260.4
Methanol 7.897 1474.08 229.13
Methyl acetate 7.065 1157.63 219.73
Methyl ethyl ketone 6.9742 1209.6 216
Methyl isobutyl ketone 6.672 1168.4 191.9
Methyl methacrylate 8.409 2050.5 274.4
Methyl styrene (alpha) 6.923 1486.88 202.4
Methylene chloride 7.409 1325.9 252.6
Morpholine 7.7181 1745.8 235
Naphthalene 7.01 1733.71 201.86
Nitrobenzene 7.115 1746.6 201.8
Pentachloroethane 6.74 1378 197
Phenol 7.133 1516.79 174.95
Picoline(-2) 7.032 1415.73 211.63
Propanol (iso) 8.117 1580.92 219.61
Propylene glycol 8.2082 2085.9 203.540
Propylene oxide 8.2768 1656.884 273.16
Pyridine 7.041 1373.8 214.98
Resorcinol 6.9243 1884.547 186.060
Styrene 7.14 1574.51 224.09
Tetrachloroethane(1,1,1,2) 6.898 1365.88 209.74
Tetrachloroethane(1,1,2,2) 6.631 1228.1 179.9
Tetrachloroethylene 6.98 1386.92 217.53
Tetrahydrofuran 6.995 1202.29 226.25
Toluene 6.954 1344.8 219.48
Trichloro(1,1,2)trifluoroethane 6.88 1099.9 227.5
Trichloroethane(1,1,1) 8.643 2136.6 302.8
Trichloroethane(1,1,2) 6.951 1314.41 209.2
Trichloroethylene 6.518 1018.6 192.7
Trichlorofluoromethane 6.884 1043.004 236.88
Trichloropropane(1,2,3) 6.903 788.2 243.23
Vinyl acetate 7.21 1296.13 226.66
Vinylidene chloride 6.972 1099.4 237.2
Xylene(-M) 7.009 1426.266 215.11
Xylene(-O) 6.998 1474.679 213.69
a
Reference 12.
Table 7.1-6. PAINT SOLAR ABSORPTANCE FOR FIXED ROOF TANKS
a
Paint Color Paint Shade Or Type
Paint Factors ()
Paint Condition
Good Poor
Aluminum Specular 0.39 0.49
Aluminum Diffuse 0.60 0.68
Gray Light 0.54 0.63
Gray Medium 0.68 0.74
Red Primer 0.89 0.91
White NA 0.17 0.34
a
Reference 8. If specific information is not available, a white shell and roof, with the paint in good
condition, can be assumed to represent the most common or typical tank paint in use. If the tank
roof and shell are painted a different color, is determined from = (
R
+
S
)/2; where
R
is the
tank roof paint solar absorptance and
S
is the tank shell paint solar absorptance. NA = not
applicable.
Table 7.1-7. METEOROLOGICAL DATA (T
AX
, T
AN
, I) FOR SELECTED U.S. LOCATIONS
a
Location
Property Monthly Averages
Annual
Average Symbol Units Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Birmingham, AL T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
52.7
33.0
707
57.3
35.2
967
65.2
42.1
1296
75.2
50.4
1674
81.6
58.3
1857
87.9
65.9
1919
90.3
69.8
1810
89.7
69.1
1724
84.6
63.6
1455
74.8
50.4
1211
63.7
40.5
858
55.9
35.2
661
73.2
51.1
1345
Montgomery, AL T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
57.0
36.4
752
60.9
38.8
1013
68.1
45.5
1341
77.0
53.3
1729
83.6
61.1
1897
89.8
68.4
1972
91.5
71.8
1841
91.2
71.1
1746
86.9
66.4
1468
77.5
53.1
1262
67.0
43.0
915
59.8
37.9
719
75.9
53.9
1388
Homer, AK T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
27.0
14.4
122
31.2
17.4
334
34.4
19.3
759
42.1
28.1
1248
49.8
34.6
1583
56.3
41.2
1751
60.5
45.1
1598
60.3
45.2
1189
54.8
39.7
791
44.0
30.6
437
34.9
22.8
175
27.7
15.8
64
43.6
29.5
838
Phoenix, AZ T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
65.2
39.4
1021
69.7
42.5
1374
74.5
46.7
1814
83.1
53.0
2355
92.4
61.5
2677
102.3
70.6
2739
105.0
79.5
2487
102.3
77.5
2293
98.2
70.9
2015
87.7
59.1
1577
74.3
46.9
1151
66.4
40.2
932
85.1
57.3
1869
Tucson, AZ T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
64.1
38.1
1099
67.4
40.0
1432
71.8
43.8
1864
80.1
49.7
2363
88.8
57.5
2671
98.5
67.4
2730
98.5
73.8
2341
95.9
72.0
2183
93.5
67.3
1979
84.1
56.7
1602
72.2
45.2
1208
65.0
39.0
996
81.7
54.2
1872
Fort Smith, AR T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
48.4
26.6
744
53.8
30.9
999
62.5
38.5
1312
73.7
49.1
1616
81.0
58.2
1912
88.5
66.3
2089
93.6
70.5
2065
92.9
68.9
1877
85.7
62.1
1502
75.9
49.0
1201
61.9
37.7
851
52.1
30.2
682
72.5
49.0
1404
Little Rock, AR T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
49.8
29.9
731
54.5
33.6
1003
63.2
41.2
1313
73.8
50.9
1611
81.7
59.2
1929
89.5
67.5
2107
92.7
71.4
2032
92.3
69.6
1861
85.6
63.0
1518
75.8
50.4
1228
62.4
40.0
847
53.2
33.2
674
72.9
50.8
1404
Bakersfield, CA T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
57.4
38.9
766
63.7
42.6
1102
68.6
45.5
1595
75.1
50.1
2095
83.9
57.2
2509
92.2
64.3
2749
98.8
70.1
2684
96.4
68.5
2421
90.8
63.8
1992
81.0
54.9
1458
67.4
44.9
942
57.6
38.7
677
77.7
53.3
1749
Long Beach, CA T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
66.0
44.3
928
67.3
45.9
1215
68.0
47.7
1610
70.9
50.8
1938
73.4
55.2
2065
77.4
58.9
2140
83.0
62.6
2300
83.8
64.0
2100
82.5
61.6
1701
78.4
56.6
1326
72.7
49.6
1004
67.4
44.7
847
74.2
53.5
1598
Los Angeles AP, CA T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
64.6
47.3
926
65.5
48.6
1214
65.1
49.7
1619
66.7
52.2
1951
69.1
55.7
2060
72.0
59.1
2119
75.3
62.6
2308
76.5
64.0
2080
76.4
62.5
1681
74.0
58.5
1317
70.3
52.1
1004
66.1
47.8
849
70.1
55.0
1594
Sacramento, CA T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
52.6
37.9
597
59.4
41.2
939
64.1
42.4
1458
71.0
45.3
2004
79.7
50.1
2435
87.4
55.1
2684
93.3
57.9
2688
91.7
57.6
2368
87.6
55.8
1907
77.7
50.0
1315
63.2
42.8
782
53.2
37.9
538
73.4
47.8
1643
San Francisco AP,
CA
T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
55.5
41.5
708
59.0
44.1
1009
60.6
44.9
1455
63.0
46.6
1920
66.3
49.3
2226
69.6
52.0
2377
71.0
53.3
2392
71.8
54.2
2117
73.4
54.3
1742
70.0
51.2
1226
62.7
46.3
821
56.3
42.2
642
64.9
48.3
1608
7
.
1
-
5
6
E
M
I
S
S
I
O
N
F
A
C
T
O
R
S
9
/
9
7
Location
Annual
Santa Maria, CA T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
62.8
38.8
854
64.2
40.3
1141
63.9
40.9
1582
65.6
42.7
1921
67.3
46.2
2141
69.9
49.6
2349
72.1
52.4
2341
72.8
53.2
2106
74.2
51.8
1730
73.3
47.6
1353
68.9
42.1
974
64.6
38.3
804
68.3
45.3
1608
Denver, CO T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
43.1
15.9
840
46.9
20.2
1127
51.2
24.7
1530
61.0
33.7
1879
70.7
43.6
2135
81.6
52.4
2351
88.0
58.7
2273
85.8
57.0
2044
77.5
47.7
1727
66.8
36.9
1301
52.4
25.1
884
46.1
18.9
732
64.3
36.2
1568
Grand Junction, CO T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
35.7
15.2
791
44.5
22.4
1119
54.1
29.7
1554
65.2
38.2
1986
76.2
48.0
2380
87.9
56.6
2599
94.0
63.8
2465
90.3
61.5
2182
81.9
52.2
1834
68.7
41.1
1345
51.0
28.2
918
38.7
17.9
731
65.7
39.6
1659
Wilmington, DE T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
39.2
23.2
571
41.8
24.6
827
50.9
32.6
1149
63.0
41.8
1480
72.7
51.7
1710
81.2
61.2
1883
85.6
66.3
1823
84.1
65.4
1615
77.8
58.0
1318
66.7
45.9
984
54.8
36.4
645
43.6
27.3
489
63.5
44.5
1208
Atlanta, GA T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
51.2
32.6
718
55.3
34.5
969
63.2
41.7
1304
73.2
50.4
1686
79.8
58.7
1854
85.6
65.9
1914
87.9
69.2
1812
87.6
68.7
1709
82.3
63.6
1422
72.9
51.4
1200
62.6
41.3
883
54.1
34.8
674
71.3
51.1
1345
Savannah, GA T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
60.3
37.9
795
63.1
40.0
1044
69.9
46.8
1399
77.8
54.1
1761
84.2
62.3
1852
88.6
68.5
1844
90.8
71.5
1784
90.1
71.4
1621
85.6
67.6
1364
77.8
55.9
1217
69.5
45.5
941
62.5
39.4
754
76.7
55.1
1365
Honolulu, HI T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
79.9
65.3
1180
80.4
65.3
1396
81.4
67.3
1622
82.7
68.7
1796
84.8
70.2
1949
86.2
71.9
2004
87.1
73.1
2002
88.3
73.6
1967
88.2
72.9
1810
86.7
72.2
1540
83.9
69.2
1266
81.4
66.5
1133
84.2
69.7
1639
Chicago, IL T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
29.2
13.6
507
33.9
18.1
760
44.3
27.6
1107
58.8
38.8
1459
70.0
48.1
1789
79.4
57.7
2007
83.3
62.7
1944
82.1
61.7
1719
75.5
53.9
1354
64.1
42.9
969
48.2
31.4
566
35.0
20.3
402
58.7
39.7
1215
Springfield, IL T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
32.8
16.3
585
38.0
20.9
861
48.9
30.3
1143
64.0
42.6
1515
74.6
52.5
1866
84.1
62.0
2097
87.1
65.9
2058
84.7
63.7
1806
79.3
55.8
1454
67.5
44.4
1068
51.2
32.9
677
38.4
23.0
490
62.6
42.5
1302
Indianapolis, IN T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
34.2
17.8
496
38.5
21.1
747
49.3
30.7
1037
63.1
41.7
1398
73.4
51.5
1638
82.3
60.9
1868
85.2
64.9
1806
83.7
62.7
1644
77.9
55.3
1324
66.1
43.4
977
50.8
32.8
579
39.2
23.7
417
62.0
42.2
1165
Wichita, KS T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
39.8
19.4
784
46.1
24.1
1058
55.8
32.4
1406
68.1
44.5
1783
77.1
54.6
2036
87.4
64.7
2264
92.9
69.8
2239
91.5
67.9
2032
82.0
59.2
1616
71.2
46.9
1250
55.1
33.5
871
44.6
24.2
690
67.6
45.1
1502
9
/
9
7
L
i
q
u
i
d
S
t
o
r
a
g
e
T
a
n
k
s
7
.
1
-
5
7
Location
Annual
Louisville, KY T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
40.8
24.1
546
45.0
26.8
789
54.9
35.2
1102
67.5
45.6
1467
76.2
54.6
1720
84.0
63.3
1904
87.6
67.5
1838
86.7
66.1
1680
80.6
59.1
1361
69.2
46.2
1042
55.5
36.6
653
45.4
28.9
488
66.1
46.2
1216
Baton Rouge, LA T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
61.1
40.5
785
64.5
42.7
1054
71.6
49.4
1379
79.2
57.5
1681
85.2
64.3
1871
90.6
70.0
1926
91.4
72.8
1746
90.8
72.0
1677
87.4
68.3
1464
80.1
56.3
1301
70.1
47.2
920
63.8
42.3
737
78.0
57.0
1379
Lake Charles, LA T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
60.8
42.2
728
64.0
44.5
1010
70.5
50.8
1313
77.8
58.9
1570
84.1
65.6
1849
89.4
71.4
1970
91.0
73.5
1788
90.8
72.8
1657
87.5
68.9
1485
80.8
57.7
1381
70.5
48.9
917
64.0
43.8
706
77.6
58.3
1365
New Orleans, LA T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
61.8
43.0
835
64.6
44.8
1112
71.2
51.6
1415
78.6
58.8
1780
84.5
65.3
1968
89.5
70.9
2004
90.7
73.5
1814
90.2
73.1
1717
86.8
70.1
1514
79.4
59.0
1335
70.1
49.9
973
64.4
44.8
779
77.7
58.7
1437
Detroit, MI T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
30.6
16.1
417
33.5
18.0
680
43.4
26.5
1000
57.7
36.9
1399
69.4
46.7
1716
79.0
56.3
1866
83.1
60.7
1835
81.5
59.4
1576
74.4
52.2
1253
62.5
41.2
876
47.6
31.4
478
35.4
21.6
344
58.2
38.9
1120
Grand Rapids, MI T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
29.0
14.9
370
31.7
15.6
648
41.6
24.5
1014
56.9
35.6
1412
69.4
45.5
1755
78.9
55.3
1957
83.0
59.8
1914
81.1
58.1
1676
73.4
50.8
1262
61.4
40.4
858
46.0
30.9
446
33.8
20.7
311
57.2
37.7
1135
Minneapolis-
St. Paul, MN
T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
19.9
2.4
464
26.4
8.5
764
37.5
20.8
1104
56.0
36.0
1442
69.4
47.6
1737
78.5
57.7
1928
83.4
62.7
1970
80.9
60.3
1687
71.0
50.2
1255
59.7
39.4
860
41.1
25.3
480
26.7
11.7
353
54.2
35.2
1170
Jackson, MS T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
56.5
34.9
754
60.9
37.2
1026
68.4
44.2
1369
77.3
52.9
1708
84.1
60.8
1941
90.5
67.9
2024
92.5
71.3
1909
92.1
70.2
1781
87.6
65.1
1509
78.6
51.4
1271
67.5
42.3
902
60.0
37.1
709
76.3
52.9
1409
Billings, MT T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
29.9
11.8
486
37.9
18.8
763
44.0
23.6
1190
55.9
33.2
1526
66.4
43.3
1913
76.3
51.6
2174
86.6
58.0
2384
84.3
56.2
2022
72.3
46.5
1470
61.0
37.5
987
44.4
25.5
561
36.0
18.2
421
57.9
35.4
1325
Las Vegas, NV T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
56.0
33.0
978
62.4
37.7
1340
68.3
42.3
1824
77.2
49.8
2319
87.4
59.0
2646
98.6
68.6
2778
104.5
75.9
2588
101.9
73.9
2355
94.7
65.6
2037
81.5
53.5
1540
66.0
41.2
1086
57.1
33.6
881
79.6
52.8
1864
Newark, NJ T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
38.2
24.2
552
40.3
25.3
793
49.1
33.3
1109
61.3
42.9
1449
71.6
53.0
1687
80.6
62.4
1795
85.6
67.9
1760
84.0
67.0
1565
76.9
59.4
1273
66.0
48.3
951
54.0
39.0
596
42.3
28.6
454
62.5
45.9
1165
7
.
1
-
5
8
E
M
I
S
S
I
O
N
F
A
C
T
O
R
S
9
/
9
7
Location
Annual
Roswell, NM T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
55.4
27.4
1047
60.4
31.4
1373
67.7
37.9
1807
76.9
46.8
2218
85.0
55.6
2459
93.1
64.8
2610
93.7
69.0
2441
91.3
67.0
2242
84.9
59.6
1913
75.8
47.5
1527
63.1
35.0
1131
56.7
28.2
952
75.3
47.5
1810
Buffalo, NY T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
30.0
17.0
349
31.4
17.5
546
40.4
25.6
889
54.4
36.3
1315
65.9
46.3
1597
75.6
56.4
1804
80.2
61.2
1776
78.2
59.6
1513
71.4
52.7
1152
60.2
42.7
784
47.0
33.6
403
35.0
22.5
283
55.8
39.3
1034
New York, NY
(LaGuardia
Airport)
T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
37.4
26.1
548
39.2
27.3
795
47.3
34.6
1118
59.6
44.2
1457
69.7
53.7
1690
78.7
63.2
1802
83.9
68.9
1784
82.3
68.2
1583
75.2
61.2
1280
64.5
50.5
951
52.9
41.2
593
41.5
30.8
457
61.0
47.5
1171
Cleveland, OH T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
32.5
18.5
388
34.8
19.9
601
44.8
28.4
922
57.9
38.3
1350
68.5
47.9
1681
78.0
57.2
1843
81.7
61.4
1828
80.3
60.5
1583
74.2
54.0
1240
62.7
43.6
867
49.3
34.3
466
37.5
24.6
318
58.5
40.7
1091
Columbus, OH T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
34.7
19.4
459
38.1
21.5
677
49.3
30.6
980
62.3
40.5
1353
72.6
50.2
1647
81.3
59.0
1813
84.4
63.2
1755
83.0
61.7
1641
76.9
54.6
1282
65.0
42.8
945
50.7
33.5
538
39.4
24.7
387
61.5
41.8
1123
Toledo, OH T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
30.7
15.5
435
34.0
17.5
680
44.6
26.1
997
59.1
36.5
1384
70.5
46.6
1717
79.9
56.0
1878
83.4
60.2
1849
81.8
58.4
1616
75.1
51.2
1276
63.3
40.1
911
47.9
30.6
498
35.5
20.6
355
58.8
38.3
1133
Oklahoma City, OK T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
46.6
25.2
801
52.2
29.4
1055
61.0
37.1
1400
71.7
48.6
1725
79.0
57.7
1918
87.6
66.3
2144
93.5
70.6
2128
92.8
69.4
1950
84.7
61.9
1554
74.3
50.2
1233
59.9
37.6
901
50.7
29.1
725
71.2
48.6
1461
Tulsa, OK T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
45.6
24.8
732
51.9
29.5
978
60.8
37.7
1306
72.4
49.5
1603
79.7
58.5
1822
87.9
67.5
2021
93.9
72.4
2031
93.0
70.3
1865
85.0
62.5
1473
74.9
50.3
1164
60.2
38.1
827
50.3
29.3
659
71.3
49.2
1373
Astoria, OR T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
46.8
35.4
315
50.6
37.1
545
51.9
36.9
866
55.5
39.7
1253
60.2
44.1
1608
63.9
49.2
1626
67.9
52.2
1746
68.6
52.6
1499
67.8
49.2
1183
61.4
44.3
713
53.5
39.7
387
48.8
37.3
261
58.1
43.1
1000
Portland, OR T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
44.3
33.5
310
50.4
36.0
554
54.5
37.4
895
60.2
40.6
1308
66.9
46.4
1663
72.7
52.2
1773
79.5
55.8
2037
78.6
55.8
1674
74.2
51.1
1217
63.9
44.6
724
52.3
38.6
388
46.4
35.4
260
62.0
44.0
1067
Philadelphia, PA T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
38.6
23.8
555
41.1
25.0
795
50.5
33.1
1108
63.2
42.6
1434
73.0
52.5
1660
81.7
61.5
1811
86.1
66.8
1758
84.6
66.0
1575
77.8
58.6
1281
66.5
46.5
959
54.5
37.1
619
43.0
28.0
470
63.4
45.1
1169
9
/
9
7
L
i
q
u
i
d
S
t
o
r
a
g
e
T
a
n
k
s
7
.
1
-
5
9
Location
Annual
Pittsburgh, PA T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
34.1
19.2
424
36.8
20.7
625
47.6
29.4
943
60.7
39.4
1317
70.8
48.5
1602
79.1
57.1
1762
82.7
61.3
1689
81.1
60.1
1510
74.8
53.3
1209
62.9
42.1
895
49.8
33.3
505
38.4
24.3
347
59.9
40.7
1069
Providence, RI T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
36.4
20.0
506
37.7
20.9
739
45.5
29.2
1032
57.5
38.3
1374
67.6
47.6
1655
76.6
57.0
1776
81.7
63.3
1695
80.3
61.9
1499
73.1
53.8
1209
63.2
43.1
907
51.9
34.8
538
40.5
24.1
419
59.3
41.2
1112
Columbia, SC T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
56.2
33.2
762
59.5
34.6
1021
67.1
41.9
1355
77.0
50.5
1747
83.8
59.1
1895
89.2
66.1
1947
91.9
70.1
1842
91.0
69.4
1703
85.5
63.9
1439
76.5
50.3
1211
67.1
40.6
921
58.8
34.7
722
75.3
51.2
1380
Sioux Falls, SD T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
22.9
1.9
533
29.3
8.9
802
40.1
20.6
1152
58.1
34.6
1543
70.5
45.7
1894
80.3
56.3
2100
86.2
61.8
2150
83.9
59.7
1845
73.5
48.5
1410
62.1
36.7
1005
43.7
22.3
608
29.3
10.1
441
56.7
33.9
1290
Memphis, TN T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
48.3
30.9
683
53.0
34.1
945
61.4
41.9
1278
72.9
52.2
1639
81.0
60.9
1885
88.4
68.9
2045
91.5
72.6
1972
90.3
70.8
1824
84.3
64.1
1471
74.5
51.3
1205
61.4
41.1
817
52.3
34.3
629
71.6
51.9
1366
Amarillo, TX T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
49.1
21.7
960
53.1
26.1
1244
60.8
32.0
1631
71.0
42.0
2019
79.1
51.9
2212
88.2
61.5
2393
91.4
66.2
2281
89.6
64.5
2103
82.4
56.9
1761
72.7
45.5
1404
58.7
32.1
1033
51.8
24.8
872
70.7
43.8
1659
Corpus Christi, TX T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
66.5
46.1
898
69.9
48.7
1147
76.1
55.7
1430
82.1
63.9
1642
86.7
69.5
1866
91.2
74.1
2094
94.2
75.6
2186
94.1
75.8
1991
90.1
72.8
1687
83.9
64.1
1416
75.1
54.9
1043
69.3
48.8
845
81.6
62.5
1521
Dallas, TX T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
54.0
33.9
822
59.1
37.8
1071
67.2
44.9
1422
76.8
55.0
1627
84.4
62.9
1889
93.2
70.8
2135
97.8
74.7
2122
97.3
73.7
1950
89.7
67.5
1587
79.5
56.3
1276
66.2
44.9
936
58.1
37.4
780
76.9
55.0
1468
Houston, TX T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
61.9
40.8
772
65.7
43.2
1034
72.1
49.8
1297
79.0
58.3
1522
85.1
64.7
1775
90.9
70.2
1898
93.6
72.5
1828
93.1
72.1
1686
88.7
68.1
1471
81.9
57.5
1276
71.6
48.6
924
65.2
42.7
730
79.1
57.4
1351
Midland-Odessa,
TX
T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
57.6
29.7
1081
62.1
33.3
1383
69.8
40.2
1839
78.8
49.4
2192
86.0
58.2
2430
93.0
66.6
2562
94.2
69.2
2389
93.1
68.0
2210
86.4
61.9
1844
77.7
51.1
1522
65.5
39.0
1176
59.7
32.2
1000
77.0
49.9
1802
Salt Lake City, UT T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
d
37.4
19.7
639
43.7
24.4
989
51.5
29.9
1454
61.1
37.2
1894
72.4
45.2
2362
83.3
53.3
2561
93.2
61.8
2590
90.0
59.7
2254
80.0
50.0
1843
66.7
39.3
1293
50.2
29.2
788
38.9
21.6
570
64.0
39.3
1603
7
.
1
-
6
0
E
M
I
S
S
I
O
N
F
A
C
T
O
R
S
9
/
9
7
Location
Annual
Richmond, VA T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
day
46.7
26.5
632
49.6
28.1
877
58.5
35.8
1210
70.6
45.1
1566
77.9
54.2
1762
84.8
62.2
1872
88.4
67.2
1774
87.1
66.4
1601
81.0
59.3
1348
70.5
46.7
1033
60.5
37.3
733
50.2
29.6
567
68.8
46.5
1248
Seattle, WA
(Sea-Tac Airport)
T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
day
43.9
34.3
262
48.8
36.8
495
51.1
37.2
849
56.8
40.5
1294
64.0
46.0
1714
69.2
51.1
1802
75.2
54.3
2248
73.9
54.3
1616
68.7
51.2
1148
59.5
45.3
656
50.3
39.3
337
45.6
36.3
211
58.9
43.9
1053
Charleston, WV T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
day
41.8
23.9
498
45.4
25.8
707
55.4
34.1
1010
67.3
43.3
1356
76.0
51.8
1639
82.5
59.4
1776
85.2
63.8
1683
84.2
63.1
1514
78.7
56.4
1272
67.7
44.0
972
55.6
35.0
613
45.9
27.8
440
65.5
44.0
1123
Huntington, WV T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
day
41.1
24.5
526
45.0
26.6
757
55.2
35.0
1067
67.2
44.4
1448
75.7
52.8
1710
82.6
60.7
1844
85.6
65.1
1769
84.4
64.0
1580
78.7
57.2
1306
67.6
44.9
1004
55.2
35.9
638
45.2
28.5
467
65.3
45.0
1176
Cheyenne, WY T
AX
T
AN
I
F
F
Btu/ft
2
day
37.3
14.8
766
40.7
17.9
1068
43.6
20.6
1433
54.0
29.6
1771
64.6
39.7
1995
75.4
48.5
2258
83.1
54.6
2230
80.8
52.8
1966
72.1
43.7
1667
61.0
34.0
1242
46.5
23.1
823
40.4
18.2
671
58.3
33.1
1491
a
References 13 and 14, T
AX
= daily maximum ambient temperature, T
AN
= daily minimum ambient temperature, I = daily total solar
insolation factor.
9
/
9
7
L
i
q
u
i
d
S
t
o
r
a
g
e
T
a
n
k
s
7
.
1
-
6
1
Table 7.1-8. RIM-SEAL LOSS FACTORS, K
Ra
, K
Rb
, and n,
FOR FLOATING ROOF TANKS
a
Tank Construction And
Rim-Seal System
Average-Fitting Seals
K
Ra
(lb-mole/ft-yr)
K
Rb
[lb-mole/(mph)
n
-ft-yr]
n
(dimensionless)
Welded Tanks
Mechanical-shoe seal
Primary only
b
Shoe-mounted secondary
Rim-mounted secondary
5.8
1.6
0.6
0.3
0.3
0.4
2.1
1.6
1.0
Liquid-mounted seal
Primary only
Weather shield
1.6
0.7
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.6
1.5
1.2
0.3
Vapor-mounted seal
Primary only
Weather shield
6.7
c
3.3
2.2
0.2
0.1
0.003
3.0
3.0
4.3
Riveted Tanks
Mechanical-shoe seal
Primary only
Shoe-mounted secondary
10.8
9.2
1.1
0.4
0.2
0.3
2.0
1.9
1.5
Note: The rim-seal loss factors K
Ra
, K
Rb
, and n may only be used for wind speeds below 15 miles
per hour.
a
Reference 15.
b
If no specific information is available, a welded tank with an average-fitting mechanical-shoe
primary seal can be used to represent the most common or typical construction and rim-seal system
in use for external and domed external floating roof tanks.
c
If no specific information is available, this value can be assumed to represent the most common or
typical rim-seal system currently in use for internal floating roof tanks.
Table 7.1-9. AVERAGE ANNUAL WIND SPEED (v) FOR SELECTED U. S. LOCATIONS
a
Location
Wind
Speed
(mph) Location
Wind
Speed
(mph) Location
Wind
Speed
(mph)
Alabama Arizona (continued) Delaware
Birmingham 7.2 Winslow 8.9 Wilmington 9.1
Huntsville 8.2 Yuma 7.8 District of Columbia
Mobile 9.0 Dulles Airport 7.4
Montgomery 6.6 Arkansas National Airport 9.4
Fort Smith 7.6
Alaska Little Rock 7.8 Florida
Anchorage 6.9 Apalachicola 7.8
Annette 10.6 California Daytona Beach 8.7
Barrow 11.8 Bakersfield 6.4 Fort Meyers 8.1
Barter Island 13.2 Blue Canyon 6.8 Jacksonville 8.0
Bethel 12.8 Eureka 6.8 Key West 11.2
Bettles 6.7 Fresno 6.3 Miami 9.3
Big Delta 8.2 Long Beach 6.4 Orlando 8.5
Cold Bay 17.0 Los Angeles (City) 6.2 Pensacola 8.4
Fairbanks 5.4 Los Angeles Intl. Airport 7.5 Tallahassee 6.3
Gulkana 6.8 Mount Shasta 5.1 Tampa 8.4
Homer 7.6 Sacramento 7.9 West Palm Beach 9.6
Juneau 8.3 San Diego 6.9
King Salmon 10.8 San Francisco (City) 8.7 Georgia
Kodiak 10.8 San Francisco Airport 10.6 Athens 7.4
Kotzebue 13.0 Santa Maria 7.0 Atlanta 9.1
McGrath 5.1 Stockton 7.5 Augusta 6.5
Nome 10.7 Columbus 6.7
St. Paul Island 17.7 Colorado Macon 7.6
Talkeetna 4.8 Colorado Springs 10.1 Savannah 7.9
Valdez 6.0 Denver 8.7
Yakutat 7.4 Grand Junction 8.1 Hawaii
Pueblo 8.7 Hilo 7.2
Arizona Honolulu 11.4
Flagstaff 6.8 Connecticut Kahului 12.8
Phoenix 6.3 Bridgeport 12.0 Lihue 12.2
Tucson 8.3 Hartford 8.5
Location
Wind
Speed
(mph) Location
Wind
Speed
(mph) Location
Wind
Speed
(mph)
Idaho Louisiana Mississippi
Boise 8.8 Baton Rouge 7.6 Jackson 7.4
Pocatello 10.2 Lake Charles 8.7 Meridian 6.1
New Orleans 8.2
Illinois Shreveport 8.4 Missouri
Cairo 8.5 Columbia 9.9
Chicago 10.3 Maine Kansas City 10.8
Moline 10.0 Caribou 11.2 Saint Louis 9.7
Peoria 10.0 Portland 8.8 Springfield 10.7
Rockford 10.0
Springfield 11.2 Maryland Montana
Baltimore 9.2 Billings 11.2
Indiana Glasgow 10.8
Evansville 8.1 Massachusetts Great Falls 12.8
Fort Wayne 10.0 Blue Hill Observatory 15.4 Helena 7.8
Indianapolis 9.6 Boston 12.5 Kalispell 6.6
South Bend 10.3 Worcester 10.1 Missoula 6.2
Iowa Michigan Nebraska
Des Moines 10.9 Alpena 8.1 Grand Island 11.9
Sioux City 11.0 Detroit 10.4 Lincoln 10.4
Waterloo 10.7 Flint 10.2 Norfolk 11.7
Grand Rapids 9.8 North Platte 10.2
Kansas Houghton Lake 8.9 Omaha 10.6
Concordia 12.3 Lansing 10.0 Scottsbuff 10.6
Dodge City 14.0 Muskegon 10.7 Valentine 9.7
Goodland 12.6 Sault Sainte Marie 9.3
Topeka 10.0 Nevada
Wichita 12.3 Minnesota Elko 6.0
Duluth 11.1 Ely 10.3
Kentucky International Falls 8.9 Las Vegas 9.3
Cincinnati Airport 9.1 Minneapolis-Saint Paul 10.6 Reno 6.6
Jackson 7.2 Rochester 13.1 Winnemucca 8.0
Lexington 9.3 Saint Cloud 8.0
Louisville 8.4
Location
Wind
Speed
(mph) Location
Wind
Speed
(mph) Location
Wind
Speed
(mph)
New Hampshire Ohio Rhode Island
Concord 6.7 Akron 9.8 Providence 10.6
Mount Washington 35.3 Cleveland 10.6
Columbus 8.5 South Carolina
New Jersey Dayton 9.9 Charleston 8.6
Atlantic City 10.1 Mansfield 11.0 Columbia 6.9
Newark 10.2 Toledo
Youngstown
9.4
9.9
Greenville-
Spartanburg
6.9
New Mexico South Dakota
Albuquerque 9.1 Oklahoma Aberdeen 11.2
Roswell 8.6 Oklahoma City 12.4 Huron 11.5
Tulsa 10.3 Rapid City 11.3
New York Sioux Falls 11.1
Albany 8.9 Oregon
Birmingham 10.3 Astoria 8.6 Tennessee
Buffalo 12.0 Eugene 7.6 Bristol-Johnson
City
5.5
New York (Central Park) 9.4 Medford 4.8 Chattanooga 6.1
New York (JFK Airport) 12.0 Pendleton 8.7 Knoxville 7.0
New York (La Guardia
Airport) 12.2 Portland 7.9 Memphis 8.9
Rochester 9.7 Salem 7.1 Nashville 8.0
Syracuse 9.5 Sexton Summit 11.8 Oak Ridge 4.4
North Carolina Pennsylvania Texas
Asheville 7.6 Allentown 9.2 Abilene 12.0
Cape Hatteras 11.1 Avoca 8.3 Amarillo 13.6
Charlotte 7.5 Erie 11.3 Austin 9.2
Greensboro-High Point 7.5 Harrisburg 7.6 Brownsville 11.5
Raleigh 7.8 Philadelphia 9.5 Corpus Christi 12.0
Wilmington 8.8 Pittsburgh Intl
Airport
9.1 Dallas-Fort Worth 10.8
Williamsport 7.8 Del Rio 9.9
North Dakota El Paso 8.9
Bismark 10.2 Puerto Rico Galveston 11.0
Fargo 12.3 San Juan 8.4 Houston 7.9
Williston 10.1 Lubbock 12.4
Location
Wind
Speed
(mph) Location
Wind
Speed
(mph)
Texas (continued) Wisconsin
Midland-Odessa 11.1 Green Bay 10.0
Port Arthur 9.8 La Crosse 8.8
San Angelo 10.4 Madison 9.9
San Antonio 9.3 Milwaukee 11.6
Victoria 10.1
Waco 11.3 Wyoming
Wichita Falls 11.7 Casper 12.9
Cheyenne 13.0
Utah Lander 6.8
Salt Lake City 8.9 Sheridan 8.0
Vermont
Burlington 8.9
Virginia
Lynchburg 7.7
Norfolk 10.7
Richmond 7.7
Roanoke 8.1
Washington
Olympia 6.7
Quillayute 6.1
Seattle Intl. Airport 9.0
Spokane 8.9
Walla Walla 5.3
Yakima 7.1
West Virginia
Belkley 9.1
Charleston 6.3
Elkins 6.2
Huntington 6.6
a
Reference 13.
Table 7.1-10. AVERAGE CLINGAGE FACTORS, C
a
(bbl/10
3
ft
2
)
Product Stored Shell Condition
Light Rust Dense Rust Gunite Lining
Gasoline 0.0015 0.0075 0.15
Single-component stocks 0.0015 0.0075 0.15
Crude oil 0.0060 0.030 0.60
a
Reference 3. If no specific information is available, the values in this table can be assumed to
represent the most common or typical condition of tanks currently in use.
Table 7.1-11. TYPICAL NUMBER OF COLUMNS AS A FUNCTION OF TANK
DIAMETER FOR INTERNAL FLOATING ROOF TANKS WITH COLUMN-
SUPPORTED FIXED ROOFS
a
Tank Diameter Range D, (ft)
Typical Number
Of Columns, N
C
0 < D 85 1
85 < D 100
100 < D 120
120 < D 135
135 < D 150
6
7
8
9
150 < D 170
170 < D 190
190 < D 220
220 < D 235
235 < D 270
16
19
22
31
37
270 < D 275
275 < D 290
290 < D 330
330 < D 360
360 < D 400
43
49
61
71
81
a
Reference 4. This table was derived from a survey of users and manufacturers. The actual number
of columns in a particular tank may vary greatly with age, fixed roof style, loading specifications,
and manufacturing prerogatives. Data in this table should not be used when actual tank data are
available.
Table 7.1-12. DECK-FITTING LOSS FACTORS, K
Fa
, K
Fb
,
AND m, AND TYPICAL NUMBER OF DECK FITTINGS, N
F
a
Fitting Type And Construction Details
Loss Factors
Typical Number Of
Fittings, N
F
K
Fa
(lb-mole/yr)
K
Fb
(lb-mole/(mph)
m
-yr)
m
(dimensionless)
Access hatch (24-inch diameter well)
Bolted cover, gasketed
b
Unbolted cover, ungasketed
Unbolted cover, gasketed
1.6
36
c
31
0
5.9
5.2
0
1.2
1.3
1
Fixed roof support column well
d
Round pipe, ungasketed sliding cover
Round pipe, gasketed sliding cover
Round pipe, flexible fabric sleeve seal
Built-up column, ungasketed sliding cover
c
Built-up column, gasketed sliding cover
31
25
10
47
33
N
C
(Table 7.1-11)
Unslotted guide-pole and well (8-inch
diameter unslotted pole, 21-inch
diameter well)
Ungasketed sliding cover
b
Ungasketed sliding cover w/pole sleeve
Gasketed sliding cover
Gasketed sliding cover w/pole wiper
Gasketed sliding cover w/pole sleeve
31
25
25
14
8.6
150
2.2
13
3.7
12
1.4
2.1
2.2
0.78
0.81
1
Slotted guide-pole/sample well (8-inch
diameter slotted pole, 21-inch
diameter well)
e
Ungasketed or gasketed sliding cover
Ungasketed or gasketed sliding cover,
with float
g
Gasketed sliding cover, with pole wiper
Gasketed sliding cover, with pole sleeve
Gasketed sliding cover, with pole sleeve
and pole wiper
Gasketed sliding cover, with float and
pole wiper
g
Gasketed sliding cover, with float, pole
sleeve, and pole wiper
h
43
31
41
11
8.3
21
11
270
36
48
46
4.4
7.9
9.9
1.4
2.0
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.8
0.89
f
Gauge-float well (automatic gauge)
Unbolted cover, ungasketed
b
Unbolted cover, gasketed
Bolted cover, gasketed
14
c
4.3
2.8
5.4
17
0
1.1
0.38
0
1
Gauge-hatch/sample port
Weighted mechanical actuation,
gasketed
b
ungasketed
Slit fabric seal, 10% open area
c
0.47
2.3
12
0.02
0
0.97
0
1
Vacuum breaker
ungasketed
Weighted mechanical actuation, gasketed
b
7.8
6.2
c
0.01
1.2
4.0
0.94
N
vb
(Table 7.1-13)
j
Fitting Type And Construction Details
Loss Factors
Typical Number Of
Fittings, N
F
K
Fa
(lb-mole/yr)
K
Fb
(lb-mole/(mph)
m
-yr)
m
(dimensionless)
Deck drain (3-inch diameter)
Open
b
90% closed
1.5
1.8
0.21
0.14
1.7
1.1
N
d
(Table 7.1-13)
Stub drain (1-inch diameter)
k
1.2 N
d
(Table 7.1-15)
Deck leg (3-inch diameter)
Adjustable, internal floating deck
c
Adjustable, pontoon area - ungasketed
b
Adjustable, pontoon area - gasketed
Adjustable, pontoon area - sock
Adjustable, center area - ungasketed
b
Adjustable, center area - gasketed
m
Adjustable, center area - sock
m
Adjustable, double-deck roofs
Fixed
7.9
2.0
1.3
1.2
0.82
0.53
0.49
0.82
0
0.37
0.08
0.14
0.53
0.11
0.16
0.53
0
0.91
0.65
0.65
0.14
0.13
0.14
0.14
0
N
l
(Table 7.1-15),
(Table 7.1-14)
Rim vent
n
Weighted mechanical actuation, ungasketed
Weighted mechanical actuation, gasketed
b
0.68
0.71
1.8
0.10
1.0
1.0
1
Ladder well
Sliding cover, ungasketed
c
Sliding cover, gasketed
76
56
1
d
Note: The deck-fitting loss factors, K
Fa
, K
Fb
, and m, may only be used for wind speeds below
15 miles per hour.
a
Reference 5, unless otherwise indicated.
b
typical deck fitting currently in use for external and domed external floating roof tanks.
c
typical deck fitting currently in use for internal floating roof tanks.
d
Column wells and ladder wells are not typically used with self supported fixed roofs.
e
References 16,19.
f
A slotted guide-pole/sample well is an optional fitting and is not typically used.
g
Tests were conducted with floats positioned with the float wiper at and 1 inch above the sliding
cover. The user is cautioned against applying these factors to floats that are positioned with the
wiper or top of the float below the sliding cover ("short floats"). The emission factor for such a
float is expected to be between the factors for a guidepole without a float and with a float,
depending upon the position of the float top and/or wiper within the guidepole.
h
Tests were conducted with floats positioned with the float wiper at varying heights with respect to
the sliding cover. This fitting configuration also includes a pole sleeve which restricts the airflow
from the well vapor space into the slotted guidepole. Consequently, the float position within the
guidepole (at, above, or below the sliding cover) is not expected to significantly affect emission
levels for this fitting configuration, since the function of the pole sleeve is to restrict the flow of
vapor from the vapor space below the deck into the guidepole.
j
N
vb
= 1 for internal floating roof tanks.
k
Stub drains are not used on welded contact internal floating decks.
m
These loss factors were derived using the results from pontoon-area deck legs with gaskets and
socks.
n
Rim vents are used only with mechanical-shoe primary seals.
Table 7.1-13. EXTERNAL FLOATING ROOF TANKS: TYPICAL NUMBER OF
VACUUM BREAKERS, N
vb
, AND DECK DRAINS, N
d
a
Tank Diameter
D (feet)
b
Number Of Vacuum Breakers, N
vb
Number Of Deck drains, N
d
Pontoon Roof Double-Deck Roof
50 1 1 1
100 1 1 1
150 2 2 2
200 3 2 3
250 4 3 5
300 5 3 7
350 6 4 ND
400 7 4 ND
a
of vacuum breakers may vary greatly depending on throughput and manufacturing prerogatives. The
actual number of deck drains may also vary greatly depending on the design rainfall and
manufacturing prerogatives. For tanks more than 350 feet in diameter, actual tank data or the
manufacturers recommendations may be needed for the number of deck drains. This table should
not be used when actual tank data are available. ND = no data.
b
If the actual diameter is between the diameters listed, the closest diameter listed should be used. If
the actual diameter is midway between the diameters listed, the next larger diameter should be used.
Table 7.1-14. EXTERNAL FLOATING ROOF TANKS: TYPICAL NUMBER OF
ROOF LEGS, N
l
a
Tank Diameter, D (feet)
b
Pontoon Roof
Number Of Legs On
Double-Deck Roof
Number Of Pontoon
Legs Number Of Center Legs
30
40
50
4
4
6
2
4
6
6
7
8
60
70
80
90
100
9
13
15
16
17
7
9
10
12
16
10
13
16
20
25
110
120
130
140
150
18
19
20
21
23
20
24
28
33
38
29
34
40
46
52
160
170
180
190
200
26
27
28
29
30
42
49
56
62
69
58
66
74
82
90
210
220
230
240
250
31
32
33
34
35
77
83
92
101
109
98
107
115
127
138
260
270
280
290
300
36
36
37
38
38
118
128
138
148
156
149
162
173
186
200
310
320
330
340
350
39
39
40
41
42
168
179
190
202
213
213
226
240
255
270
360
370
380
390
400
44
45
46
47
48
226
238
252
266
281
285
300
315
330
345
a
of roof legs may vary greatly depending on age, style of floating roof, loading specifications, and
manufacturing prerogatives. This table should not be used when actual tank data are available.
b
If the actual diameter is between the diameters listed, the closest diameter listed should be used. If
the actual diameter is midway between the diameters listed, the next larger diameter should be used.
Table 7.1-15. INTERNAL FLOATING ROOF TANKS: TYPICAL NUMBER
OF DECK LEGS, N
1
, AND STUB DRAINS, N
d
a
Deck fitting type Typical Number Of Fittings, N
F
Deck leg or hanger well
b
(5
D
10
D
2
600
)
Stub drain (1-inch diameter)
b,c
(
D
2
125
)
a
Reference 4
b
c
Not used on welded contact internal floating decks.
Table 7.1-16. DECK SEAM LENGTH FACTORS (S
D
) FOR TYPICAL DECK
CONSTRUCTIONS FOR INTERNAL FLOATING ROOF TANKS
a
Deck Construction
Typical Deck Seam Length Factor,
S
D
(ft/ft
2
)
Continuous sheet construction
b
5 ft wide
6 ft wide
7 ft wide
0.20
c
0.17
0.14
Panel construction
d
5 x 7.5 ft rectangular
5 x 12 ft rectangular
0.33
0.28
a
Reference 4. Deck seam loss applies to bolted decks only.
b
S
D
= 1/W, where W = sheet width (ft).
c
If no specific information is available, this value can be assumed to represent the most common
bolted decks currently in use.
d
S
D
= (L+W)/LW, where W = panel width (ft) and L = panel length (ft).
7.1.5 Sample Calculations
Example 1 - Chemical Mixture in a Fixed Roof Tank
Determine the yearly emission rate of the total product mixture and each component for a chemical
mixture stored in a vertical cone roof tank in Denver, Colorado. The chemical mixture contains (for
every 3,171 lb of mixture) 2,812 lb of benzene, 258 lb of toluene, and 101 lb of cyclohexane. The
tank is 6 ft in diameter, 12 ft high, usually holds about 8 ft of product, and is painted white. The tank
working volume is 1,690 gallons. The number of turnovers per year for the tank is five (i. e., the
throughput of the tank is 8,450 gal/yr).
Solution
1. Determine tank type. The tank is a fixed-cone roof, vertical tank.
2. Determine estimating methodology. The product is made up of three organic liquids, all of which
are miscible in each other, which makes a homogenous mixture if the material is well mixed. The
tank emission rate will be based upon the properties of the mixture. Raoults Law (as discussed in the
HAP Speciation Section) is assumed to apply to the mixture and will be used to determine the
properties of the mixture.
3. Select equations to be used. For a vertical, fixed roof storage tank, the following equations apply:
L
T
= L
S
+ L
W
(1-1)
L
S
= 365 W
V
V
V
K
E
K
S
(1-2)
L
W
= 0.0010 M
V
P
VA
QK
N
K
P
(1-23)
where:
L
T
= total loss, lb/yr
L
S
= standing storage loss, lb/yr
L
W
= working loss, lb/yr
V
V
= tank vapor space volume, ft
3
V
V
= /4 D
2
H
VO
(1-3)
W
V
3
K
E
= vapor space expansion factor, dimensionless
(1-9)
W
V
M
V
P
VA
RT
LA
K
S
= vented vapor space saturation factor, dimensionless
(1-16)
K
E
T
V
T
LA
P
V
P
B
P
A
P
VA
D = diameter, ft
(1-22) K
S
1
1 0.053 P
VA
H
VO
H
VO
M
V
= molecular weight of vapor, lb/lb-mole
P
VA
= vapor pressure at the daily average liquid surface temperature, psia
R = ideal gas constant =
10.731 psia ft
3
lb mole R
T
LA
T
V
P
V
P
B
= breather vent pressure setting range, psi
P
A
Q = annual net throughput, bbl/yr
K
N
= working loss turnover factor, dimensionless
K
P
= working loss product factor, dimensionless
4. Calculate each component of the standing storage loss and working loss functions.
a. Tank vapor space volume, V
V
:
V
V
= /4 D
2
H
VO
(1-3)
D = 6 ft (given)
For a cone roof, the vapor space outage, H
VO
is calculated by:
H
VO
= H
S
- H
L
+ H
RO
(1-4)
H
S
= tank shell height, 12 ft (given)
H
L
= stock liquid height, 8 ft (given)
H
RO
= roof outage, 1/3 H
R
= 1/3(S
R
)(R
S
) (1-6)
S
R
= tank cone roof slope, 0.0625 ft/ft (given) (see Note 1 to Equation 1-4)
R
S
= tank shell radius = 1/2 D = 1/2 (6) = 3
Substituting values in Equation 1-6 yields,
H
RO
= 1 (0.0625)(3) = 0.0625 ft
3
Then use Equation 1-4 to calculate H
VO
,
H
VO
= 12 - 8 + 0.0625 = 4.0625 ft
Therefore,
V
V
= (6)
2
(4.0625) = 114.86 ft
3
4
b. Vapor density, W
V
:
(1-9)
W
V
M
V
P
VA
R T
LA
R = ideal gas constant = 10.731 psia ft
3
lb-mole R
M
V
= stock vapor molecular weight, lb/lb-mole
P
VA
= stock vapor pressure at the daily average liquid surface temperature, psia
T
LA
First, calculate T
LA
using Equation 1-13.
T
LA
= 0.44 T
AA
+ 0.56 T
B
+ 0.0079 I (1-13)
where:
T
AA
= daily average ambient temperature, R
T
B
= liquid bulk temperature, R
I = daily total solar insolation, Btu/ft
2
d = 1,568 (see Table 7.1-7)
= tank paint solar absorptance = 0.17 (see Table 7.1-6)
T
AA
and T
B
must be calculated from Equations 1-14 and 1-15.
from Table 7.1-7, for Denver, Colorado:
(1-14)
T
AA
T
AX
T
AN
2
T
AX
= daily maximum ambient temperature = 64.3F
T
AN
= daily minimum ambient temperature = 36.2F
Converting to R:
T
AX
= 64.3 + 460 = 524.3R
T
AN
= 36.2 + 460 = 496.2R
Therefore,
T
AA
= (524.3 + 496.2)/2 = 510.25 R
T
B
= liquid bulk temperature = T
AA
+ 6 - 1 (1-15)
T
AA
= 510.25 R from previous calculation
= paint solar absorptance = 0.17 (see Table 7.1-6)
I = daily total solar insolation on a horizontal surface = 1,568 Btu/ft
2
d (see
Table 7.1-7)
Substituting values in Equation 1-15
T
B
= 510.25 + 6 (0.17) - 1 = 510.27 R
Using Equation 1-13,
T
LA
= (0.44) (510.25R) + 0.56 (510.27R) + 0.0079 (0.17) (1,568) = 512.36R
Second, calculate P
VA
using Raoults Law.
According to Raoults Law, the partial pressure of a component is the product of its pure vapor
pressure and its liquid mole fraction. The sum of the partial pressures is equal to the total vapor
pressure of the component mixture stock.
The pure vapor pressures for benzene, toluene, and cyclohexane can be calculated from Antoines
equation. Table 7.1-5 provides the Antoines coefficients for benzene, which are A = 6.905,
B = 1,211.033, and C = 220.79. For toluene, A = 6.954, B = 1,344.8, and C = 219.48. For
cyclohexane, A = 6.841, B = 1,201.53, and C = 222.65. Therefore:
T
LA
, average liquid surface temperature (C) = (512.36 - 492)/1.8 = 11
log P A
B
T C
For benzene,
P = 47.90 mmHg = 0.926 psia
log P 6.905
1,211.033
(11C 220.79)
Similarly for toluene and cyclohexane,
P = 0.255 psia for toluene
P = 0.966 psia for cyclohexane
In order to calculate the mixture vapor pressure, the partial pressures need to be calculated for each
component. The partial pressure is the product of the pure vapor pressures of each component
(calculated above) and the mole fractions of each component in the liquid.
The mole fractions of each component are calculated as follows:
Component Amount, lb M
i
Moles x
i
Benzene 2,812 78.1 36.0 0.90
Toluene 258 92.1 2.80 0.07
Cyclohexane 101 84.2 1.20 0.03
Total 40.0 1.00
where:
M
i
= molecular weight of component
x
i
= liquid mole fraction
The partial pressures of the components can then be calculated by multiplying the pure vapor pressure
by the liquid mole fraction as follows:
Component P at 52F x
i
P
partial
Benzene 0.926 0.90 0.833
Toluene 0.255 0.07 0.018
Cyclohexane 0.966 0.03 0.029
Total 1.0 0.880
The vapor pressure of the mixture is then 0.880 psia.
Third, calculate the molecular weight of the vapor, M
V
. Molecular weight of the vapor depends upon
the mole fractions of the components in the vapor.
M
V
= M
i
y
i
where:
M
i
= molecular weight of the component
y
i
= vapor mole fraction
The vapor mole fractions, y
i
, are equal to the partial pressure of the component divided by the total
vapor pressure of the mixture.
Therefore,
y
benzene
= P
partial
/P
total
= 0.833/0.880 = 0.947
Similarly, for toluene and cyclohexane,
y
toluene
= P
partial
/P
total
= 0.020
y
cyclohexane
= P
partial
/P
total
= 0.033
The mole fractions of the vapor components sum to 1.0.
The molecular weight of the vapor can be calculated as follows:
Component M
i
y
i
M
v
Benzene 78.1 0.947 74.0
Toluene 92.1 0.020 1.84
Cyclohexane 84.2 0.033 2.78
Total 1.0 78.6
Since all variables have now been solved, the stock density, W
V
, can be calculated:
c. Vapor space expansion factor, K
E
:
W
V
M
V
P
VA
R T
LA
(78.6) (0.880)
(10.731) (512.36)
1.26 x 10
2
lb
ft
3
where:
(1-16)
K
E
T
V
T
LA
P
V
P
B
P
A
P
VA
T
V
P
V
= daily vapor pressure range, R
P
B
= breather vent pressure setting range, psia
P
A
= atmospheric pressure, 14.7 psia (given)
P
VA
= vapor pressure at daily average liquid surface temperature, psia = 0.880 psia (from
Step 4b)
T
LA
= daily average liquid surface temperature, R = 512.36R (from Step 4b)
First, calculate the daily vapor temperature range from Equation 1-17:
where:
(1-17)
T
V
0.72T
A
0.028I
T
V
T
A
= daily ambient temperature range = T
AX
- T
AN
= tank paint solar absorptance, 0.17 (given)
I = daily total solar insolation, 1,568 Btu/ft
2
d (given)
from Table 7.1-7, for Denver, Colorado:
T
AX
= 64.3F
T
AN
= 36.2F
Converting to R,
T
AX
= 64.3 + 460 = 524.3R
T
AN
= 36.2 + 460 = 496.2R
From equation 1-17 and T
AX
= T
AX
- T
AN
T
A
= 524.3 - 496.2 = 28.1R
Therefore,
T
V
= 0.72 (28.1) + (0.028)(0.17)(1568) = 27.7R
Second, calculate the daily vapor pressure range using Equation 1-18:
P
V
= P
VX
- P
VN
(1-18)
P
VX
, P
VN
= vapor pressures at the daily maximum, minimum liquid temperatures can be calculated
in a manner similar to the P
VA
calculation shown earlier.
T
LX
= maximum liquid temperature, T
LA
+ 0.25 T
V
(from Figure 7.1-17)
T
LN
= minimum liquid temperature, T
LA
- 0.25 T
V
(from Figure 7.1-17)
T
LA
= 512.36 (from Step 4b)
T
V
= 27.7R
T
LX
= 512.36 + (0.25) (27.7) = 519.3R or 59F
T
LN
= 512.36 - (0.25) (27.7) = 505.4R or 45F
Using Antoines equation, the pure vapor pressures of each component at the minimum liquid surface
temperature are:
P
benzene
= 0.758 psia
P
toluene
= 0.203 psia
P
cyclohexane
= 0.794 psia
The partial pressures for each component at T
LN
can then be calculated as follows:
i
P
partial
Benzene 0.758 0.90 0.68
Toluene 0.203 0.07 0.01
Total 1.0 0.71
Using Antoines equation, the pure vapor pressures of each component at the maximum liquid
surface temperature are:
P
benzene
= 1.14 psia
P
toluene
= 0.32 psia
P
cyclohexane
= 1.18 psia
The partial pressures for each component at T
LX
can then be calculated as follows:
Component P x
i
P
partial
Benzene 1.14 0.90 1.03
Toluene 0.32 0.07 0.02
Total 1.0 1.09
Therefore, the vapor pressure range, P
V
= P
LX
- P
LN
= 1.09 - 0.710 = 0.38 psia.
Next, calculate the breather vent pressure, P
B
, from Equation 1-20:
P
B
= P
BP
- P
BV
(1-20)
where:
P
BP
= breather vent pressure setting = 0.03 psia (given) (see Note 3 to Equation 1-16)
P
BV
= breather vent vacuum setting = -0.03 psig (given) (see Note 3 to Equation 1-16)
P
B
= 0.03 - (-0.03) = 0.06 psig
Finally, K
E
, can be calculated by substituting values into Equation 1-16.
K
E
(27.7)
(512.36)
0.38 0.06 psia
14.7 psia 0.880 psia
0.077
d. Vented vapor space saturation factor, K
S
:
where:
(1-22) K
S
1
1 0.053 P
VA
H
VO
P
VA
= 0.880 psia (from Step 4b)
H
VO
= 4.0625 ft (from Step 4a)
5. Calculate standing storage losses.
K
S
1
1 0.053(0.880)(4.0625)
0.841
L
S
= 365 W
V
V
V
K
E
K
S
Using the values calculated above:
W
V
= 1.26 x 10
-2
lb (from Step 4b)
ft
3
V
V
= 114.86 ft
3
(from Step 4a)
K
E
= 0.077 (from Step 4c)
K
S
= 0.841 (from Step 4d)
L
S
= 365 (1.26 x 10
-2
)(114.86)(0.077)(0.841) = 34.2 lb/yr
6. Calculate working losses.
The amount of VOCs emitted as a result of filling operations can be calculated from the
following equation:
L
W
= (0.0010) (M
V
)(P
VA
)(Q)(K
N
)(K
P
) (1-23)
From Step 4:
M
V
= 78.6 (from Step 4b)
P
VA
= 0.880 psia (from Step 4b)
Q = 8,450 gal/yr x 2.381 bbl/100 gal = 201 bbl/yr (given)
K
P
= product factor, dimensionless = 1 for volatile organic liquids, 0.75 for crude oils
K
N
= 1 for turnovers <36 (given)
N = turnovers per year = 5 (given)
L
W
= (0.0010)(78.6)(0.880)(201)(1)(1) = 13.9 lb/yr
7. Calculate total losses, L
T
.
L
T
= L
S
+ L
W
where:
L
S
= 34.2 lb/yr
L
W
= 13.9 lb/yr
L
T
= 34.7 + 13.9 = 48.1 lb/yr
8. Calculate the amount of each component emitted from the tank.
The amount of each component emitted is equal to the weight fraction of the component in the
vapor times the amount of total VOC emitted. Assuming 100 moles of vapor are present, the number
of moles of each component will be equal to the mole fraction multiplied by 100. This assumption is
valid regardless of the actual number of moles present. The vapor mole fractions were determined in
Step 4b. The weight of a component present in a mixture is equal to the product of the number of
moles and molecular weight, M
i
, of the component. The weight fraction of each component is
calculated as follows:
pounds
i
Weight fraction =
________
total pounds
Therefore,
Component No. of moles x M
i
= Pounds
i
Weight
fraction
Benzene (0.947 x 100) = 94.7 78.1 7,396 0.94
Toluene (0.02 x 100) = 2.0 92.1 184 0.02
Cyclohexane (0.033 x 100) = 3.3 84.3 278 0.04
Total 100 7,858 1.0
The amount of each component emitted is then calculated as:
Emissions of component
i
= (weight fraction
i
)(L
T
)
Component Weight fraction x
Total VOC emitted,
lb/yr = Emissions, lb/yr
Benzene 0.94 48.1 45.2
Toluene 0.02 48.1 0.96
Total 48.1
Example 2 - Chemical Mixture in a Horizontal Tank - Assuming that the tank mentioned in
Example 1 is now horizontal, calculate emissions. (Tank diameter is 6 ft and length is 12 ft.)
Solution:
Emissions from horizontal tanks can be calculated by adjusting parameters in the fixed roof equations.
Specifically, an effective diameter, D
E
, is used in place of the tank diameter, D. The vapor space
height, H
VO
, is assumed to be half the actual tank diameter.
1. Horizontal tank adjustments. Make adjustments to horizontal tank values so that fixed roof tank
equations can be used. The effective diameter, D
E
The vapor space height, H
VO
is calculated as follows:
H
VO
= 1/2 D = 1/2 (6) = 3 ft
2. Given the above adjustments the standing storage loss, L
S
, can be calculated.
Calculate values for each effected variable in the standing loss equation.
L
S
= 365 V
V
W
V
K
E
K
S
V
V
and K
S
depend on the effective tank diameter, D
E
, and vapor space height, H
VO
.
These variables can be calculated using the values derived in Step 1:
V
V
4
(D
E
)
2
H
VO
V
V
4
(9.577)
2
(3) 216.10 ft
3
K
S
1
1 (0.053) (P
VA
) (H
VO
)
K
S
1
1 (0.053) (0.880) (3)
0.877
3. Calculate standing storage loss using the values calculated in Step 2.
L
S
= 365 V
V
W
V
K
E
K
S
V
V
= 216.10 ft
3
(from Step 2)
W
V
= 1.26 x 10
-2
lb/ft
3
(from Step 4b, example 1)
K
E
= 0.077 (from Step 4c, example 1)
K
S
= 0.877 (from Step 2)
L
S
= (365)(1.26 x 10
-2
)(216.10)(0.077)(0.877)
L
S
= 67.1 lb/yr
4. Calculate working loss. Since the parameters for working loss do not depend on diameter or vapor
space height, the working loss for a horizontal tank of the same capacity as the tank in Example 1 will
be the same.
L
W
= 13.9 lb/yr
5. Calculate total emissions.
L
T
= L
S
+ L
W
L
T
= 67.1 + 13.9 = 81 lb/yr
Example 3 - Chemical Mixture in an External Floating Roof Tank - Determine the yearly emission
rate of a mixture that is 75 percent benzene, 15 percent toluene, and 10 percent cyclohexane, by
weight, from a 100,000-gallon external floating roof tank with a pontoon roof. The tank is 20 feet in
diameter. The tank has 10 turnovers per year. The tank has a mechanical shoe seal (primary seal) and
a shoe-mounted secondary seal. The tank is made of welded steel and has a light rust covering the
inside surface of the shell. The tank shell is painted white, and the tank is located in Newark, New
Jersey. The floating deck is equipped with the following fittings: (1) an ungasketed access hatch with
an unbolted cover, (2) an unspecified number of ungasketed vacuum breakers with weighted
mechanical actuation, and (3) ungasketed gauge hatch/sample ports with weighted mechanical
actuation.
Solution:
1. Determine tank type. The tank is an external floating roof storage tank.
2. Determine estimating methodology. The product consists of three organic liquids, all of which are
miscible in each other, which make a homogenous mixture if the material is well mixed. The tank
emission rate will be based upon the properties of the mixture. Because the components have similar
structures and molecular weights, Raoults Law is assumed to apply to the mixture.
3. Select equations to be used. For an external floating roof tank,
L
T
= L
WD
+ L
R
+ L
F
+ L
D
(2-1)
L
WD
= (0.943) QCW
L
/D (2-4)
L
R
= (K
Ra
+ K
Rb
v
n
)P
*
DM
V
K
C
(2-2)
L
F
= F
F
P
*
M
V
K
C
(2-5)
L
D
= K
D
S
D
D
2
P
*
M
V
K
C
(2-9)
where:
L
T
= total loss, lb/yr
L
WD
L
R
= rim seal loss from external floating roof tanks, lb/yr
L
F
= deck fitting loss, lb/yr
L
D
= deck seam loss, lb/yr = 0 for external floating roof tanks
Q = product average throughput, bbl/yr
C = product withdrawal shell clingage factor, bbl/1,000 ft
2
; see Table 7.1-10
W
L
= density of liquid, lb/gal
K
Ra
= zero wind speed rim seal loss factor, lb-mole/ft yr; see Table 7.1.8
K
Rb
n
ft yr; see Table 7.1-8
v = average ambient wind speed for the tank site, mph
n = seal wind speed exponent, dimensionless
P
*
= the vapor pressure function, dimensionless
= (P
VA
/P
A
)/(1 + [1-(P
VA
/P
A
)]
0.5
)
2
where:
P
VA
= the true vapor pressure of the materials stored, psia
P
A
= atmospheric pressure, psia = 14.7
M
V
= molecular weight of product vapor, lb/lb-mole
K
C
= product factor, dimensionless
F
F
= the total deck fitting loss factor, lb-mole/yr
n
f
= (N
F
i
K
F
i
) = [(N
F
1
K
F
1
) + (N
F
2
K
F
2
) + ... + N
F
n
f
K
F
n
f
)]
i=1
where:
N
F
i
= number of fittings of a particular type, dimensionless. N
F
i
is determined for the
specific tank or estimated from Tables 7.1-12, 7.1-13, or 7.1-14
K
F
i
= deck fitting loss factor for a particular type of fitting, lb-mole/yr. K
F
i
is determined
for each fitting type from Equation 2-7 and the loss factors in Table 7.1-12
n
f
= number of different types of fittings, dimensionless; n
f
= 3 (given)
K
D
= deck seam loss per unit seam length factor, lb-mole/ft/yr
S
D
2
4. Identify parameters to be calculated/determined from tables. In this example, the following
parameters are not specified: W
L
, F
F
, C, K
Ra
, K
Rb
, v, n, P
VA
, P
*
, M
V
, and K
C
. The following values
are obtained from tables or assumptions:
K
C
= 1.0 for volatile organic liquids (given in Section 7.1.3.2)
C = 0.0015 bbl/1,000 ft
2
for tanks with light rust (from Table 7.1-10)
K
Ra
= 1.6 (from Table 7.1-8)
K
Rb
= 0.3 (from Table 7.1-8)
n = 1.6 (from Table 7.1-8)
Since the wind speed for the actual tank site is not specified, the wind speed for Newark, New
Jersey is used:
v = 10.2 mph (see Table 7.1-9)
F
F
, W
L
, P
VA
, P
*
, and M
V
still need to be calculated.
F
F
is estimated by calculating the individual K
F
i
and N
F
i
for each of the three types of deck
fittings used in this example. For the ungasketed access hatches with unbolted covers, the K
F
value
can be calculated using information from Table 7.1-12. For this fitting, K
Fa
= 36, K
Fb
= 5.9, and
m = 1.2. The value for K
V
for external floating roof tanks is 0.7 (see Section 7.1.3, Equation 2-7).
There is normally one access hatch. So,
K
Faccess hatch
= K
Fa
+ K
Fb
(K
v
v)
m
= 36 + 5.9 [(0.7)(10.2)]
1.2
K
Faccess hatch
= 98.4 lb-mole/yr
N
Faccess hatch
= 1
The number of vacuum breakers can be taken from Table 7.1-13. For a tank with a diameter
of 20 feet and a pontoon roof, the typical number of vacuum breakers is one. Table 7.1-12 provides
fitting factors for weighted mechanical actuation, ungasketed vacuum breakers when the average wind
speed is 10.2 mph. Based on this table, K
Fa
= 7.8, K
Fb
= 0.01, and m = 4. So,
K
Fvacuum breaker
= K
Fa
+ K
Fb
(K
v
v)
m
K
Fvacuum breaker
= 7.8 + 0.01 [(0.7)(10.2)]
4
K
Fvacuum breaker
= 33.8 lb-mole/yr
N
Fvacuum breaker
= 1
For the ungasketed gauge hatch/sample ports with weighted mechanical actuation, Table 7.1-12
indicates that floating roof tanks normally have only one. This table also indicates that K
Fa
= 2.3, K
Fb
= 0, and m = 0. Therefore,
K
Fgauge hatch/sample port
= K
Fa
+ K
Fb
(K
v
v)
m
K
= 2.3 + 0
K
= 2.3 lb-mole/yr
N
= 1
F
F
can be calculated from Equation 2-6:
3
F
F
= (K
F
i
)(N
F
i
)
i=1
= (98.4)(1)+(33.8)(1)+(2.3)(1)
= 134.5 lb-mole/yr
5. Calculate mole fractions in the liquid. The mole fractions of components in the liquid must be
calculated in order to estimate the vapor pressure of the liquid using Raoults Law. For this example,
the weight fractions (given as 75 percent benzene, 15 percent toluene, and 10 percent cyclohexane) of
the mixture must be converted to mole fractions. First, assume that there are 1,000 lb of liquid
mixture. Using this assumption, the mole fractions calculated will be valid no matter how many
pounds of liquid actually are present. The corresponding amount (pounds) of each component is equal
to the product of the weight fraction and the assumed total pounds of mixture of 1,000. The number
of moles of each component is calculated by dividing the weight of each component by the molecular
weight of the component. The mole fraction of each component is equal to the number of moles of
each component divided by the total number of moles. For this example the following values are
calculated:
Component
Weight
fraction Weight, lb
Molecular
weight, M
i
,
lb/lb-mole Moles
Mole
fraction
Benzene 0.75 750 78.1 9.603 0.773
Toluene 0.15 150 92.1 1.629 0.131
Cyclohexane 0.10 100 84.2 1.188 0.096
Total 1.00 1,000 12.420 1.000
For example, the mole fraction of benzene in the liquid is 9.603/12.420 = 0.773.
6. Determine the daily average liquid surface temperature. The daily average liquid surface
temperature is equal to:
T
LA
= 0.44 T
AA
+ 0.56 T
B
+ 0.0079 I
T
AA
= (T
AX
+ T
AN
)/2
T
B
= T
AA
+ 6 - 1
For Newark, New Jersey (see Table 7.1-7):
T
AX
= 62.5F = 522.2R
T
AN
= 45.9F = 505.6R
I = 1,165 Btu/ft
2
d
From Table 7.1-6, = 0.17
Therefore;
T
AA
= (522.2 + 505.6)/2 = 513.9R
T
B
= 513.9R + 6 (0.17) - 1 = 513.92R
T
LA
= 0.44 (513.9) + 0.56 (513.92) + 0.0079 (0.17)(1,165)
= 515.5R = 55.8F = 56F
7. Calculate partial pressures and total vapor pressure of the liquid. The vapor pressure of each
component at 56F can be determined using Antoines equation. Since Raoults Law is assumed to
apply in this example, the partial pressure of each component is the liquid mole fraction (x
i
) times the
vapor pressure of the component (P).
i
P
partial
Benzene 1.04 0.773 0.80
Toluene 0.29 0.131 0.038
Cyclohexane 1.08 0.096 0.104
Totals 1.00 0.942
The total vapor pressure of the mixture is estimated to be 0.942 psia.
8. Calculate mole fractions in the vapor. The mole fractions of the components in the vapor phase
are based upon the partial pressure that each component exerts (calculated in Step 7).
So for benzene:
y
benzene
= P
partial
/P
total
= 0.80/0.942 = 0.85
where:
y
benzene
= mole fraction of benzene in the vapor
P
partial
= partial pressure of benzene in the vapor, psia
P
total
= total vapor pressure of the mixture, psia
Similarly,
y
toluene
= 0.038/0.942 = 0.040
y
cyclohexane
= 0.104/0.942 = 0.110
The vapor phase mole fractions sum to 1.0.
9. Calculate molecular weight of the vapor. The molecular weight of the vapor depends upon the
mole fractions of the components in the vapor.
M
V
= M
i
y
i
where:
M
V
= molecular weight of the vapor, lb/lb-mole
M
i
y
i
= mole fraction of component i in the vapor, lb-mole/lb-mole
Component M
i
y
i
M
V
= (M
i
)(y
i
)
Benzene 78.1 0.85 66.39
Toluene 92.1 0.040 3.68
Total 1.00 79.3
The molecular weight of the vapor is 79.3 lb/lb-mole.
10. Calculate weight fractions of the vapor. The weight fractions of the vapor are needed to calculate
the amount (in pounds) of each component emitted from the tank. The weight fractions are related to
the mole fractions calculated in Step 7 and total molecular weight calculated in Step 9:
Z
V
i
y
i
M
i
M
V
Z
V
i
(0.85)(78.1)
79.3
0.84 for benzene
Z
V
i
(0.040)(92.1)
79.3
0.04 for toluene
Z
V
i
(0.110)(84.2)
79.3
0.12 for cyclohexane
11. Calculate total VOC emitted from the tank. The total VOC emitted from the tank is calculated
using the equations identified in Step 3 and the parameters calculated in Steps 4 through 9.
L
T
= L
WD
+ L
R
+ L
F
a. Calculate withdrawal losses:
L
WD
= 0.943 QCW
L
/D
where:
Q = 100,000 gal x 10 turnovers/yr (given)
= 1,000,000 gal x 2.381 bbl/100 gal = 23,810 bbl/yr
C = 0.0015 bbl/10
3
ft
2
(from Table 7.1-10)
W
L
= 1/[ (wt fraction in liquid)/(liquid component density from Table 7.1-3)]
Weight fractions
Benzene = 0.75 (given)
Toluene = 0.15 (given)
Cyclohexane = 0.10 (given)
Liquid densities
Benzene = 7.4 (see Table 7.1-3)
Toluene = 7.3 (see Table 7.1-3)
Cyclohexane = 6.5 (see Table 7.1-3)
W
L
= 1/[(0.75/7.4) + (0.15/7.3) + (0.10/6.5)]
= 1/(0.101 + 0.0205 + 0.0154)
= 1/0.1369
= 7.3 lb/gal
D = 20 ft (given)
L
WD
= 0.943 QCW
L
/D
= [0.943(23,810)(0.0015)(7.3)/20]
= 12 lb of VOC/yr from withdrawal losses
b. Calculate rim seal losses:
L
R
= (K
Ra
+ K
Rb
v
n
)DP
*
M
V
K
C
where:
K
Ra
= 1.6 (from Step 4)
K
Rb
= 0.3 (from Step 4)
v = 10.2 mph (from Step 4)
n = 1.6 (from Step 4)
K
C
= 1 (from Step 4)
P
VA
= 0.942 psia (from Step 7) (formula from Step 3)
D = 20 ft
P
*
= (P
VA
/P
A
)/(1 + [1-(P
VA
/P
A
)]
0.5
)
2
= (0.942/14.7)/(1+[1-(0.942/14.7)]
0.5
)
2
= 0.017
M
V
= 79.3 lb/lb-mole (from Step 9)
L
R
= [(1.6 + (0.3)(10.2)
1.6
)](0.017)(20)(79.3)(1.0)
= 376 lb of VOC/yr from rim seal losses
c. Calculate deck fitting losses:
L
F
= F
F
P
*
M
V
K
C
where:
F
F
= 134.5 lb-mole/yr (from Step 4)
P
*
= 0.017
M
V
= 79.3 lb/lb-mole
K
C
= 1.0 (from Step 4)
L
F
= (134.5)(0.017)(79.3)(1.0)
= 181 lb/yr of VOC emitted from deck fitting losses
d. Calculate total losses:
L
T
= L
WD
+ L
R
+ L
F
= 12 + 376 + 181
= 569 lb/yr of VOC emitted from tank
12. Calculate amount of each component emitted from the tank. For an external floating roof tank,
the individual component losses are determined by Equation 4-2:
L
T
i
= (Z
V
i
)(L
R
+ L
F
) + (Z
L
i
)(L
WD
)
Therefore,
L
Tbenzene
= (0.84)(557) + (0.75)(12) = 477 lb/yr benzene
L
Ttoluene
= (0.040)(557) + (0.15)(12) = 24 lb/yr toluene
L
Tcyclohexane
= (0.12)(557) + (0.10)(12) = 68 lb/yr cyclohexane
Example 4 - Gasoline in an Internal Floating Roof Tank - Determine emissions of product from a
1 million gallon, internal floating roof tank containing gasoline (RVP 13). The tank is painted white
and is located in Tulsa, Oklahoma. The annual number of turnovers for the tank is 50. The tank is
70 ft in diameter and 35 ft high and is equipped with a liquid-mounted primary seal plus a secondary
seal. The tank has a column-supported fixed roof. The tanks deck is welded and equipped with the
following: (1) two access hatches with unbolted, ungasketed covers; (2) an automatic gauge float well
with an unbolted, ungasketed cover; (3) a pipe column well with a flexible fabric sleeve seal; (4) a
sliding cover, gasketed ladder well; (5) adjustable deck legs; (6) a slotted sample pipe well with a
gasketed sliding cover; and (7) a weighted, gasketed vacuum breaker.
Solution:
1. Determine tank type. The following information must be known about the tank in order to use the
floating roof equations:
-- the number of columns
-- the effective column diameter
-- the rim seal description (vapor- or liquid-mounted, primary or secondary seal)
-- the deck fitting types and the deck seam length
Some of this information depends on specific construction details, which may not be known.
In these instances, approximate values are provided for use.
2. Determine estimating methodology. Gasoline consists of many organic compounds, all of which
are miscible in each other, which form a homogenous mixture. The tank emission rate will be based
on the properties of RVP 13 gasoline. Since vapor pressure data have already been compiled, Raoults
Law will not be used. The molecular weight of gasoline also will be taken from a table and will not
be calculated. Weight fractions of components will be assumed to be available from SPECIATE data
base.
3. Select equations to be used.
L
T
= L
WD
+ L
R
+ L
F
+ L
D
(2-1)
(0.943) QCW
L
N
C
F
C
L
WD
= [1 + ( )] (2-4)
D D
L
R
= (K
Ra
+ K
Rb
v
n
)DP
*
M
V
K
C
(2-2)
L
F
= F
F
P
*
M
V
K
C
(2-5)
L
D
= K
D
S
D
D
2
P
*
M
V
K
C
(2-9)
where:
L
T
= total loss, lb/yr
L
WD
L
R
= rim seal loss, lb/yr
L
F
= deck fitting loss, lb/yr
L
D
= deck seam loss, lb/yr
Q = product average throughput (tank capacity [bbl] times turnovers per year),
bbl/yr
C = product withdrawal shell clingage factor, bbl/1,000 ft
2
W
L
= density of liquid, lb/gal
N
C
= number of columns, dimensionless
F
C
= effective column diameter, ft
K
Ra
= zero wind speed rim seal loss factor, lb-mole/ft yr
K
Rb
n
ft yr
v = average ambient site wind speed (zero for internal floating roof tanks), mph
M
V
= the average molecular weight of the product vapor, lb/lb-mole
K
C
= the product factor, dimensionless
P
*
= the vapor pressure function, dimensionless
= (P
VA
/P
A
)/[1 + (1-([P
VA
/P
A
]))
0.5
)]
2
and
P
VA
= the vapor pressure of the material stored, psia
P
A
= average atmospheric pressure at tank location, psia
F
F
= the total deck fitting loss factor, lb-mole/yr
n
f
= (N
F
i
K
F
i
) = [(N
F
1
K
F
1
) + (N
F
2
K
F
2
) + ... + (N
F
n
f
K
F
n
f
)]
i=1
and:
N
F
i
= number of fittings of a particular type, dimensionless. N
F
i
is determined
for the specific tank or estimated from Table 7.1-12
K
F
i
= deck fitting loss factor for a particular type of deck fitting, lb-mole/yr.
K
F
i
is determined for each fitting type using Table 7.1-12
n
f
= number of different types of fittings, dimensionless
K
D
= the deck seam loss factor, lb-mole/ft yr
= 0.14 for nonwelded decks
= 0 for welded decks
S
D
2
= L
seam
/A
deck
and:
L
seam
= total length of deck seams, ft
A
deck
= area of deck, ft
2
= D
2
/4
4. Identify parameters to be calculated or determined from tables. In this example, the following
parameters are not specified: N
C
, F
C
, P, M
V
, K
Ra
, K
Rb
, v, P
*
, K
C
, F
F
, K
D
, and S
D
. The density of
the liquid (W
L
) and the vapor pressure of the liquid (P) can be read from tables and do not need to be
calculated. Also, the weight fractions of components in the vapor can be obtained from speciation
manuals. Therefore, several steps required in preceding examples will not be required in this example.
In each case, if a step is not required, the reason is presented.
The following parameters can be obtained from tables or assumptions:
K
C
= 1.0 for volatile organic liquids
N
C
= 1 (from Table 7.1-11)
F
C
= 1.0 (assumed)
K
Ra
= 0.3 (from Table 7.1-8)
K
Rb
= 0.6 (from Table 7.1-8)
v = 0 for internal floating roof tanks
M
V
= 62 lb/lb-mole (from Table 7.1-2)
W
L
= 5.6 lb/gal (from Table 7.1-2)
C = 0.0015 bbl/1,000 ft
2
(from Table 7.1-10)
K
D
= 0 for welded decks so S
D
is not needed
F
F
= (K
F
i
N
F
i
)
5. Calculate mole fractions in the liquid. This step is not required because liquid mole fractions are
only used to calculate liquid vapor pressure, which is given in this example.
6. Calculate the daily average liquid surface temperature. The daily average liquid surface
temperature is equal to:
T
LA
= 0.44 T
AA
+ 0.56 T
B
+ 0.0079 I
T
AA
= (T
AX
+ T
AN
)/2
T
B
= T
AA
+ 6 - 1
For Tulsa, Oklahoma (see Table 7.1-7):
T
AX
= 71.3F = 530.97R
T
AN
= 49.2F = 508.87R
I = 1,373 Btu/ft
2
d
From Table 7.1-6, = 0.17
Therefore,
T
AA
= (530.97 + 508.87)/2 = 519.92R
T
B
= 519.92 + 6(0.17) - 1 = 519.94R
T
LA
= 0.44 (519.92) + 0.56 (519.94) + 0.0079(0.17)(1,373)
T
LA
= 228.76 + 291.17 + 1.84
T
LA
= 521.77R or 62F
7. Calculate partial pressures and total vapor pressure of the liquid. The vapor pressure of gasoline
RVP 13 can be interpolated from Table 7.1-2. The interpolated vapor pressure at 62F is equal to
7.18 psia. Therefore,
P
VA
/P
A
P
*
=
___________________________
[1 + (1 - [P
VA
/P
A
])
0.5
]
2
P
*
= (7.18/14.7)/[1 + (1-(7.18/14.7))
0.5
]
2
P
*
= 0.166
8. Calculate mole fractions of components in the vapor. This step is not required because vapor mole
fractions are needed to calculate the weight fractions and the molecular weight of the vapor, which are
already specified.
9. Calculate molecular weight of the vapor. This step is not required because the molecular weight of
gasoline vapor is already specified.
10. Calculate weight fractions of components of the vapor. The weight fractions of components in
gasoline vapor can be obtained from a VOC speciation manual.
11. Calculate total VOC emitted from the tank. The total VOC emitted from the tank is calculated
using the equations identified in Step 3 and the parameters specified in Step 4.
L
T
= L
WD
+ L
R
+ L
F
+ L
D
a. Calculate withdrawal losses:
L
WD
= [(0.943)QCW
L
]/D [1 + (N
C
F
C
)/D]
where:
Q = (1,000,000 gal)(50 turnovers/yr)
= (50,000,000 gal)(2.381 bbl/100 gal) = 1,190,500 bbl/yr
C = 0.0015 bbl/1,000 ft
2
W
L
= 5.6 lb/gal
D = 70 ft
N
C
= 1
F
C
= 1
L
WD
= [(0.943)(1,190,500)(0.0015)(5.6)]/70[1 + (1)(1)/70] = 137 lb/yr VOC for withdrawal
losses
b. Calculate rim seal losses:
L
R
= (K
Ra
+ K
Rb
v
n
)DP
*
M
V
K
C
Since v = 0 for IFRTs:
L
R
= K
Ra
DP
*
M
V
K
C
where:
K
Ra
= 0.3 lb-mole/ft yr
D = 70 ft
P
*
= 0.166
M
V
= 62 lb/lb-mole
K
C
= 1.0
L
R
= (0.3)(0.166)(70)(62)(1.0) = 216 lb/yr VOC from rim seals
c. Calculate deck fitting losses:
L
F
= F
F
P
*
M
V
K
C
where:
F
F
= (K
F
i
N
F
i
)
K
F
i
= K
Fa
i
for internal floating roof tanks since the wind speed is zero (see Equation 2-8).
Substituting values for K
Fa
i
taken from Tables 7.1-12 and 7.1-15 for access hatches, gauge float well,
pipe column well, ladder well, deck legs, sample pipe well, and vacuum breaker, respectively, yields:
F
F
= (36)(2) + (14)(1) + (10)(1) + (56)(1) + 7.9[5 + (70/10) + (70
2
/600)] + (43.1)(1) +
(6.2)(1)
= 361 lb-mole/yr
P
*
= 0.166
M
V
= 62 lb/lb-mole
K
C
= 1
L
F
= (361)(0.166)(62)(1.0) = 3,715 lb/yr VOC from deck fittings
d. Calculate deck seam losses:
L
D
= K
D
S
D
D
2
P
*
M
V
K
C
Since K
D
= 0 for IFRTs with welded decks,
L
D
= 0 lb/yr VOC from deck seams
e. Calculate total losses:
L
T
= L
WD
+ L
R
+ L
F
+ L
D
= 137 + 216 + 3,715 + 0 = 4,068 lb/yr of VOC emitted from the tank
12. Calculate amount of each component emitted from the tank. The individual component losses are
equal to:
L
T
i
= (Z
V
i
)(L
R
+ L
F
+ L
D
) + (Z
L
i
)(L
WD
)
Since the liquid weight fractions are unknown, the individual component losses are calculated based on
the vapor weight fraction and the total losses. This procedure should yield approximately the same
values as the above equation because withdrawal losses are typically low for floating roof tanks. The
amount of each component emitted is the weight fraction of that component in the vapor (obtained
from a VOC species data manual and shown below) times the total amount of VOC emitted from the
tank. The table below shows the amount emitted for each component in this example.
Constituent Weight Percent In Vapor Emissions, lb/yr
Air toxics
Benzene
Toluene
Ethylbenzene
O-xylene
0.77
0.66
0.04
0.05
31.3
26.8
1.6
2.0
Nontoxics
Isomers of pentane
N-butane
Iso-butane
N-pentane
Isomers of hexane
3-methyl pentane
Hexane
Others
26.78
22.95
9.83
8.56
4.78
2.34
1.84
21.40
1,089
934
400
348
194
95.2
74.9
871
Total 100 4,068
Source: SPECIATE Data Base Management System, Emission Factor and Inventory Group, U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1993.
References for Section 7.1
1. Laverman, R.J., Emission Reduction Options For Floating Roof Tanks, Chicago Bridge and Iron
Technical Services Company, Presented at the Second International Symposium on Aboveground
Storage Tanks, Houston, TX, January 1992.
2. VOC Emissions From Volatile Organic Liquid Storage Tanks-Background Information For
Proposed Standards, EPA-450/3-81-003a, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, July 1984.
3. Evaporative Loss From External Floating Roof Tanks, Third Edition, Bulletin No. 2517, American
Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC, 1989.
4. Evaporation Loss From Internal Floating Roof Tanks, Third Edition, Bulletin No. 2519, American
Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC, 1982.
5. Manual Of Petroleum Measurement Standards: Chapter 19: Evaporative Loss Measurement,
Section 2, Evaporative Loss From Floating Roof Tanks, Preliminary Draft, American Petroleum
Institute, Washington, DC, December 1994.
6. Ferry, R.L., Estimating Storage Tank Emissions--Changes Are Coming, TGB Partnership, 1994.
7. Benzene Emissions From Benzene Storage Tanks-Background Information For Proposed
Standards, EPA-450/3-80-034a, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,
NC, December 1980.
8. Evaporative Loss From Fixed Roof Tanks, Second Edition, Bulletin No. 2518, American
Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C., October 1991.
9. Estimating Air Toxics Emissions From Organic Liquid Storage Tanks, EPA-450/4-88-004, U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, October 1988.
10. Barnett, H.C., et al., Properties Of Aircraft Fuels, NACA-TN 3276, Lewis Flight Propulsion
Laboratory, Cleveland, OH, August 1956.
11. Petrochemical Evaporation Loss From Storage Tanks, First Edition, Bulletin No. 2523, American
Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C., 1969.
12. SIMS Data Base Management System, Version 2.0, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, 1990.
13. Comparative Climatic Data Through 1990, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
Asheville, NC, 1990.
14. Input For Solar Systems, U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, Environmental and Information Service, National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC,
prepared for the U. S. Department of Energy, Division of Solar Technology, November 1978
(revised August 1979).
15. Ferry, R.L., Documentation Of Rim Seal Loss Factors For The Manual Of Petroleum
Measurement Standards: Chapter 19--Evaporative Loss Measurement: Section 2--Evaporative
Loss From Floating Roof Tanks, preliminary draft, American Petroleum Institute, April 5, 1995.
16. Written communication from R. Jones, et al., Midwest Research Institute, to D. Beauregard, U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Final Fitting Loss Factors For Internal And External Floating
Roof Tanks, May 24, 1995.
17. Written communication from A. Parker and R. Neulicht, Midwest Research Institute, to
D. Beauregard, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Fitting Wind Speed Correction Factor For
External Floating Roof Tanks, September 22, 1995.
18. Use Of Variable Vapor Space Systems To Reduce Evaporation Loss, Bulletin No. 2520, American
Petroleum Institute, New York, NY, 1964.
19. Written communication from A. Parker, Midwest Research Institute, to D. Beauregard, U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Final Deck Fitting Loss Factors for AP-42 Section 7.1,
February 23, 1996.
20. Courtesy of R. Ferry, TGB Partnership, Hillsborough, NC.

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