Chapter 4
Crack Propagation Study Using Double-K and Double-G Fracture Parameters
4.1 Introduction
This chapter is based on the works of Kumar and Barai (2008ac, 2009af, 2010a, b) and Kumar (2010). In this chapter the application of universal form of weight function is introduced for determining the double-K fracture parameters using various test geometries. The denition of brittleness of concrete is mentioned using the double-K fracture parameters. An empirical formula for determining directly the effective crack length for CT specimen is highlighted. Furthermore, the size-effect prediction from the double-K fracture model is investigated. Finally, comprehensive numerical studies on the double-K and double-G fracture criteria are represented.
4.2 Weight Function Method
For a linear elastic cracked body subjected to any symmetrical mode I loading, it was proved (Bueckner 1970, Rice 1972) that if the SIF and the corresponding crack face displacement are known as functions of crack length, then the SIF for any other symmetrical loading acting on the same body can be directly determined. Assume that the Kr and Ks are the SIFs of a cracked body corresponding to two cases of mode I symmetrical loadings r and s respectively, in which r corresponds to the known reference value and s corresponds to any arbitrary loading case. According to weight function method value of Ks may directly be determined for the known value of Kr and the respective crack face displacement ur as given below:
a
Ks =
0
s (x).m(x, a)dxs
(4.1)
The term m(x, a) in Eq. (4.1) is known as weight function and expressed as m(x, a) = E ur 2Kr a
(4.2)
S. Kumar, S.V. Barai, Concrete Fracture Models and Applications, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-16764-5_4, C Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011
113
4.3
Determination of Universal Weight Function for Edge Cracks in Finite Width Plate
a
115
Krk =
0
rk (x)
1 + M1 (1 x/a)1/2 + M2 (1 x/a) 2 dx 2 (a x) + M3 (1 x/a)3/2
(4.4)
As an approximation, an additional condition for central through crack and double-edge cracks under symmetrical loading was used (Shen and Glinka 1991) as given below: u(x, a) |x=0 = 0 x From Eqs. (4.2) and (4.5), it can be shown that m(x, a) |x=0 = 0 x (4.6) (4.5)
For the single-edge cracks, the following condition is found to be more appropriate (Fett et al. 1987, Shen and Glinka 1991): 2 u(x, a) |x=0 = 0 x2 The following relation may be obtained using Eqs. (4.2) and (4.7): 2 m(x, a) |x=0 = 0 x2 (4.8) (4.7)
After satisfying Eqs. (4.6) and (4.8), one may get an additional condition which reduces the number of known reference SIFs.
4.3 Determination of Universal Weight Function for Edge Cracks in Finite Width Plate
In the present work, rst of all an attempt is made to derive the universal weight function using the reference SIFs for the edge crack in a nite width of plate. The two reference SIFs for two different loadings as shown in Figs. 4.2 and 4.3 along with Eq. (4.8) are used to obtain the desired weight function. For the rst reference case (Fig. 4.2), an edge crack in a nite width of plate subjected to uniform stress o is taken. The standard equation of SIF for this case is written as KI = F1 o a in which F1 = 1.122 0.231a/D + 10.55(a/D)2 21.71(a/D)3 + 30.382(a/D)4 (4.10) (4.9)
4.3
Determination of Universal Weight Function for Edge Cracks in Finite Width Plate
117
F1 = 2 + M1 + 2M2 /3 + M3 /2 2
(4.15)
Using Eqs. (4.4), (4.13), and (4.14), following equation can be obtained as 2F2 = 1 + M1 + M2 + M3 (4.16)
Equations (4.4) and (4.8) yield M2 = 3 (4.17)
After solving Eqs. (4.15), (4.16), and (4.17), the following expressions for parameters of weight function are obtained: M2 = 3 M3 = 2 2F2 2 F1 M1 = 2F2 1 M2 M3
(4.18)
Thus, the three parameters of weight function for the edge cracks in a nite width of plate are expressed by expression (4.18) and then the four-term universal weight function can be characterized by the following expression. 2 1 + M1 (1 x/a)1/2 + M2 (1 x/a) m(x, a) = 2 (a x) +M3 (1 x/a)3/2 (4.19)
The nondimensional forms of Tada Greens function and the derived equivalent weight function having coefcients M1 , M2 , and M3 determined using Eq. (4.19) are compared. It is found that the maximum absolute error up to a/D = 0.2 is less than 10% and this error increases for deeper cracks. From the above comparison it is noticed that the standard procedures to nd out the parameters of the universal weight function for the case of edge cracks in nite width of plate is not suitable. One of the obvious reasons may be attributed to the geometrical factor expressed in Eq. (4.10) which is suitable for a/D 0.6. Therefore, an alternative procedure is to be sought to get the correct values of the parameters of the universal weight function for the assumed cracked geometry. As a result, it is proposed to t the Tada Greens function using least square technique for determining the different parameters of the universal weight function.
4.3.1 Four-Term Universal Weight Function
The form of four-term universal weight function is expressed in Eq. (4.19). In this method, the values of the Tada Greens function at different values of a/D (ranging 0 a/D < 1) and x/D (ranging 0 x/D < 1) are computed. Then the values of three parameters M1 , M2 , and M3 are determined using least square technique. From the least square tting it was found that at every point of a/D ratio (for values
192
4 Crack Propagation Study Using Double-K and Double-G Fracture Parameters
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