Lecture # Symmetrical Components

18-Apr-13

EE 308 Power Systems

Introduction

Under the normal (or healthy ) operation condition, balanced 3- system can be performed using per-phase analysis. Fault types:
Unsymmetrical faults L-L-L Faults L-L-G Faults L-L Faults L-G Faults 5% 10 % 15 % 70 %

This lecture deals to analyze the abnormal system behavior under condition of unsymmetrical short circuits Unsymmetrical fault analysis requires new tools
Symmetrical Components augmented component models
2

18-Apr-13

EE 308 Power Systems

Symmetrical Components

Allow unbalanced three-phase phasor quantities decomposed into three separate but balanced symmetrical components (+ve , -ve and zero sequences) applicable to current and voltages permits modeling of unbalanced systems and networks

symmetrical components

18-Apr-13

Positive Sequence balanced and having the same phase sequence as the unbalanced supply Negative Sequence balanced and having the opposite phase sequence to the unbalanced supply Zero Sequence balanced but having the same phase and hence no phase sequence
EE 308 Power Systems

Symmetrical Components
Representative symmetrical components

The phase components are the addition of the symmetrical components The unknown unbalanced system has three unknown magnitudes and three unknown angles with respect to the reference direction. Similarly, the combination of the 3 sequence components will also have three unknown magnitudes and three unknown angles with respect to the reference direction.
18-Apr-13 EE 308 Power Systems

Symmetrical Components

For example, phase voltages,

V a = V a 0 + V a1 + V a 2 V b = V b 0 + V b1 + V b 2 V c = V c 0 + V c1 + V c 2

A so called operator is commonly used in symmetrical component representation. It is defined as a vector having 1 as its magnitude and 120 degree as its phase angle.

= 1120 = 0.5 + j 0.866

Some properties of operator

2 = (1120 ) (1120 ) = 1240 = 1 120 + +1 = 0

2

2
1
5

Since is complex, it can not be equal to 1, so that -1 can not be zero

EE 308 Power Systems

18-Apr-13

Symmetrical Components

Analysis of decomposition of phasors

symmetrical component matrix equation

18-Apr-13

EE 308 Power Systems

Symmetrical Components

Decomposition of phasors into symmetrical components

1 4 2 ( 2 ) 2 1 1 1 ( 2 ) 2 [ ]1 = 1 2 = 1 1 3 (1 ) 2 2 2 1 1 1

Since 1 = 2 , 2 =

1 1 1 [ ]1 = 1 1 2 3 2 1

1 a a0 1 1 a = 1 1 2 b 1 3 2 a2 c 1
Sym Ph

18-Apr-13

EE 308 Power Systems

Power in Terms of Sequence Components

S3 = P + jQ = Va I a* + Vb I b* + Vc I c*
S3 = [Va Vb I a* T * * Vc ] I b = V abc I abc = V 012 * I c

] [ I ]
T 012

T T *I * S3 = [V012 ] [I 012 ] = V012 012 T

*

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 T * = 1 2 1 2 = 31 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1

* * T ( * ) S3 = 3V012 I* 012 = 3 Va 0 I a 0 + Va1 I a1 + Va 2 I a 2

P3 = 3(Va 0 I a*0 cos 0 + Va1 I a*1 cos 1 + Va 2 I a*2 cos 2 )

18-Apr-13 EE 308 Power Systems

Example
Ex: 11.1 Grainger and Stevenson

One conductor of a 3- line is open as shown in Fig. The current flowing to the -connected load through line a is 10 A. With the current in line a as reference and assuming that line c is open, find symmetrical components of the line currents.
I a = 100 A
Z Z

1 I a Ia0 1 1 I = 1 1 2 I b a1 3 2 Ic 1 I a 2
I a0 = 1 (100 + 10180 + 0) = 0 A 3 1 I a1 = (100 + 10(180 + 120 ) + 0 ) = 5.78 30 A 3 1 I a 2 = (100 + 10(180 + 240 ) + 0 ) = 5.7830 A 3

I b = 10180 A
b c

Ic = 0 A

18-Apr-13

EE 308 Power Systems

Example Contd
Ib0 = I a0 = 0 A 1 Ia0 I a 1 1 I = 1 2 I I = 2 I = 5.78 150 A b1 a1 a1 b 2 = = 5 . 78 150 I I A I 1 I 2 2 b a c a2

Ic0 = I a0 = 0 A I c1 = I a1 = 5.7890 A I c 2 = 2 I a 2 = 5.78 90 A

The result I a 0 = I b 0 = I c 0 = 0 A holds for any 3-wire system (absence of neutral connection). Components I c1 and I c 2 have non-zero values although line c is open and can carry no net current.

18-Apr-13

EE 308 Power Systems

10

Sequence Impedances

The impedance offered to the flow of a sequence current creating sequence voltages
positive, negative, and zero sequence impedances

Augmented network models

Y-connected load Transmission line 3- transformers Synchronous generators
Network components

18-Apr-13

EE 308 Power Systems

11

Balanced Load
Ia Ib
Zs Zm Zm

Model and governing equations

Zs

Va = Z s I a + Z m I b + Z m I c + Z n I n
In
Zn

Va Vb Vc
Ic
Zs

Zm

Vb = Z m I a + Z s I b + Z m I c + Z n I n Vc = Z m I a + Z m I b + Z s I c + Z n I n In = Ia + Ib + Ic

3- balanced load with self and mutual elements

Va Z s + Z n V = Z + Z n b m Vc Z m + Z n

Zm + Zn Zs + Zn Zm + Zn

Zm + Zn I a Zm + Zn I a Zs + Zn I a

Vabc = Z abc I abc

18-Apr-13

EE 308 Power Systems

12

Balanced Load
V012 = [1Z abc ]I 012 V012 = Z 012 I 012 where Z 012 = [1Z abc ]
1 Zs + Zn 1 1 1 = 1 2 Z m + Z n 3 2 Z m + Z n 1 Zm + Zn Zs + Zn Zm + Zn 0 Zs Zm 0 Z m + Z n 1 1 1 Z m + Z n 1 2 2 Zs + Zn 1 Zs Zm 0 0

Vabc = Z abc I abc V012 = Z abc I 012

Z 012

Z 012

Z s + 3Z n + 2 Z m 0 = 0

18-Apr-13

EE 308 Power Systems

13

Transmission Lines
a

Ia Ib Ic

Zs Zm Zm

a'

Zs

b'

Z 012
c'

Zs

Zm

Z s + 2Z m 0 = 0

0 Zs Zm 0

0 Zs Zm 0

In practice all three phase conductors behave similarly, so that we could consider the mutual coupling between phases also to be equal

Fully transposed transmission line (i.e., symmetrical) has:

The conductors of a transmission line, being passive and stationary, do not have an inherent direction. Equal +ve and ve sequence impedances However, as the zero sequence path also involves the earth wire and or the earth return path, Zero sequence impedance much larger than the +ve (or ve ) sequence impedance (approx. 2.5 times)
18-Apr-13 EE 308 Power Systems

14

Transmission Lines: Summary

Phase component impedance matrix symmetrical component impedance matrix

Zs Z = Z m Z m

Zm Zs Zm

Zm Zm Zs

Z 012

Z s + 2Z m = 0 0

0 Zs Zm 0

0 Zs Zm 0

While the phase component impedance matrix was a full matrix, although it had completely symmetry the sequence component impedance matrix is diagonal. The advantage of a diagonal matrix is that it allows decoupling for ease of analysis. Ratio of zero sequence impedance to +ve sequence impedance
Order of 2 (single circuit xmission with earth wire) About 3.5 (single circuit xmission with no-earth wire or double circuit)
EE 308 Power Systems

18-Apr-13

15

Synchronous Generator
a

Ia
The generator (or a synchronous machine) has a inherent direction of rotation,

Zn

Ean
In
n

Ebn Ecn
c b

and the sequence considered may either have the same direction (no relative motion) or the opposite direction (relative motion at twice the speed).

Ib

Ic
Van1 = Ean I a1 [R + j ( Ls + M s )] = Ean I a1 Z1 Van 2 = I a 2 [R + j ( Ls + M s )] = I a 2 Z 2 Van 0 = I a 0 [R + j ( Ls 2 M s )] = I a 0 Z g 0

Thus, the rotational emf developed for the positive sequence and the negative sequence would also be different. Thus the generator has different

values of positive sequence, negative sequence and zero sequence impedance.

18-Apr-13

EE 308 Power Systems

16

Synchronous Generator
a

I a1
Z1

Ia2

Ia0

Z2

Zg0

Ean
n n

Zn

3I a 0

Ebn
Z1
c

Ecn

Z1
b

I b1
c

Z2

Z2
b

Ib2
c

Zg0

Zg0

Ib0
b

I c1
Reference for +ve Reference for -ve

Ic2
Reference for zero

Ic0

Ean
Z1 Z2

3Z n

Zg0

I a1

Ia2

I a0

positive sequence
18-Apr-13

negative sequence
EE 308 Power Systems

zero sequence
17

Synchronous Generator

Typical value of sequence impedances of turbogenerator rated 5 MVA, 6.6 kV, 3000 RPM are:
Z1 = 12 % (sub transient )

Z1 = 20 % (transient ) Z 2 = 12 % Z0 = 5%

Z1 = 110 % (synchronous )

18-Apr-13

EE 308 Power Systems

18

Transformers

Series Leakage Impedance

the magnetization current and core losses represented by the shunt branch are neglected (they represent only 1% of the total load current) the transformer is modeled with the equivalent series leakage impedance Z1 = Z 2 = Z l

Wye-delta transformers create a phase shifting pattern for the various sequences
the positive sequence line voltage on HV side leads the corresponding line voltage on LV side by 30 degrees For negative sequence line voltage the corresponding phase shift is -30 degrees

18-Apr-13

EE 308 Power Systems

19

Two-winding transformers

Two winding (primary and secondary), three phase transformers may be categorized into
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) star-star earthed star star earthed star earthed star delta star delta earthed star delta delta

18-Apr-13

EE 308 Power Systems

20

Two-winding transformers
Reference bus

1)
d

star-star Keep all a,b,c, and d switches open earthed star star Close the switch a and keep open rest of the switches

2)
S
b

P
a

Zt 0

3)

earthed star earthed star Close the switches a and b. keep open rest of the switches

4)

delta star (Special case)

Close the switch b and keep open rest of the switches 5) delta earthed star Close the switches c and b. keep open rest of the switches 6) delta delta Close the switches c and d. keep open rest of the switches
18-Apr-13 EE 308 Power Systems

21

Transformers
single-line networks for zero sequence of two-winding transformers

18-Apr-13

EE 308 Power Systems

22

Transformer : Summary

An unearthed star winding does not permit any zero sequence current to flow so that it could be represented in the single line diagram by a 'break' between the line terminal and the winding. If the star point is solidly earthed, it could be represented by a solid connection across the break and for an earth connection through an impedance, by 3 times the earthing impedance across the break. In the case of a delta winding, no current would flow from the line, but a current is possible in the winding depending on the secondary winding connections. This could be represented by a break in connection with the line but with the winding impedance being connected to the reference.
EE 308 Power Systems

18-Apr-13

23

Example
For the power system of Fig. draw the positive, negative and zero sequence networks. The generators and transformers are rated as follows:
Generator1: 25 MVA, 11 kV, X=0.2, X2 =0.15, X0 = 0.03 pu Generator 2: 15 MVA, 11 kV, X=0.2, X2 =0.15, X0 = 0.05 pu Synchronous Motor : 25 MVA, 11 kV, X=0.2, X2 =0.2, X0 = 0.1 pu Transformer 1: 25 MVA, 11 / 120 Y kV, X = 10 % 2: 12.5 MVA, 11 Y / 120 kV, X = 10 % 3: 10 MVA, 120 Y / 11 kV, X = 10 %

Choose a base of 50 MVA, 11 kV in the circuit of generator 1.

Note: zero sequence reactance of each line is 250 % of its positive reactance.

18-Apr-13

EE 308 Power Systems

24