TRAVELING BETWEEN THE LAGRANGIAN POINTS AND THE EARTH

Antonio Fernando Bertachini de Almeida Prado

Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - INPE
São José dos Campos - SP - 12227-010 - Brazil
Phone (123)256197 - Fax (123)21-8743 - E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT
This paper is concerned with minimum energy trajectories to transfer a spacecraft between the five

Lagrangian points and the Earth. The planar circular restricted three-body problem in two dimensions is

used as the model for the Earth-Moon system, and Lemaître regularization is used to avoid singularities.

1- INTRODUCTION
The well-known Lagrangian points that appear in the planar restricted three-body problem [1][2]

are very important for astronautical applications [3]. They are five points of equilibrium in the equations of

motion. The collinear points (L1 , L2 and L3) are always unstable and the triangular points (L4 and L5) are

stable in the present case (Earth-Moon system). They are all very good points to locate a space-station,

since they require a small amount of fuel for station-keeping. The cislunar point L1 is an important option as

a node to explore the Moon [4], because it can be used as a "parking orbit" to store spacecrafts, fuel and

supplies that are needed for the return journey to the Earth, but not in the Moon. The Lagrangian point L2

is very useful to keep a relay satellite [3], since a satellite in an orbit around this point could see the far side

of the Moon and the Earth at the same time indefinitely. The triangular points L4 and L5 are interesting to

keep a space station, due to its stability property.

In this paper, the planar restricted three-body problem is regularized (using Lemaître

regularization) and combined with numerical integration and gradient methods to solve the two point

boundary value problem. This combination is applied to the search of families of transfer orbits between

the Lagrangian points and the Earth, in the Earth-Moon system, with the minimum possible energy.

2 - THE PLANAR CIRCULAR RESTRICTED THREE-BODY PROBLEM

The model used in all phases of this paper is the well-known planar circular restricted three-body

problem. This model assumes that two main bodies (M1 and M2 ) are orbiting their common center of mass

in circular Keplerian orbits and a third body (M3 ), with negligible mass, is orbiting these two primaries. The

motion of M3 is supposed to stay in the plane of the motion of M1 and M2 [1][2]. The canonical system of

units is used, and it implies that: i) The unit of distance is the distance between M1 and M2 ; ii) The angular
velocity (ω ) of the motion of M1 and M2 is assumed to be one; iii) The mass of the smaller primary (M2 ) is
given by µ = m 2 ( m1 + m 2 ) (where m1 and m2 are the real masses of M1 and M2 , respectively) and the

mass of M2 is (1- µ); iv) The unit of time is defined such that the period of the motion of the primaries is

2π ; v) The gravitational constant is one. Then, the equations of motion in the rotating frame are:

∂V ∂Ω ∂V ∂Ω
x&& - 2 y& = x - = y&& + 2 x& = y - = (1)
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y

where Ω is the pseudo-potential given by:

(1 - µ) µ
Ω =
1 2
2
( 2
x& + y& + )
r1
+
r2
(2)

One of the most important reasons why the rotating system is a good choice to describe the

motion of M3 is the existence of an invariant, that is called Jacobi integral. There are many ways to define

the Jacobi integral (see reference [1], pg. 449). In this paper the definition used by Broucke [5] is used.

Under this version, the Jacobi integral is given by:

E=
2
( x& + y& 2) - Ω( x, y) = Const
1 2
(3)

3 - LEMAÎTRE REGULARIZATION
The equations of motion given by (1) are not suitable for numerical integration in trajectories

passing near one of the primaries. The reason is that the positions of both primaries are singularities in the

potential V (since r1 or r2 goes to zero, or near zero) and the accuracy of the numerical integration is

affected every time this situation occurs.

The solution for this problem is the use of regularization, that consists of a substitution of the

variables for position (x-y) and time (t) by another set of variables (ω1 , ω2 , τ), such that the singularities

are eliminated in these new variables. Several transformations with this goal are available in the literature

(see reference [1] chapter 3), like Thiele -Burrau, Lemaître and Birkhoff. For the present research the

Lemaître's regularization [6] is used.

4 - THE TWO POINT BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM PROBLEM

 In the rotating coordinate system all the primaries and the Lagrangian points are in fixed positions.

So, the problem considered in this paper can be formulated as:

"Find an orbit (in the three-body problem context) that makes a spacecraft to leave a given point

A and goes to another given point B". That is the famous TPBVP (two point boundary value problem).

There are many orbits that satisfy this requirement, and the way used in this paper to find families of

solutions is to specify a time of flight for the transfer. Then, by varying the specified time of flight it is

possible to find a whole family of transfer orbits and study them in terms of the ∆V required, energy, initial

flight path angle, etc. To solve the TPBVP in the regularized variables the following steps are used: i)
r r
Guess a initial velocity V i , so, together with the initial prescribed position r i , the initial state is known; ii)

Guess a final regularized time τf and integrate the regularized equations of motion from τ0 = 0 until τf; iii)
r
Check the final position r f obtained from the numerical integration with the prescribed final position and

the final real time with the specified time of flight. If there is an agreement (difference less than a specified

error allowed) the solution is found and the process can stop here. If there is no agreement, an increment in
r
the initial guessed velocity V i and in the guessed final regularized time is made and the process goes back

to step i). The method used to find the increment in the guessed variables is the standard gradient method,

as described in reference 7. The routines available in this reference are also used in this research with

minor modifications.

5 - NUMERICAL RESULTS
The problem is solved for several values of the time of flight. Since the regularized system is used

to solve this problem, the Earth's center can be used as the final position for M3 . This choice makes

possible to compare our results with the ones obtained by Broucke [5], that used the Moon's center as the

final position in his trajectories. The results are organized in plots of the energy (Jacobi integral, as given by

equation 3) against the initial flight path angle (in degrees) in the rotating frame. The definition of the angle is

such that the zero is in the "x" axes, (pointing to the positive direction) and it increases in the counter-

clock-wise sense. The time of flight for some points are shown in the plots, in days. Emphasis is given in

finding the families with the smallest possible energy, although many other families do exist.

Trajectories from L1: L1 is the collinear Lagrangian point that exists between the Earth and the Moon.
Figure 1 shows the results. The family has a branch of fast transfers (2 to 3 days) and a branch of slow
transfers (4 to 6 days). The velocity increment (∆ V) applied at L1 for the minimum energy transfer is 924

m/s.

Trajectories from L2: L2 is the collinear Lagrangian point that exists behind the Moon. Figure 2 shows
the results. This family also has a branch of fast transfers (4 to 6 days) and a branch of slow transfers (7 to

13 days). The velocity increment (∆V) applied at L2 for the minimum energy transfer is 1248 m/s.

Trajectories from L3: L3 is the collinear Lagrangian point that exists on the opposite side of the Earth.
Figure 3 shows the results. The existence of a branch of slow transfers (5 to 10 days) and a branch of fast

transfers (3 to 4 days) is shown. The velocity increment (∆V) applied at L3 for the minimum energy

transfer is 1018 m/s.

Trajectories from L4: L4 is one of the triangular Lagrangian points. Figure 4 shows the results. As
occurred before, there are two branches: slow transfers (5 to 11 days) and fast transfers (3 to 4 days).

The velocity increment (∆V) applied at L4 for the minimum energy transfer is 1018 m/s.

Trajectories from L5: L5 is the other triangular Lagrangian point. Figure 5 shows the results. The same
branches appear: the fast one (3 to 5 days) and the slow one (9 to 13 days). The velocity increment (∆ V)

applied at L1 for the minimum energy transfer is 967 m/s.

One interesting application for the present research is related to missions to the Moon using L1 as a

node of transportation. Details of these missions are available in reference [4]. In this paper we only

compare the results given by the two and the three-body problem models for this mission analysis. The

calculation involved is to find how much more fuel (or ∆V) is required to go to L1 and then leaving from

there to the Moon, instead of going directly to the Moon. In the present paper, the ∆ Vs at L1 are

calculated to stop a spacecraft coming from the Earth. The ∆Vs required are plotted against trip time, to

find the minimum ∆ V transfer to compare with the same calculations shown in reference [4]. The difference

between the results obtained in this paper and the ones found in the above reference comes from the fact

that the three-body regularized problem is used as the model in this paper and the two-body problem is

used in reference [4]. Figure 6 shows the results that came from both models. The importance of using the

three-body problem model can be evaluated, since the conic approximation does not give accurate results

in this case. The new difference (in terms of total ∆V required) between the CLP mission and a standard

mission increased by 64 m/s each way, that is an increase of about 10% in this part of the mission.
 6 - CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, the Lemaître regularization is applied to the planar restricted three-body problem to

find families of transfer orbits between the Earth and all the five Lagrangian points that exist in the Earth-

Moon system.

Families of transfer orbits with small residual velocities at the Lagrangian points were not found,

although they do exist in the case of transfers to the Moon [5]. In particular, it means that the transfer with

the absolute minimum ∆V between the Earth and the Moon passing by L1 (as suggested in reference 8)

was not found. The minimum energy transfers found in this paper requires about 1000 m/s.

Finally, we compared the results given by the two-body model with the results given by the three-

body problem model in the particular task of calculating the ∆ V for transfers between the important

Lagrangian point L1 and the Earth. Differences of about 10% were found between the two models.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author thanks to Dr. Roger Broucke for contributing with this research by giving copies of his

own papers in this topic, to Dr. Egorov for his valuables comments and to CNPq (National Council for

Scientific and Technological Development - Brazil) for sponsoring this research.

REFERENCES
[1] V. Szebehely, Theory of Orbits, Academic Press, New York (1967).

[2] C. Marchal, The Three-Body Problem, Elsevier, Netherlands (1990).

[3] R. W. Farquhar, Future Missions for Libration-point Satellites, Astronautics and Aeronautics, 5 , 52-

56 (1969).

[4] V. R. Bond, S. J. Sponaugle, M. F. Fraietta and S. F. Everett, Cislunar Libration Point as a

Transportation Node for Lunar Exploration, AAS paper 91-103, AAS/AIAA Spaceflight Mechanics

Meeting, Houston, Texas, Feb. (1991).

[5] R. Broucke, Traveling Between the Lagrange Points and the Moon, Journal of Guidance and

Control, 2 (4), 257-263 (1979).

[6] G. Lemaître, Régularisation dans le Probléme des Trois Corps, Acad. Roy. Belg ., 40, 759 (1954).
[7] W. H. Press, B. P. Flannery, S. A. Teukolsky and W. T. Vetterling, Numerical Recipes, Cambridge

University Press, NewYork (1989).

[8] T. H. Sweetser, An Estimate of the Global Minimum DV Needed for Earth-Moon Transfer, AAS

paper 91-101, AAS/AIAA Spaceflight Mechanics Meeting, Houston, Texas, Feb. (1991).
Energy
-1.00
T in days
SLOW

FAST T=6.52

-1.05 T=2.61
T=6.09

T=5.65
-1.10
T=2.83
T=5.22

T=3.04 T=4.78
-1.15
T=4.35
T=3.26

T=3.70
-1.20
50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Initial Flight Path Angle

Figure 1 - Initial conditions for trajectories from L1 to the Earth.

Energy
-0.65
T in days

FAST
SLOW
T=3.91
T=13.04
-0.70

T=11.74

T=10.87
-0.75
T=4.35 T=10.00

T=9.13
-0.80 T=4.78
T=7.83

T=6.09

-0.85
60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
Initial Flight Path Angle

Figure 2 - Initial conditions for trajectories from L2 to the Earth.

Energy
-0.75
T in days

-0.80 FAST SLOW

T=3.04 T=10.00

-0.85
T=8.70

-0.90 T=7.83
T=3.48
T=6.96
-0.95
T=3.91 T=6.09
T=4.78
-1.00

-1.05
230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310
Initial Flight Path Angle

Figure 3 - Initial conditions for trajectories from L3 to the Earth.

Energy
-0.75
T in days SLOW
T=11.30
-0.80
T=10.44

FAST
-0.85
T=3.26
T=8.70

-0.90 T=3.48
T=7.39

-0.95 T=6.52
T=3.91
T=4.78

-1.00

-1.05
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Initial Flight Path Angle

Figure 4 - Initial conditions for trajectories from L4 to the Earth.

Energy
-0.75
T in days
FAST
-0.80 T=3.04
SLOW
T=13.48
-0.85
T=3.26
T=12.61
-0.90
T=3.48

-0.95 T=11.30
T=3.91
T=7.39 T=10.44
-1.00 T=5.65

T=8.26
-1.05
T=9.13

-1.10
110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190
Initial Flight Path Angle

Figure 5 - Initial conditions for trajectories from L5 to the Earth.

Delta-V (m/s)
820

800

780

760 3-body
model
740

720

700 2-body
model
680

660
2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
Time (days)

Figure 6 - Two- vs. three-body models for a CLP mission.

Figure 1 - Initial conditions for trajectories from L1 to the Earth.

Figure 2 - Initial conditions for trajectories from L2 to the Earth.

Figure 3 - Initial conditions for trajectories from L3 to the Earth.

Figure 4 - Initial conditions for trajectories from L4 to the Earth.

Figure 5 - Initial conditions for trajectories from L5 to the Earth.

Figure 6 - Two- vs. three-body models for a CLP mission.