Introduction to Emergency Medical Care 1

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OBJECTIVES
7.1 7.2 Define key terms introduced in this chapter. Slides 9, 11, 14, 16, 20, 23, 27, 32, 35, 38 Describe the physical and psychological characteristics, including normal vital signs, for individuals in each of the following age groups: Infant, Toddler, Preschool Age, School Age, Adolescent, Early Adult, Middle Adult, and Late Adult. Slides 913, 18, 22, 25, 29, 34, 37, 40

continued
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OBJECTIVES
7.3 Describe the typical psychosocial characteristics and concerns of individuals at each stage during the life span. Slides 14, 19, 22, 25, 30, 34, 37, 40 Use knowledge of physical, physiological, and psychosocial development to anticipate the needs and concerns of patients of all ages. Slides 914, 1819, 22, 25, 2931, 34, 37, 40

7.4

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MULTIMEDIA
Slide 15 Growth and Development: Major Life TransitionInfant Video Slide 26 School-aged Children Health Promotion Video Slide 41 Cognitive Function of Older Adults Video

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CORE CONCEPTS
The physiological (physical) characteristics of different age groups from infancy through late adulthood The psychosocial (mental and social) characteristics of different age groups from infancy through late adulthood

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Topics
Infancy (Birth to 1 Year) Toddler Phase (1236 Months) Preschool Age (35 Years) School Age (612 Years) Adolescence (1318 Years) Early Adulthood (1940 Years) Middle Adulthood (4160 Years) Late Adulthood (61 Years and Older)
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Infancy (Birth to 1 Year)

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Infancy (Birth to 1 Year)

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Physiological Characteristics
3.03.5 kg (6.67.7 lb) at birth Weight doubles by 6 months; triples by 12 months Head 25% of body weight Airway narrow; easily obstructed Nose and diaphragm used for breathing

continued
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Physiological Characteristics
Antibodies passed from mother to child in pregnancy Antibodies also passed through breastfeeding

continued
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Physiological Characteristics
Moro reflex (startle)
Throws arms out, spreads fingers, grabs with fingers and arms

Palmar reflex
Grasps objects placed in palm

Rooting reflex (hunger)

Turns toward side of head touched
continued
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Physiological Characteristics
Sucking reflex
Sucks when lips are stroked

Sleep patterns
Begin to regulate after 24 months Then sleeps through night

Extremities grow from a combination of growth plates and epiphyseal plates

continued
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Physiological Characteristics
Fontanelles not fused at birthstill soft until 918 months Sunken fontanelles: indicate dehydration Bulging fontanelles: indicate increased pressure inside skull

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Psychosocial Characteristics
Bonding Trust vs. mistrust Scaffolding Temperament

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Growth and Development: Major Life TransitionInfant Video

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Toddler Phase (1236 Months)

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Toddler Phase (1236 Months)

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Physiological Characteristics
Pulmonary system Nervous system Musculoskeletal system Immune system Teeth

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Psychosocial Characteristics
Begins to understand cause and effect Highly curious and investigating Separation anxiety Begins to develop magic thinking, imagination, and ability to role play
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Preschool Age (35 Years)

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Preschool Age (35 Years)

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Physiological and Psychosocial Characteristics

Physiological
Body systems continue to develop

Psychosocial
Developing interactive and social skills

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School Age (612 Years)

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School Age (612 Years)

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Physiological and Psychosocial Characteristics

Physiological
Loss of baby teeth

Psychosocial
Less general supervision Developing decision-making skills More awareness of self-esteem Values opinions of peers (positive or negative)

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School-Aged Children Health Promotion Video

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Adolescence (1318 Years)

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Adolescence (1318 Years)

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Physiological Characteristics
Growth spurt Sexual maturity

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Psychosocial Characteristics
Strives for independence Concern about body image and peer pressure May be prone to self-destructive behaviors Developing personal code of ethics

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Think About It
Adolescents are often injured because of risk taking May be resistant to disclose what happened Must be encouraged to explain circumstances surrounding an incident

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Early Adulthood (1940 Years)

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Early Adulthood (1940 Years)

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Physiological and Psychosocial Characteristics

Physiological
Lifelong habits formed Reaches peak physical condition

Psychosocial
Job and family stress Marriage, childbirth, child rearing Accidents leading cause of death

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Middle Adulthood (4160 Years)

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Middle Adulthood (4160 Years)

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Physiological and Psychosocial Characteristics

Physiological
May need vision correction Cancer, heart disease often develop Weight control more difficult

Psychosocial
Empty-nest syndrome Caring for elderly parents

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Late Adulthood (61 Years and Older)

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Late Adulthood (61 Years and Older)

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Physiological and Psychosocial Characteristics

Physiological
Body systems less efficient

Psychosocial
Living environment Self-worth Financial burdens Death and dying

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Cognitive Function of Older Adults Video

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Chapter Review
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Chapter Review
Understanding basic physiological and psychosocial development for each age group will assist you in communicating with and assessing patients of various ages.

continued
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Chapter Review
Physiological differences between ages will affect your care (for example: differences in respiratory systems; effects of pre-existing conditions). Infants and young children have lessdeveloped, smaller respiratory structures which can worsen respiratory conditions.
continued
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Chapter Review
Communicating with patients will depend on their stage of development: could be fear of strangers, separation anxiety, embarrassment, denial, depression.

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Remember
Infants present massive bursts of anatomical and psychosocial development in the first year of life. Although preschoolers begin to develop independence and reason, in many ways they still resemble the psychosocial development of toddlers.
continued
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Remember
School-age children often are independent and logical, but that may crumble with illness or injury. Adolescents are reaching physiological maturity, but they often face difficult psychosocial challenges.

continued
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Remember
Early, middle, and late adults vary greatly in terms of physiological development and conditioning; they also face psychosocial challenges unique to adulthood.

Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Limmer OKeefe Dickinson

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Questions to Consider
How do I approach a patient most effectively based on developmental characteristics? Does the age of my patient pose any assessment or care challenges based on physiologic development?

Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Limmer OKeefe Dickinson

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Critical Thinking
You are called for abdominal pain in a 16year-old girl. She is with friends at the park. She seems hesitant to answer any of your questions. What characteristic of adolescent development is most likely the cause of this? How could you overcome it?

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Please visit Resource Central on www.bradybooks.com to view additional resources for this text.

Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Limmer OKeefe Dickinson

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