2009 International Conference on Future Networks

Measurement and Evaluation of RFID Transmission Characteristic for Long Range Systems

S. Duangsuwan; S. Promwong and P.Chengtanomwong

King Mongkuts Institute of Technology Ladkrabang Department of Information Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Chalongkrung Road, Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand Email: {x1061018, kpsathap, kspana}@kmitl.ac.th AbstractThe radio frequency identification (RFID) is a wireless communications that lets computer reads the identity to tag at 2:45 GHz can be fast identified the high speeds at 3 meters read range guaranteed at speeds of 100 km/hr. This paper used the model for expressway by supposing receiver moves to fixed transmitter, the microstrip antenna was used for both transmitter and receiver, The Friiss transmission formula is used for analysis. We considered characteristics of antennas performance at each distance transmission channel, magnitude and phase channel transfer function, bit error rate, path loss and rms delay spread were the results of experimental. This technique is very to useful for analyzed the signal performance and transmission signal in the RFID networks Keywords- RFID transmission signal, antenna transfer
function, Friiss transmission formula

Figure 1. RFID Transmission system.

I.

INTRODUCTION

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is the next generation wireless communication technology applicable to various fields such as distribution, circulations, transportation networks, etc. [1] RFID is contact technology that identifies objects attached with tag or transponder. The reader and the tag consist of microstrip antennas RFID readers obtain the information of objects and direction through communication tag antenna. Minimizing attenuation among RFID reader and tag signals has a substantial effect on performance because tag recognition rate effectively determines RFID system performance. However, the RFID distance problem has short range system [2]. The communication between the reader and the tag RFID is greater above 1 meter are called long-range system and could accept transfer large packets of data quickly These system are operated at the microwave frequencies 2:45 GHz is short wavelengths of these frequency ranges facilitate the construction of antenna with far field smaller dimension and greater efficiency than would be possible using low frequency range [3]-[4]. The communication of RFID system this frequency between the

reader and the transponder or tag is electromagnetic propagation [5]. This paper is shows the part behavior of system in frequency range 2:45 GHz by analysis transmission loss and performance of RFID by show system analysis of signal in Fig.1. is waveform of experiment, by using Friiss transmission formula for analyzed these can be test the strength and radio propagation loss between the reader and the tag and then studies the performance of channel by considered the antenna using was the both microstrip patch antenna [6] between receiver and transmitter. II. THEORY OF RFID TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

A. Propagation Channel RFID We used Frisss transmission formula evaluate signal between transmitter and receiver in RFID system. Because Frisss transmission formula is suitable and agreeable for narrow band communication or wireless system [7]. The power transfer ratio in free space is give by

G Friis ( f ) =

Pr ( f ) = Gt ( f )Gr ( f ) Pt ( f ) 4d

(1)

Where G t and Gr are the antenna gain of the transmitting and receiver antennas, respectively [8]. The free space propagation gain is the wavelength

c , c is f

the velocity of the light, f is the frequency and d is the distance between transmitter and receiver antennas. The
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978-0-7695-3567-8/09 $25.00 2009 IEEE DOI 10.1109/ICFN.2009.53

Table1. Value of n Characterizes different Environment.

Figure. 2. Block of RFID transmission.

C. The Path Loss an indoor Enviroment The indoor environment path loss model chosen for the purpose of simulation is given in equation [10]

d PL (dB) = PL (d 0 ) + 10n log (6) d 0 Where d0 is arbitrary reference distance; n is a value

that depend on the surroundings and building types an indoor following Table 1 ; d is the separation distance between the antenna.

Figure. 3. Friiss transmission formula is extended taking into account the transmission waveform as

Vr (2) =H f ( f )Ht( f )Hr( f ) Vt Where is a complex transfer function vector of the antenna relative to the isotropic antenna [9] H Friis ( f ) =

is the free space transfer function where

H f ( f )= exp( jkd ) 4d
k= 2 d

Figure. 4.

S11 Characteristic of mirostrip patch antenna.

(3)

D. The Receiver Signal Waveform The transmitted signal passes through the RFID channel including the transmitter and receiver antenna. However, the total receiving signal for can be expressed as

(4)

is the propagations constant. B. The Transmission Signal Waveform The signal for transmit can be represented as

RBSPK (t ) = m(t )

2 Eb sin(2f c t + c + n(t )) (7) Tb

S BPSK (t ) = m(t )
Where

2 Eb sin( 2f c t + c ) Tb

(5)

Where n(t) is additive white Gaussian noise. For wireless system which grossly quantifies the multi path channel are used. The mean excess delay, rms delay spread, and excess delay spread are multi path channel parameter that can be determined from a power delay profile [11] is given by

sin(2f c t + c ) is applied as the carrier, and

2Eb isthe data signal, m(t) is applied as the Tb

modulated waveform

a a
k k

2 k k 2 k

P P
k (
k

) k
k)

(8)

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a = a
k k

2 k k 2 k

P = P
k (
k

2 ) k
k

III. (9) (10)

MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS

= 2 ( ) 2
Where and

is mean excess delay,

is rms delay spread

P( k ) is power delay profile Bit error rate (BER) are the

A. Parameter of Measurement The measurement parameters are listed in Table 2. It is note that the calibration of VNA is done at the connectors of the cables to be connected to the antennas. Therefore, all impairment of the antenna characteristic are included in the measurement results. B. Antenna Under Test In this experiment, microstrip antenna with has a frequency at 2.45 GHz and size of patch 36:4 36:4 mm. and size of ground 100 100 mm. is used in both of side as antennas under test (AUT). The structure of the RFID antennas and the reflection coefficient S11 of the antenna feed point are show in Fig. 4. Table. 2 Experiment Parameter Setup

probability of error receiver signal can also be defined in terms of probability of error [9], can be written as

BER = Q
Where

( Eb N 0 ) f b cc br

(11)

cc correlation coefficient of radio between receiver correlation and transmitter correlation is, f b is wide region of frequency, br is rate of transfer (bps) as following

[11] Can be represented as

cc =

V ( )V (t + )dt
t r 0

(12)
r t

V ( ) V (t + )dt V ( )V (t + )dt
t t 0 0

Q= 1

t 2 e dt
2

(13)

Q is cumulative distribution function (Gaussian distribution), E b is the energy in one bit and N 0 is the noise power spectral density, so to noise ratio [12].

Eb N 0 is a form of signal

C. Measurement Setup By using the vector network analyzer (VNA), complex transfer function can be measured. The transfer functions were measured as S 21 in the frequency domain. The VNA was operated in the response measurement mode, where Port-1 was used as the transmitter port (Tx) and Port-2 was used as the receiver port (Rx). The Tx antennas were fixed

Figure. 5. Channel Transfer Function at 90 : Magnitude

Figure. 6. Channel Transfer Function at 90 : Phase

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transmission signal. The result from transmission signal knows different of distance in propagation loss and characteristic channel of RFID system. The bit error rate and signal to noise ratio, path loss and rms delay spread can be analyzed the signal strength and radio propagation loss of RFID transmission signal at different angle between the reader antenna and the transponder or tag antenna for frequency at 2:45 GHz is long range system. The experimental results are show. The transmission channel is necessary for analysis and we believe our study would give a good guideline for the research in future work. . Figure. 7. Path Loss of RFID Propagation Channel.

Figure. 9. BER of RFID Transmission system. Figure. 8. The Power Delay Profile of transmission system. at the height of 2.10 m and Rx antennas were fixed at the height 1.20 m and moved distance between transmitter antennas with receiver antennas each 0.50 m. IV. RESULTS ACKNOWLEDGMENT The radio frequency identification has to the investigated more people or the development and researches in the best of application for implement. This model can be for applies to the experiment increases by the authors will representations as the next opportunity. REFERENCES
[1] Rolf Clauberg, RFID and sensor network, University of St. Switzerland, Setp.27, 2004 [2] A Basic Introduction of RFID Technology and its use in the supply chain January 2004. [3] A Basic Introduction of RFID Technology and its use in the supply chain, January 2004. [4] L. Jeremy, The history of RFID, IEEE Potentials, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 811, 2005. [5] K. Finkenzeller, RFID Handbook, John Wiley and Sons, New York USA, 2nd edition, 2003. [6] Jean-Francois Zurcher, Fred E.Gardiol Broadband Patch Antennas Attach House Boston-London [7] H.T. Friis, A note on a simple transmission formula, Proc. IRE, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 254256, May 1946. [8] Simon R.Saunders,Antenna And Propagation for Wireless Communication System, University of surrey, Guildford, Uk [9] T.S. Rappaport, wireless communication Principles and Practice, Practice Hall, Second Edition, 2002. [10] United States of America, Path loss calculations for ultra-wideband signals in indoor environments, ITUR Document 3K/30-E, pp. 114, Nov. 2003. [11] P. Malison, S. Promwong, N. Sukutamatanti, A Indoor measurement of RFID transimssion gain for wireless BPAN.

This all a results, we evaluated experiment results by using the vector network analyzer (VNA), the measured antenna transfer function with the number of frequency point of 801 are taken on the outdoor environment at the straight road a building side of faculty engineering (KMITL). The data measured shows that radio propagation behavior of RFID communication in frequency range at 2:45 GHz. Show the magnitude and phase channel transfer function in Fig. 5 and 6. The Observed a results of frequency response magnitude of system had a linear in the range 2:45 GHz at the 0:50 meter being the microstrip antenna is linear polarization. Show the path loss and rms delay spread Fig. 7 and 8. The results of the model we can be conclusion the exceed distance addition is happen as the loss. Show bit error rate (BER) in Fig. 9. V. CONCLUSION In this paper, we evaluated of RFID using for expressway or highway and these researches was the essential to guideline of performance analysis system in the future, It this study and analysis radio performance channel of RFID

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