Chemical Kinetics

Topic 3:
chemical KineTics
Topic 3: chemical Kinetics
C12-3-01 Formulate an operational definition of reaction rate.
Include: examples of chemical reactions that occur at different rates
C12-3-02 Identify variables used to monitor reaction rates (i.e., change per
unit of time, Dx/Dt).
Examples: pressure, temperature, pH, conductivity, colour. . .
C12-3-03 Perform a laboratory activity to measure the average and
instantaneous rates of a chemical reaction.
Include: initial reaction rate
C12-3-04 Relate the rate of formation of a product to the rate of
disappearance of a reactant, given experimental rate data and
reaction stoichiometry.
Include: descriptive treatment at the particulate level
C12-3-05 Perform a laboratory activity to identify factors that affect the
rate of a chemical reaction.
Include: nature of reactants, surface area, concentration, pressure,
volume, temperature, and presence of a catalyst
C12-3-06 Use the collision theory to explain the factors that affect the rate
of chemical reactions.
Include: activation energy and orientation of molecules
C12-3-07 Draw potential energy diagrams for endothermic and exothermic
reactions.
Include: relative rates, effect of a catalyst, and heat of reaction (enthalpy
change)
C12-3-08 Describe qualitatively the relationship between the factors that
affect the rate of chemical reactions and the relative rate of a
reaction, using the collision theory.
C12-3-09 Explain the concept of a reaction mechanism.
Include: rate-determining step
C12-3-10 Determine the rate law and order of a chemical reaction from
experimental data.
Include: zero-, first-, and second-order reactions and reaction rate
versus concentration graphs
suggested Time: 10 hours
4 topic 3: Chemical Kinetics
Grade 12 Chemistry Topic 3: Chemical Kinetics
suggesTions for insTrucTion
Activating Activity
Ask students for examples of fast and slow reactions or processes that they
encounter in their daily lives. Students may begin with examples of physical
changes, such as melting or dissolving. Even though these are not examples of
chemical changes, they still reinforce the concept of fast and slow reactions. Try to
lead students to consider chemical reactions.
Some examples students may give for fast reactions are explosions, burning
gasoline (combustion), precipitation reactions, and neutralization reactions.
Some examples students may give for slow reactions are rusting of metals, baking a
cake, ripening of fruit, and growth of a plant.
TeAcher NoTes
reaction rate (c12-3-01)
Chemical kinetics crosses over into many other areas of science and engineering.
Rates of metabolic reaction and the progress of reactions involved in growth and
bone regeneration are studied by biologists. Automobile engineers want to decrease
the rate of rusting of car bodies, while agricultural scientists study the chemical
reactions involved in spoilage and decay of foods (see van Kessel, et al. 358).
The speed of any activity (e.g., running, reading, cooking) involves quantifying
how much is accomplished in a specific amount of time. We can quantify, or
measure, the speed of a chemical reaction (also known as its reaction rate).
SpECifiC LEaRninG OUtCOmES
C12-3-01: formulate an operational definition of reaction rate.
include: examples of chemical reactions that occur at different
rates
C12-3-02: identify variables used to monitor reaction rates
(i.e., change per unit of time, Dx/Dt).
Examples: pressure, temperature, pH, conductivity, colour . . .
(1 hour)
General Learning Outcome Connections
GLO C2: Demonstrate appropriate scientific skills when seeking answers to questions.
GLO C5: Demonstrate curiosity, skepticism, creativity, open-mindedness, accuracy, precision, honesty, and
persistence, and appreciate their importance as scientific and technological habits of mind.
GLO D3: Understand the properties and structures of matter, as well as various common manifestations and
applications of the actions and interactions of matter.
GLO E3: Recognize that characteristics of materials and systems can remain constant or change over time, and
describe the conditions and processes involved.
GLO E3: Recognize that energy, whether transmitted or transformed, is the driving force of both movement and
change, and is inherent within materials and in the interactions among them.
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Topic 3:
Chemical
Kinetics
topic 3: Chemical Kinetics 5
Operationally, reaction kinetics describes how fast or slow a reactant disappears or
a product forms. At this point, an operational definition will involve reaction time
as opposed to reaction rate. (Fast reactions have a short reaction time, while slow
reactions take a long time.)
Demonstrations/Laboratory Activities
Listed below are a number of demonstrations/lab activities illustrating the concept
of reaction rate in a chemical reaction. Perform a few demonstrations to help
students understand reaction rates.
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reaction rate
React magnesium (Mg) metal with 1.0 mol/L hydrochloric acid (HCl). React
another piece of Mg metal with 6.0 mol/L HCl.
Ask students the following questions:
1. What happened?
2. How long did both reactions take?
3. Does it matter how much material you have?
4. How can you measure the rate of the reaction?
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electrolysis reaction (extension)
Generate hydrogen and oxygen by electrolysis in a dish of liquid soap. It will
give off bubbles of hydrogen and oxygen gas. Remove the gas generator. Ask
students whether a reaction is occurring. (Answers may vary.)
Discuss that this electrolysis reaction (splitting up of water to form hydrogen gas
and oxygen gas) is occurring spontaneously but at a slow rate. Ask students
how we could increase the rate. (Answers will vary.)
Touch the bubbles with a burning wood splint. (You may wish to have it
attached to a metre stick.) The reaction happens quickly. (A loud popping sound
results.)
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mass Changes
Find the mass of uniform pieces of gelatin and then place each piece into a
separate beaker. Place different pieces of fruit in each of the beakers except the
one beaker that contains only the piece of gelatin (serves as the control). Leave
the beakers overnight. In the next class, determine the mass of the pieces of
gelatin again. Comment on any observations made (see Chastko 403).
SkiLLS anD attitUDES OUtCOmES
C12-0-U1: Use appropriate strategies and skills to develop an understanding of chemical concepts.
Examples: analogies, concept frames, concept maps, manipulatives, particulate representations, role-
plays, simulations, sort-and-predict frames, word cycles . . .
C12-0-S5: Collect, record, organize, and display data using an appropriate format.
Examples: labelled diagrams, graphs, multimedia applications, software integration, probeware . . .
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Food spoilage
Cut an apple into four slices, each with approximately the same surface area of
flesh exposed.
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Dip the first slice in water and place it on a surface. The first slice acts as the
control.
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Dip the second slice in lemon juice and place it next to the first slice.
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Place the third slice in the refrigerator, or in a small cooler filled with ice.
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Place the fourth slice in a sealable bag, removing as much air as possible.
Compare the four slices after 10, 20, and 30 minutes, and record the amount of
browning that occurs on the apple flesh at each time increment. Discuss
observations in relation to what the apple was exposed to.
Comment further on observations with the apple slices, this time in terms of the
rate at which the browning of the apple occurs in each sample (see van Kessel, et
al. 359).
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decomposition reaction
Hydrogen peroxide (H
2
O
2
) gradually decomposes to form water and oxygen
gas. In this situation, the yeast acts on the hydrogen peroxide to speed up the
reaction.
Pour 10 mL of hydrogen peroxide into a beaker and record any observations.
Add a pinch of yeast to the hydrogen peroxide. Stir gently with a toothpick.
Record observations. (The hydrogen peroxide is clear and colourless. When the
yeast is added to the hydrogen peroxide, bubbles form, and then the mixture
starts to foam.)
Instead of using yeast, use manganese dioxide (MnO
2
) to speed up the hydrogen
peroxide decomposition reaction.
rates
(continued)
Topic 3:
Chemical
Kinetics
TeAcher NoTes
Monitoring reaction rates (c12-3-02)
Reaction rate is change in an observable property over time. The observable property
should be selected based upon what can be measured in the laboratory. This could
be a colour change, a temperature change, a pressure change, or the appearance of a
new substance. Some common methods of measuring reaction rates involve the use
of spectrometers, conductivity apparatus, and manometers (or a simple syringe).
Note that concentration cannot be monitored directly. Emphasize that the
observable (measurable) properties described in the following examples can be used
to determine the change in concentration over time.
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Pressure
A manometer can be used to measure a change in pressure when a reaction
results in a change in the number of moles of gas. The reaction between zinc and
acetic acid, for example, can be monitored by attaching a manometer to a
reaction vessel of known volume that is immersed in a constant-temperature
bath.
Zn
(s)
+ 2CH
3
COOH
(aq)
Zn
2+
(aq)
+ 2CH
3
COO
(aq)
+ H
2(g)
As H
2(g)
is produced, the gas pressure increases (Silberberg 681).
A simpler method would be to use a gas syringe to measure the reaction rate.
See diagram below.
Reacting solid
and liquid
Gas (density
does not matter)
Gaseous product collection system
with reactants in conical flask
Gas syringe
gas
Conical flask
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temperature
The following reaction can be monitored by temperature.
N
2
O
4
2NO
2
colourless reddish brown
If a sealed tube of NO
2
N
2
O
4
is placed in a cold water bath, the dinitrogen
tetroxide (N
2
O
4
) becomes predominant. The contents of the tube become lighter
in colour.
If another tube containing a similar sample of NO
2
N
2
O
4
is placed in a hot
water bath, the resulting colour change is a reddish brown, indicating a greater
presence of NO
2
.
A sealed tube of NO
2
N
2
O
4
can be left at room temperature so students can
make the comparison with the tube in a cold water bath, and then with the tube
in a hot water bath.
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the Concept of ph
A pH meter can be used to measure the change in acidity over time. This data
can then be used to determine the concentration of hydrogen (hydronium) ion
over time.
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Conductivity
Electrodes can be placed in the reaction mixture and the increase/decrease in
conductivity of the products can be used to measure reaction rate. This method
is usually used when non-ionic reactants form ionic products (Silberberg 681).
Reaction rate can be calculated by finding the change in formation of product
over time, or by finding the change in consumption of a reactant over time.
Rate = Dx/Dt (formation of a product)
Rate = Dx/Dt (consumption of a reactant)
Students may confuse reaction rate and reaction time. Emphasize that reaction
rate describes a change over time, while reaction time is the amount of time it
takes for a reaction to occur. The two terms are inversely related, as shown by
the previous formulas.
rates
(continued)
Topic 3:
Chemical
Kinetics
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Colour
A spectrometer can be used to measure the concentration of a reactant or
product that absorbs (or gives off) light of a narrow range of wavelengths. An
example of this is
NO
(g)
+ O
3(g)
O
2(g)
+NO
2(g)
colourless reddish brown
Known amounts of the reactants are injected into a gas sample tube of known
volume, and the rate of NO
2(g)
produced is measured by monitoring the colour
over time (Silberberg 680).
suggesTions for assessmenT
Journal Writing
Students can make journal entries for fast and slow reactions and state their
rationale for each.
Ask students to consider questions such as the following:
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What does rate mean?
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How can you measure the rate of a reaction?
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Does a reaction always occur at the same rate? Explain.
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Do all reactions occur at the same rate? Explain.
Ask students to provide examples of
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reactions that have different rates of reaction
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reactions that occur at different rates under different conditions
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processes that cannot be controlled
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processes that can be controlled
Paper-and-Pencil Tasks
1. Students can complete a Compare and Contrast think sheet for fast reactions
versus slow reactions (SYSTH 10.15, 10.24).
2. Students can complete a KWL (Know, Want to Know, Learned) strategy sheet on
reaction rate (SYSTH 9.8, 9.24).
3. Given a reaction, students can predict what variable (or property) may be most
easily monitored.
learning resources linKs
Chemistry (Chang 532, 533)
Chemistry (Zumdahl and Zumdahl 561)
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change (Silberberg 673, 680, 681)
Glencoe Chemistry: Matter and Change (Dingrando, et al. 529)
McGraw-Hill Ryerson Chemistry, Combined Atlantic Edition (Mustoe, et al. 463,
466)
McGraw-Hill Ryerson Inquiry into Chemistry (Chastko, et al. 404)
Nelson Chemistry 12, Ontario Edition (van Kessel, et al., 358, 360, 365)
Prentice Hall Chemistry (Wilbraham, et al. 540)
investigations
Glencoe Chemistry: Matter and Change (Dingrando, et al.)
Discovery Lab: Speeding Reactions, 529
McGraw-Hill Ryerson Inquiry into Chemistry (Chastko, et al.)
Launch Lab: Does It Gel? 403
Nelson Chemistry 12, Ontario Edition (van Kessel, et al.)
Slowing the Browning Process, 359
Prentice Hall Chemistry (Wilbraham, et al.)
Inquiring Activity: Temperature and Reaction Rates, 540
Website
Brown, W. P. Factors Affecting the Speed-Rates of Chemical Reactions.
Doc Browns Chemistry. 20002010.
<www.docbrown.info/page03/3_31rates.htm> (8 Feb. 2012).
selecting learning resources
For additional information on selecting learning resources for Grade 11 and Grade 12 Chemistry,
see the Manitoba Education website at <www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/learnres/bibliographies.html>.
rates
(continued)
Topic 3:
Chemical
Kinetics
Notes
entry-Level Knowledge
Students studied the stoichiometry of chemical reactions in Grade 11 Chemistry
(Topic 3: Chemical Reactions).
Laboratory Activity
Have students perform a lab activity to measure the change in mass of calcium
carbonate as it reacts with 3 mol/L hydrochloric acid. See Appendix 3.1: Graphical
Determination of Reaction Rate: Lab Activity.
Using the data derived from the lab activity (or data given in Appendix 3.1),
students can calculate the average rate and the instantaneous rate of a reaction.
Students can use software, such as Excel or Graphical Analysis, to plot data and
determine instantaneous rate at time = 0 (initial rate) and at other times. Students
can compare the rates and hypothesize why the rates change.
TeAcher NoTes
Average rate of a chemical reaction (c12-3-03)
The average rate of a reaction depends on the time interval chosen. Usually this is
calculated by dividing the total consumption (or total production) of a substance by
the total time it took for the reaction to occur. Refer to the following graph and
sample calculation.
C12-3-03: perform a laboratory activity to measure the average and
include: initial reaction rate
C12-3-04: Relate the rate of formation of a product to the rate of
disappearance of a reactant, given experimental rate data
and reaction stoichiometry.
include: descriptive treatment at the particulate level
(2.5 hours)
GLO D4: Understand how stability, motion, forces, and energy transfers and transformations play a role in a wide
range of natural and constructed contexts.
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Topic 3:
Chemical
Kinetics
Average rate = = = 4 g/min
Instantaneous rate of chemical reaction (c12-3-03)
The instantaneous rate is the rate of reaction that occurs at a particular instant in
time. To calculate this rate, a tangent line is drawn to the point of time on the graph
(particular instant of time), and the slope of this line is then calculated.
Refer to the following graph and sample calculation for determining the
instantaneous rate at 1 minute.
Slope = =
= 5 g/min at t = 1 min
l
l 30
20
10
1 2 3 4 5
Decomposition of
Substance A
M
a
s
s
o
f
S
u
b
s
t
a
n
c
e
A
(
g
)
Time (min)
change in the amount of substance A
change in time
30 g 10 g
0 min 5 min
l
l 30
20
10
1 2 3 4 5
Decomposition of
Substance A
M
a
s
s
o
f
S
u
b
s
t
a
n
c
e
A
(
g
)
Time (min)
l
25 g 0 g
0 min 5 min
change in the amount of substance A
change in time
C12-0-S6: Estimate and measure accurately using Systme international (Si) and other standard units.
include: Si conversions and significant figures
C12-0-S7: interpret patterns and trends in data, and infer and explain relationships.
Paper Laboratory Activity
If students need additional practice, they can create sample plots with given data.
Two sample assignments (with answer keys) are provided in Appendix 3.2A:
Chemical Kinetics: Assignment 1 and Appendix 3.3A: Chemical Kinetics:
Assignment 2. From the plotted data, students calculate average rates and
determine instantaneous rates. They also compare rates and discover that the rate
of consumption of each reactant and the formation of each product is related to the
stoichiometry of the reaction.
TeAcher NoTes
rate and reaction stoichiometry (c12-3-04)
The concept of rate and reaction stoichiometry should be introduced carefully.
Diagrams of molecules would help students to understand reaction rate at the
particulate (molecular) level.
Example:
For the reaction N
2
+ 3H
2
2NH
3
, the coefficient in front of the substance
determines the rate of consumption or production of that substance, if the initial
rate of N
2
is known.
At the particulate level, this reaction would be expressed as follows:
Students should recognize that for every N
2
molecule, three H
2
molecules need to
be consumed. This means that the rate of consumption of H
2
is three times the rate
of consumption of N
2
. In addition, for every molecule of N
2
that is consumed, the
rate of production of NH
3
molecules is doubled.
N
2
+ 3H
2
2NH
3
(continued)
Topic 3:
Chemical
Kinetics
Another way to state this is that N
2
is consumed at one-third the rate that H
2
is
consumed and at half the rate that NH
3
is produced.
If the rate of one of the species is known, the rates of the other species can be
determined from the reaction stoichiometry.
If the rate of consumption of nitrogen is given as
then the following is also true:
Sample Problem:
For the reaction N
2
+ 3H
2
2NH
3
, if hydrogen reacts at a rate of 1.5 mol/L s,
what is the rate of formation of ammonia?
Solution:
Calculate the rate in a manner similar to how stoichiometry was used to determine
moles of product formed. Use the ratio of the coefficients to determine the ratio of
rates.
Rate
N
=-
A
]
]
]
]
A
2
t
Rate
N H NH
=-
A
]
]
]
]
A
=-
A
]
]
]
]
A
=
A
]
]
]
]
A
2 2 3
1
3
1
2 t t t
Rate NH formation mol/L s H
NH
H
mol/L s NH
2 3
3
2
3
1 5
2
3
1 0
=

\
]

)
]
=
.
.
Animations/simulations
Simulations, such as those on the following websites, allow students to determine
the rate of reaction at a given point in time. They also show the effect of
concentration change, the rate of a chemical reaction, and the determination of
stoichiometric coefficients.
Sample Websites:
Blauch, David N. Virtual Chemistry Experiments: Chemical Kinetics. 2001, 2009.
Chemistry@Davidson. <www.chm.davidson.edu/vce/kinetics/index.html>
(8 Feb. 2012).
See simulations on the following topics:
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Reaction Rates
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Rate of Reaction
Chemical Education Research Group, Iowa State University. Chemistry
Experiment Simulations and Conceptual Computer Animations. Chemical
Education. <http://group.chem.iastate.edu/Greenbowe/sections/projectfolder/
simDownload/index4.html> (22 Nov. 2012).
In the Kinetics section, download and unzip the following animation:
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NO + O
3
Bimolecular Collision
Laboratory skills
A checklist can be used to assess students on the following lab skills:
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collecting and interpreting data
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making and using graphs
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observing, predicting, and recognizing cause and effect
(continued)
Topic 3:
Chemical
Kinetics
1. Have students describe pictorially what is happening at the particulate level
when a reactant is consumed and a product is formed in a chemical reaction.
2. Have students solve problems on experimental rate data and reaction
stoichiometry. See Appendix 3.4A: Chemical Kinetics Problems and
Appendix 3.4B: Chemical Kinetics Problems (Answer Key).
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change (Silberberg 675)
Glencoe Chemistry: Matter and Change (Dingrando, et al. 531, 546)
Nelson Chemistry 12, Ontario Edition (van Kessel, et al., 360, 362)
investigation
Nelson Chemistry 12, Ontario Edition (van Kessel, et al.)
Lab Exercise 6.1.1: Determining a Rate of Reaction, 401
Websites
Blauch, David N. Rate of Reaction. Virtual Chemistry Experiments: Chemical
Kinetics. 2001, 2009. Chemistry@Davidson. <www.chm.davidson.edu/
vce/kinetics/RateOfReaction.html> (8 Feb. 2012).
Simulations: Reaction Rates
Rate of Reaction
Education. <http://group.chem.iastate.edu/Greenbowe/sections/
projectfolder/simDownload/index4.html> (22 Nov. 2012).
Animation: NO + O
3
appendices
Appendix 3.1: Graphical Determination of Reaction Rate: Lab Activity
Appendix 3.2A: Chemical Kinetics: Assignment 1
Appendix 3.2B: Chemical Kinetics: Assignment 1 (Answer Key)
Appendix 3.3A: Chemical Kinetics: Assignment 2
Appendix 3.3B: Chemical Kinetics: Assignment 2 (Answer Key)
Appendix 3.4A: Chemical Kinetics Problems
Appendix 3.4B: Chemical Kinetics Problems (Answer Key)
(continued)
Topic 3:
Chemical
Kinetics
Notes
TeAcher NoTes
At this point, introduce students to the collision theory of chemical reactions. The
collision theory states that in order for a chemical reaction to occur, the reacting
particles must collide. If the particles do not collide, no reaction occurs. Not all
collisions, however, produce a chemical reaction. Reacting particles must collide
with sufficient kinetic energy (called activation energy) and the correct collision
geometry or orientation.
Activation energy (E
a
) is the minimum amount of kinetic energy required for
particles to collide effectively, that is, to produce a chemical reaction.
Example:
Orientation of nitrogen monoxide molecule unlikely to produce a reaction.
Orientation of nitrogen monoxide molecule likely to produce a reaction.
oxygen
nitrogen
Key:
ozone nitrogen
monoxide
No reaction occurs
ozone nitrogen
monoxide
produces
nitrogen
dioxide
oxygen
+
C12-3-05: perform a laboratory activity to identify factors that affect the
include: nature of reactants, surface area, concentration, pressure,
C12-3-06: Use the collision theory to explain the factors that affect the
rate of chemical reactions.
include: activation energy and orientation of molecules
(2 hours)
GLO C8: Evaluate, from a scientific perspective, information and ideas encountered during investigations and in
daily life.
GLO D4: Understand how stability, motion, forces, and energy transfers and transformations play a role in a wide
range of natural and constructed contexts.
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Have students view online animations or simulations of chemical reactions.
Sample Websites:
Education. <http://group.chem.iastate.edu/Greenbowe/sections/projectfolder/
simDownload/index4.html> (22 Nov. 2012).
In the Kinetics section, download and unzip the following animation:
n
NO + O
3
This animation shows the correct orientation of molecules upon collision, the
reaction being O
3
+ NO NO
2
+ O
2
. To break apart the ozone molecule
(O
3
), the nitrogen atom of the nitrogen monoxide molecule must collide with
the correct positioning and sufficient energy to cause the chemical reaction to
occur.
University of Colorado at Boulder. Reactions and Rates. PhET Interactive
Simulations. <http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/reactions-and-rates>
(22 Nov. 2012).
This animation allows students to explore the factors that affect reaction rates by
changing variables such as concentrations, activation energy, and collision
orientation.
Factors Affecting the rate of a chemical reaction
Factors affecting the rate of a chemical reaction include the nature of reactants,
surface area, concentration, pressure, volume, temperature, and presence of a
catalyst. A discussion of these factors follows.
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Collision theory and the Nature of reactants
Some chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms as a result of bonds
breaking to form new bonds. Other reactions are a result of electron transfer.
The nature of the reactants involved in the reaction will affect the rate of
reaction. Reactions that involve ionic compounds and simple ions are usually
faster than reactions involving molecular compounds. The fewer the number of
bonds broken, the faster the reaction rate will be. The weaker the bonds are in
the reactants, the faster the reaction will be. The state of the reactants (solid,
liquid, or gas) will also affect the rate of reactions.
C12-0-S2: State a testable hypothesis or prediction based on background data or on observed events.
C12-0-S9: Draw a conclusion based on the analysis and interpretation of data.
include: cause-and-effect relationships, alternative explanations, and supporting or rejecting a
hypothesis or prediction
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Collision theory and surface area
From the lab activities suggested for learning outcome C12-3-05, students will
observe that increasing the surface area of a solid increases the reaction rate.
Collisions can occur only at a solids surface, so a powdered substance, such as
calcium carbonate (CaCO
3
), will react more quickly than a large crystal of
CaCO
3
as the powdered substance allows more surface area to be in contact
with the other reactants.
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Collision theory and Concentration (Pressure, Volume)
The collision theory states that particles must collide with each other to react. If
the concentration of one reactant is increased, the reaction rate should increase,
as there are more molecules of the increased reactant that can collide.
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At the particulate level, if one molecule of A reacts with two molecules of B,
two collisions are possible, which could result in a reaction.
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If the concentration of A is doubled, four collisions are possible, which could
result in a reaction.
2 collisions
A
B
Key:
4 collisions
(continued)
Topic 3:
Chemical
Kinetics
n
If the concentration of A is tripled, six collisions are possible, which could
result in a reaction.
Increasing the frequency by which collisions can occur in terms of increased
concentration results in a faster reaction rate.
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effective Collisions and temperature
The following graph shows two different temperatures and the number of
molecules that have sufficient energy to react. The shaded area under both
curves indicate that there are more molecules that have sufficient activation
energy at T
2
(higher temperature) than at T
1
(lower temperature) (see van Kessel,
et al. 383).
6 collisions
T
1
T
2
T
2
> T
1
E
a Greater number of
molecules at T
2
,
with enough energy
to react
Kinetic Energy
N
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
M
o
l
e
c
u
l
e
s
Energy Distribution among Molecules
at Various Temperatures
Laboratory Activities
Have students perform lab activities that will lead them to discover the factors that
affect the rate of a reaction, rather than perform a verification lab. Some possible lab
activities are suggested below.
From the suggested lab activities, students should conclude that
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increasing temperature will increase the rate of a reaction (decreasing reaction
time)
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increasing the concentration of reactant(s) will increase the rate of a reaction
(Note that pressure and volume are a subset of concentration.)
n
increasing the surface area will increase the rate of a reaction
n
the presence of a catalyst will increase the rate of a reaction
n
the nature (type) of reactants will affect the rate of a reaction
Choose one or more lab activities appropriate for the class.
n
Factors affecting the rate of reactions (concentration, temperature). See
Appendix 3.5A: Factors Affecting the Rate of Reactions: Lab Activity and
Appendix 3.5B: Factors Affecting the Rate of Reactions: Lab Activity (Answer
Key).
This is a version of the classic Iodine Clock Reaction lab activity in which excess
iodine reacts with starch to produce a blue-black product only when the reaction
is complete. In this lab activity, students investigate the effects of concentration
and temperature on reaction rate.
In Part A, students change the concentration of one reactant, and time how long
it takes for the sudden and dramatic colour change to occur.
In Part B, students investigate the role of temperature in reaction rate by
running a series of reactions in water baths at different temperatures.
Students produce graphs of their data, draw conclusions about the relationship
between these variables, and explain the differences in reaction rate using the
collision theory.
(continued)
Topic 3:
Chemical
Kinetics
n
Factors affecting the rate of a reaction (concentration, nature of reactants,
temperature, catalyst, surface area). See Appendix 3.6A: Factors Affecting the
Rate of a Reaction: Lab Activity. Teacher notes are provided in Appendix 3.6B.
In Part A of this lab activity, students study the effect of the nature of reactants
on reaction time. Several different metals are reacted with hydrochloric acid, and
observations are made with regards to reaction time. Students also study the
effect of different solutions reacting with magnesium metal on reaction time.
In Part B, students examine the effect of surface area on reaction time. Mossy
zinc and powdered zinc are combined with hydrochloric acid, and the reaction
times are recorded. Chips of calcium carbonate and powdered calcium carbonate
are reacted with hydrochloric acid, and the reaction times are recorded.
In Part C, students study the effect of temperature on a chemical reaction. A
solution of potassium permanganate is combined with oxalic acid, and the
reaction time is recorded. A second test tube containing just the potassium
permanganate is heated in a hot water bath. Then the oxalic acid is added to the
test tube in the hot water bath, and the resulting reaction time is recorded.
Students then set up three test tubes containing hydrochloric acid. One test tube
is placed in cold water, the second test tube is kept at room temperature, and the
third test tube is placed in a hot water bath. Three identical pieces of magnesium
are added to each of the three test tubes, and the resulting reaction times are
noted.
In Part D, students use a catalyst to study its effect on reaction time. Potassium
permanganate is placed in two test tubes. In one of the test tubes, manganese(II)
sulphate is added (catalyst). Then oxalic acid is added to both test tubes, and the
reaction times are noted.
n
experiment 23: Factors affecting the rate of a Chemical reaction (Waterman
and Thompson, Prentice Hall Chemistry: Small-Scale Chemistry Laboratory Manual
197)
In this four-part lab activity, students study the effects of temperature, surface
area, and concentration on the rate of a chemical reaction.
n
Students begin by exploring the rate of reaction between hydrochloric acid
and magnesium, calcium carbonate, and sodium hydrogen carbonate.
n
They then study the effect of temperature, using the same reactants that were
used initially. Cold hydrochloric acid and warm hydrochloric acid are
separately reacted with magnesium, calcium carbonate, and sodium
hydrogen carbonate.
n
Students continue by investigating the effect of surface area on reaction rate.
Hydrochloric acid is reacted with a piece of magnesium, crushed
magnesium, a piece of calcium carbonate, and crushed calcium carbonate.
n
Finally, students look at the effect of concentration on reaction rate. Various
concentrations of hydrochloric acid are separately reacted with magnesium,
calcium carbonate, and sodium hydrogen carbonate.
n
experiment 36: Factors affecting reaction rates (Wilbraham, Staley, and
Matta, Prentice Hall Chemistry: Laboratory Manual 225)
In this experiment, students investigate factors that can speed up or slow down
chemical reactions. They examine the effect of temperature, reactant
concentration, particle size, catalysts, and surface area on reaction rate.
n
Chemlab 17: Concentration and reaction rate (Dingrando, et al., Glencoe
Chemistry: Matter and Change 550)
In this lab activity, students investigate the effect of concentration on reaction
rate. Pieces of magnesium ribbon are reacted separately with varying
concentrations of hydrochloric acid, and the resulting reaction time is recorded.
n
miniLaB 17: examining reaction rate and temperature (Dingrando, et al.,
Glencoe Chemistry: Matter and Change 539)
In this lab activity, students observe the effect of temperature on reaction rate.
They dissolve antacid tablets in water at room temperature, at 50C, and at 65C.
(continued)
Topic 3:
Chemical
Kinetics
n
investigation 12a: Factors affecting the rate of a reaction (Mustoe, et al.,
McGraw-Hill Ryerson Chemistry 464)
In this three-part investigation, students predict and observe the effects of
changes to concentration, temperature, reactant, and surface area on the rate of a
chemical reaction. In each part, students record the time taken to collect test
tubes full of carbon dioxide and calculate the average rate in mL/s.
n
Part 1 investigates the effect of concentration on a reaction. Sodium hydrogen
carbonate (NaHCO
3
) and varying concentrations of vinegar are reacted in
four trials.
n
Part 2 demonstrates the effect of temperature on reaction rate. Using the
same reactants as in Part 1, students perform two trials. Before the reactants
are combined, they are first cooled to about 10C below room temperature,
and then heated to 10C above room temperature.
n
Part 3 shows the effect of reactants and surface area on reaction rate. Students
perform two trials, first combining powdered calcium carbonate (CaCO
3
)
with vinegar, and then combining solid CaCO
3
with vinegar.
In their investigations, students should comment on the effects of each factor on
reaction rate. If students have not observed factors, provide them with
demonstrations to illustrate the factors. In the post-lab discussion, have students
explain their observations based on the collision theory.
Laboratory Demonstrations
Teachers can choose to demonstrate lab activities such as the following:
n
experiment 20: a study of reaction rates: the Clock reaction (Merrill,
Parry, and Tellefsen, Chemistry: Experimental Foundations, Laboratory Manual 62)
In this two-part experiment, demonstrate the role of concentration and
temperature changes on reaction rate.
n
surface area and reaction rate
The purpose of this demonstration is to have students observe the effect of an
increase in surface area on the rate of a chemical reaction. Place 2 g of
lycopodium powder (or starch) in a pile on a porcelain tile. Try to ignite the pile
with a burner or lighter. There will be no reaction. Lift the ceramic tile holding
the lycopodium powder (or starch) and sprinkle the powder over a lit burner.
The powder will ignite quite explosively. Students should observe that the
reaction rate increases as surface area increases (Smoot, Price, and Smith 442).
n
Catalyst and reaction rate
In this demonstration, have students observe the effect of a catalyst on the rate
of a chemical reaction. Dissolve 25 g of sodium potassium tartrate (Rochelles
salt) in 300 mL of water in a large beaker. Add 100 mL of 3% to 6% hydrogen
peroxide (H
2
O
2
) to the beaker. Heat the solution to 70C. Students should
observe that no reaction occurs. Add the catalyst, cobalt chloride, to the beaker.
The solution will turn pink and then a greenish colour (cobalt[II] tartrate
complex). After the reaction has been completed, the pink colour in the solution
will reappear. The cobalt chloride was not consumed in the reaction. Students
should observe that the solution at 70C did not chemically react until the
catalyst was added (Smoot, Price, and Smith 444).
Use a variety of online simulations and video clips, such as the following, to
demonstrate how various factors affect the rate of chemical reactions.
In the Kinetics section, download and unzip the following simulation:
n
Arrhenius Equation: Temperature, Rate Constant, and Activation Energy
Experiment
In this simulation, students can vary the concentration of reactants and the
temperature. Students must start the time clock and wait for the reaction to
reach completion (blue-black colour).
The North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics (NCSSM). Chapter 15:
Kinetics. Chemistry Online Resource Essentials (CORE).
<www.dlt.ncssm.edu/core/c15.htm> (9 Feb. 2012).
The following video clips are available on this website:
n
Homogeneous Catalyst shows how the presence of a catalyst affects reaction
rate. Specifically, it shows the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H
2
O
2
),
using a solution of Co
2+
.
(continued)
Topic 3:
Chemical
Kinetics
n
KI Catalyzed H
2
O
2
Decomposition shows how the addition of a catalyst affects
reaction rate. Specifically, it shows the decomposition of H
2
O
2
, catalyzed
with manganese dioxide (MnO
2
) and uncatalyzed.
n
Glow Sticks shows how temperature affects reaction rate. One Glow Stick is
placed in hot water and another is placed in cold water.
n
Potato Catalyzed H
2
O
2
Decomposition shows how surface area affects reaction
rate. Small pieces of potato are placed in a test tube containing H
2
O
2
. A small
amount of detergent is placed in each test tube to make the bubbles of
oxygen more visible.
n
Dust Explosion shows the effect of surface area on reaction rate. The video clip
shows the explosive nature of flour when placed in a closed container and
then ignited with a candle.
Petrucci, Ralph H., William S. Harwood, and Geoffrey Herring. Chapter 15:
Chemical Kinetics. General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications. 8th ed.
Prentice Hall, Inc.
<http://cwx.prenhall.com/petrucci/medialib/media_portfolio/15.html>
(8 May 2012).
The following simulation is available on this website (in the Instructors Media
Portfolio of Prentice Halls Companion Website for General Chemistry):
n
CFCs and Stratospheric Ozone shows the catalytic decomposition of ozone by
chlorine atoms from CFCs.
Simulations. <http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/reactions-and-rates>
(22 Nov. 2012).
1. Have students compare and contrast the rate at which a sugar cube dissolves in
cold water and the rate at which granulated sugar dissolves in warm water.
Students could include observations of how surface area and water temperature
might affect the rate at which each substance dissolves (Fisher 238).
2. Have students describe how the collision theory would apply to a demolition
derby (Fisher 236).
Visual Displays
Students can represent a reaction between two substances, such as nitrogen
monoxide (NO) and ozone (O
3
), using ball-and-stick molecular models. Students
can show the correct orientation of the molecules as they collide to produce
nitrogen dioxide (NO
2
) and oxygen (O
2
). They can also show the incorrect
orientation of the molecules that would not produce a reaction.
Laboratory report
The lab activities could be assessed by having students use the Laboratory Report
Outline or complete a Laboratory Report Frame (SYSTH 11.38, 14.12). Also refer to
the Lab Report Assessment rubric in Appendix 11.
Laboratory skills
Periodically and randomly review students lab skills using a variety of rubrics and
checklists (see SYSTH 6.10, 6.11).
research and reports
Students could research and report on how the rate of specific chemical processes
can be controlled. As an alternative to preparing a report, students could complete
an Article Analysis Frame on a related article (SYSTH 11.30, 11.40, 11.41).
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change (Silberberg 674, 694, 706)
Glencoe Chemistry: Matter and Change, Science Notebook (Fisher 236, 238)
McGraw-Hill Ryerson Chemistry, Combined Atlantic Edition (Mustoe, et al. 464,
470)
Merrill Chemistry: A Modern Course (Smoot, Price, and Smith 442)
Nelson Chemistry 12, Ontario Edition (van Kessel, et al. 367, 383)
Prentice Hall Chemistry (Wilbraham, et al. 541, 545)
(continued)
Topic 3:
Chemical
Kinetics
investigations
Chemistry: Experimental Foundations, Laboratory Manual (Merrill, Parry, and
Tellefsen)
Experiment 20: A Study of Reaction Rates: The Clock Reaction, 62
Glencoe Chemistry: Matter and Change (Dingrando, et al.)
Chemlab 17: Concentration and Reaction Rate, 550
MiniLAB 17: Examining Reaction Rate and Temperature, 539
McGraw-Hill Ryerson Chemistry, Combined Atlantic Edition (Mustoe, et al.).
Investigation 12A: Factors Affecting the Rate of a Reaction, 464
Prentice Hall Chemistry: Laboratory Manual (Wilbraham, Staley, and Matta)
Factors Affecting Reaction Rates, 225
(temperature, reactant concentration, particle size, catalysis, and surface
area)
Prentice Hall Chemistry: Small-Scale Chemistry Laboratory Manual (Waterman
and Thompson)
Experiment 28: Factors Affecting the Rate of a Chemical Reaction, 197
(temperature, concentration, and surface area)
Websites
Simulation: Arrhenius Equation: Temperature, Rate Constant, and
Activation Energy Experiment
Animation: NO + O3 Bimolecular Collision
The North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics (NCSSM).
Chapter 15: Kinetics. Chemistry Online Resource Essentials (CORE).
Chemical Kinetics. General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications.
8th ed. Prentice Hall, Inc.
(8 May 2012).
Simulations. <http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/reactions-and-
rates> (22 Nov. 2012).
appendices
Appendix 3.5A: Factors Affecting the Rate of Reactions: Lab Activity
Appendix 3.5B: Factors Affecting the Rate of Reactions: Lab Activity
(Answer Key)
Appendix 3.6A: Factors Affecting the Rate of a Reaction: Lab Activity
Appendix 3.6B: Factors Affecting the Rate of a Reaction: Lab Activity
(Teacher Notes)
(continued)
Topic 3:
Chemical
Kinetics
Notes
entry-Level Knowledge
In Grade 10 Science (S2-3-09), students learned about kinetic and potential energy
with respect to motion. In Grade 11 Chemistry (C11-1-02), students were
introduced to the kinetic molecular theory to explain the properties of gases.
TeAcher NoTes
An exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that releases energy into the
environment. Combustion, or burning, is an example of an exothermic reaction. On
the other hand, an endothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that absorbs energy
from its surroundings, which is stored in the products that have formed. For
example, if aluminum chloride is dissolved in water, the beaker will feel cool to the
touch.
Students are expected to draw potential energy diagrams indicating the amount of
potential energy the reactants and the products have, the activation energy (E
a
)
needed, the activated complex, and the change in enthalpy (DH) or the heat of
reactionthat is, how much heat is absorbed (endothermic reaction) or how much
heat is released (exothermic reaction).
The activation energy of a reaction dictates the relative rate of a reaction. The higher
the activation energy is, the slower the reaction rate is, and vice versa. Catalysts
increase reaction rates by reducing the activation energy. Catalysts do not affect the
heat of reaction.
Demonstration
For the kinesthetic learner, demonstrate the following:
1. Roll a ball up an incline and let the ball roll back down. The ball represents the
reactants that do not have enough activation energy to reach the activated
complex.
C12-3-07: Draw potential energy diagrams for endothermic and
exothermic reactions.
include: relative rates, effects of catalyst, and heat of reaction
(enthalpy change)
C12-3-08: Describe qualitatively the relationship between the factors
that affect the rate of chemical reactions and the relative
rate of a reaction, using the collision theory.
(2 hours)
S
L
O
:

C
1
2
-
3
-
0
7
S
L
O
:

C
1
2
-
3
-
0
8
Topic 3:
Chemical
Kinetics
2. Roll a ball up a shallower incline and allow the ball to roll over the edge of the
incline. The shallower incline represents the addition of a catalyst, which lowers
activation energy and allows the reaction to proceed (Dingrando, et al, Glencoe
Chemistry: Matter and Change, Teacher Wraparound Edition 540).
Potential energy Diagrams
Students can use the collision theory and kinetic energy and potential energy
diagrams to explain their observations from the lab investigations performed in
relation to specific learning outcome C12-3-02. Students explanations should
include observations of what is happening at the molecular level.
The following diagram shows the progress of an endothermic reaction.
In this diagram, the reactants contain a certain amount of potential energy. As the
reaction proceeds from left to right, the molecules of the reactants gain more
energy, which is called activation energy. If the reactants have sufficient energy to
reach the activated complex, then bond breakage and realignment can occur and
new substances are formed. The products that have formed have a greater amount
of potential energy than the reactants had. This means that energy was absorbed
during the chemical reaction from its surroundings. If this reaction had taken place
in a beaker, the beaker would have felt cool to the touch. The heat of reaction, or
enthalpy change, is a positive value because the potential energy of the products is
larger than the potential energy of the reactants.
DH = H
products
H
reactants
= positive value = heat is absorbed
DH is positive
(heat absorbed)
H
products
H
reactants
Activated
complex
Activation energy (E
a
)
Reaction Coordinate
P
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
E
n
e
r
g
y
Endothermic Reaction
C12-0-U2: Demonstrate an understanding of chemical concepts.
Examples: use accurate scientific vocabulary, explain concepts to others, compare and contrast
concepts, apply knowledge to new situations and/or contexts, create analogies, use manipulatives . . .
The following diagram shows the progress of an exothermic reaction.
In this diagram, the reactants contain a certain amount of potential energy. As the
reaction proceeds from left to right, the molecules of the reactants gain more
energy, which is called activation energy. If the reactants have sufficient energy to
reach the activated complex, then bond breakage and realignment can occur and
new substances are formed. The products that have formed have a lower amount of
potential energy than the reactants had. This means that energy was released
during the chemical reaction to its surroundings. If this reaction had taken place in
a beaker, the beaker would have felt warm to the touch.
DH = H
products
H
reactants
= negative value = heat is released
DH is negative
(heat released)
H
products
H
reactants
Activated
complex
E
a
Reaction Coordinate
P
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
E
n
e
r
g
y
Exothermic Reaction
(enthalpy change)
(continued)
Topic 3:
Chemical
Kinetics
The following potential energy diagram indicates the reaction
CH
3
CH
2
Br + OH
CH
3
CH
2
OH + Br
.
Students should be able to indicate on the potential energy diagram the potential
energy of the reactants, the potential energy of the products, the activation energy,
the location of the activated complex, and the heat of reaction, or enthalphy change.
The following potential energy diagram for the reaction 2BrNO 2NO + Br
2
shows the transition state where the molecules of nitrogen, bromine, and oxygen
are rearranged to form the products.
H
products
H
reactants
Activated
complex
E
a
Reaction Coordinate
P
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
E
n
e
r
g
y
(
k
J
)
CH
3
CH
2
(OH)Br
-
88.9 kJ
CH
3
CH
2
OH + Br
-
DH = -77.2 kJ
CH
3
CH
2
Br + OH
-
Activated complex
2BrNO
Reaction Progress
P
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
E
n
e
r
g
y
2NO + Br
2
DH is negative
(heat released)
E
a
ON-Br
ON-Br
At the particulate level, this is how the potential energy diagram would appear for
the chemical reaction just described (Zumdahl and Zumdahl 588):
relative rates
Teachers may wish to use potential energy diagrams to describe whether a reaction
is slow, medium, or fast.
Activated complex
QXO
QXO
Reaction Progress
P
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
E
n
e
r
g
y
O-X
O-X + Q-Q
E
a
OX-Q
OX-Q
Products
Reactants
Key: O = oxygen
X = nitrogen
Q = bromine
E
a
E
a
E
a
SLOW
Notice E
a
is very
large for this reaction.
It would take a lot of
energy to get this
reaction to go
to completion.
MEDIUM
Notice E
a
is a bit smaller
than the slow reaction.
FAST
Notice E
a
is very small
when compared to
the slow and medium
reactions.

Relative Rates of Reaction

(enthalpy change)
(continued)
Topic 3:
Chemical
Kinetics
catalyst Added in a reaction
The following potential energy diagram shows an uncatalyzed reaction and a
catalyzed reaction.
Students should have concluded from their lab activities (in relation to learning
outcome C12-3-05) that when a catalyst is added to a chemical reaction the reaction
rate increases (the reaction time is shorter). Students should note that the diagram
indicating the presence of a catalyst shows that a smaller activation energy is
required. They should note that the heat of reaction, or enthalpy change, does not
change.
In Diagram A below, the catalyst makes it possible for more particles to have
sufficient kinetic energy to reach the activated complex. The activation energy is
lowered, meaning that more particles are available to collide and form new
product. Diagram B shows that the activation energy is lowered, enabling more
collisions to occur. This results in more product being formed.
Uncatalyzed
Catalyzed
H
products
H
reactants
Reaction Coordinate
P
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
E
n
e
r
g
y
DH is unchanged
Catalyzed and Uncatalyzed Reactions
Diagram A Diagram B
K
i
n
e
t
i
c
E
n
e
r
g
y
Number of Particles Reaction Coordinate
E
a
E
a
E
a
with a catalyst
P
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
E
n
e
r
g
y
collision Theory and Factors Affecting rate of reactions
In addressing learning outcomes C12-3-07 and C12-3-08, see the learning activities
suggested for learning outcomes C12-3-05 and C12-3-06.
Demonstrations/Animations
A variety of demonstrations/animations can be viewed online to reinforce the
effects of factors affecting the rate of chemical reactions.
Sample Websites:
The North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics (NCSSM). Chapter 15:
Kinetics. Chemistry Online Resource Essentials (CORE).
The following video clips, available on this website, can help students describe
the factors affecting chemical reaction rates.
n
KI Catalyzed H
2
O
2
Decomposition shows how the addition of a catalyst affects
reaction rate. Specifically, it shows the decomposition of H
2
O
2
, catalyzed
with manganese dioxide (MnO
2
) and uncatalyzed.
n
Glow Sticks shows how temperature affects reaction rate. One Glow Stick is
placed in hot water and another is placed in cold water.
n
Potato Catalyzed H
2
O
2
Decomposition shows how surface area affects reaction
rate. Small pieces of potato are placed in a test tube containing H
2
O
2
. A small
amount of detergent is placed in each test tube to make the bubbles of
oxygen more visible.
n
Dust Explosion shows the effect of surface area on reaction rate. The video clip
shows the explosive nature of flour when placed in a closed container and
then ignited with a candle.
(enthalpy change)
(continued)
Topic 3:
Chemical
Kinetics
_____
. Distance Education and Extended Programs. ChemistryKinetics.
Teachers Instructional Graphics and Educational Resource (TIGER).
<www.dlt.ncssm.edu/tiger/chem5.htm#kinetics> (10 Feb. 2012).
The following animations are available on this website:
Molecular_collision_E
a
(.exe or .html) demonstrates the change in potential
energy for two molecules as they collide. Low energy and high energy
simulations are shown.
Catalys_2 (.exe or .html) shows the solid state catalytic hydrogenation of an
alkene.
Chemical Kinetics. General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications. 8th ed.
Prentice Hall, Inc.
(8 May 2012).
The following simulation is available on this website (in the Instructors Media
Portfolio of Prentice Halls Companion Website for General Chemistry):
CFCs and Stratospheric Ozone shows the catalytic decomposition of ozone by
chlorine atoms from CFCs.
Science Bob. Crazy Foam Experiment. Science Bob Videos.
<www.sciencebob.com/experiments/videos/video-foam1.php> (13 Jan. 2012).
This experiment shows how the presence of a catalyst affects reaction rate.
Students should be able to interpret and draw potential energy diagrams from
given information.
Journal Writing
Students can interpret graphs by answering the following questions:
n
Are the reactants or the products at a higher energy level?
n
Is energy absorbed or released after the reaction takes place?
n
Will the reaction always proceed to form products once the activated complex is
formed? Explain.
Chemistry (Chang 566)
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change (Silberberg 696, 698)
Glencoe Chemistry: Concepts and Applications (Phillips, Strozak, and Wistrom
713)
Glencoe Chemistry: Matter and Change, Teacher Wraparound Edition (Dingrando,
et al. 540)
McGraw-Hill Ryerson Chemistry, Combined Atlantic Edition (Mustoe, et al. 472)
Websites
The North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics (NCSSM).
Chapter 15: Kinetics. Chemistry Online Resource Essentials (CORE).
_____. Distance Education and Extended Programs. ChemistryKinetics.
Teachers Instructional Graphics and Educational Resource (TIGER).
<www.dlt.ncssm.edu/tiger/chem5.htm#kinetics> (10 Feb. 2012).
Chemical Kinetics. General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications.
8th ed. Prentice Hall, Inc.
(8 May 2012).
Science Bob. Crazy Foam Experiment. Science Bob Videos.
<www.sciencebob.com/experiments/videos/video-foam1.php>
(13 Jan. 2012).
(enthalpy change)
(continued)
Topic 3:
Chemical
Kinetics
Notes
TeAcher NoTes
reaction Mechanism
Teachers may wish to explain the concept of a reaction mechanism using the
analogy of cleaning up dinner dishes by hand. This process happens in many steps:
clearing the table, filling the sink with water and soap, placing the dishes in the
sink, washing the dishes, drying the dishes, putting the dishes away, draining the
sink, and wiping up.
Students need to be aware that an overall balanced chemical equation does not tell
us much about the actual pathway a chemical reaction follows, just as an average
speed of 100 km/h does not tell us much about the various speeds we need to drive
on a two-hour trip.
A reaction mechanism summarizes the individual steps a reaction follows. Each
individual step is called an elementary step or an elementary process.
Using the reaction 2NO
(g)
+ O
2(g)
2NO
2(g)
, experimental data shows that the
NO
2
is not formed directly from the collision of NO and O
2
particles, as N
2
O
2
can
be detected during the reaction.
A more likely scenario for the reaction is a two-step reaction mechanism:
Step 1: 2NO
(g)
N
2
O
2(g)
Step 2: N
2
O
2(g)
+ O
2(g)
2NO
2(g)
Net reaction: 2NO
(g)
+ O
2(g)
2NO
2(g)
As the N
2
O
2
appears in the reaction mechanism but not in the overall chemical
equation, it is called an intermediate.
SpECifiC LEaRninG OUtCOmE
C12-3-09: Explain the concept of a reaction mechanism.
include: rate-determining step
(0.5 hour)
S
L
O
:

C
1
2
-
3
-
0
9
Topic 3:
Chemical
Kinetics
Catalysts, like intermediates, do not appear in the overall reaction. The
decomposition of ozone with a chlorine catalyst illustrates this:
Step 1: Cl
2(g)
+ O
3(g)
ClO
(g)
+ O
2(g)
Step 2: O
3(g)
O
2(g)
+ O
(g)
Step 3: ClO
(g)
+ O
(g)
Cl
2(g)
+ O
2(g)
Net reaction: 2O
3(g)
3O
2(g)
In the above example, the Cl
2(g)
is a catalyst and the ClO
(g)
is an intermediate.
The slowest of the elementary processes will determine the rate of the reaction. It is
called the rate-determining step.
The rate-determining step concept can be illustrated with the analogy of cleaning
up dishes, in which the longest step (washing the dishes) would be the rate-
determining step. Students should recognize that efforts to speed up the other steps
do not significantly affect the length of time required to clean up the dishes, but
speeding up the slowest step affects the time the most.
The molecularity of a reaction refers to the number of particles involved in an
elementary step. The molecules may be of the same type or different types. The
elementary step may involve one particle (unimolecular), two particles
(bimolecular), or three particles (termolecular). It is possible to use the elementary
steps of a reaction to deduce a rate law. (Rate laws are addressed in learning
outcome C12-3-10.)
Examples of Elementary Steps:
n
Unimolecular: Conversion of cyclopropane to propene
There is only one particle involved in this one-step reaction mechanism, which is
the cyclopropane.
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
CH = CH
2
n
Bimolecular: Production of nitrogen dioxide
Both elementary steps for the production of nitrogen dioxide involve two
particles.
Step 1: NO
(g)
+ NO
(g)
N
2
o
2(g)
Step 2: N
2
o
2(g)
+ O
2(g)
2NO
2(g)
n
termolecular:
Very few reactions require three particles to react simultaneously in an
elementary step.
extension
Have students draw potential energy diagrams for multi-step reaction mechanisms.
Ask students to create their own analogy of a reaction mechanism.
Journal Writing
Students can describe how they would feel and act if they were an intermediate
substance in a reaction mechanism.
McGraw-Hill Ryerson Chemistry, Combined Atlantic Edition (Mustoe, et al. 477)
Nelson Chemistry 12, Ontario Edition (van Kessel, et al. 387)
C12-3-09: Explain the concept of a reaction mechanism.
include: rate-determining step
(continued)
Topic 3:
Chemical
Kinetics
Notes
TeAcher NoTes
reaction rate Laws and reaction order
The differentiated rate law is determined by using the initial rate method. The
integrated rate law is determined by using the concentration change over time to
determine rate. Avoid using the integrated rate law, as it involves the use of
calculus. Instead, emphasize the use of the initial rate method. A key point to
remember is that the components of the rate law must be found by experiment and
not through the use of reaction stoichiometry.
Most chemistry textbooks deal with this topic in detail. Determine the depth of
instruction based on students learning requirements.
Introductory Example:
For the reaction A B, the following data was obtained.
When asked to interpret the above data, students may indicate that as the
concentration went up, the initial rate also went up. (It is a proportional
relationship.)
The relationship can be written as
Rate [A]
x
where x is called the order of the reaction.
Trial Initial [A]
(mol/L)
Initial rate
(mol/Ls)
1 0.10 5
2 0.20 10
3 0.30 15
C12-3-10: Determine the rate law and order of a chemical reaction
from experimental data.
include: zero-, first-, and second-order reactions and reaction rate
(2 hours)
S
L
O
:

C
1
2
-
3
-
1
0
Topic 3:
Chemical
Kinetics
The order describes how rate is affected by changing concentration(s) of reactant(s).
For example, when doubling the concentration of a reactant results in a doubling of
the rate, the reaction is a first-order reaction with respect to that reactant (x = 1).
When doubling the concentration of a reactant results in the rate increasing by four
times (2
2
), the reaction is a second-order reaction with respect to that reactant
(x = 2).
To evaluate this mathematically, replace the proportionality symbol with an equal
sign. To do this, a proportionality constant must be included. In this case, it is called
the rate constant (k).
Rate = k[A]
x
In this data, x is equal to 1.
Sample Problem:
For the reaction NO
2(g)
+ CO
(g)
NO
(g)
+ CO
2(g)
, the following data was obtained.
Determine the overall rate law for this reaction.
Solution:
1. Take the ratio of the initial rates for Trials 1 and 2, in which only one reactant is
changed.
By increasing the concentration four times, the effect on the reaction time is that
it is increased by 16. This means that the reaction rate depends on the square of
the concentration of NO
2
. The reaction is a second-order reaction with respect to
NO
2
.
The rate law would be
Trial Initial rate
(mol/Ls)
Initial [No
2
]
(mol/L)
Initial [co]
(mol/L)
1 0.0050 0.10 0.10
2 0.080 0.40 0.10
3 0.0050 0.10 0.20
Trial 2 NO
Trial 1 NO
times quadrupled the con
2
2
0 40
0 10
4
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
= =
.
.
ccentration
Trial 2 rate
Trial 1 rate
times rate
( )
= =
0 080
0 0050
16
.
.
i increases 16 times ( )
SkiLLS anD attitUDES OUtCOmE
Rate = k[NO
2
]
2
2. Take the ratio of the initial rates for Trials 1 and 3, in which the concentration of
CO is changed.
By increasing the concentration of CO, the experimental data shows that the
reaction rate does not change. It does not matter how much CO there is, as the
rate of reaction does not depend on [CO]. Therefore, the reaction is a zero-order
reaction with respect to CO.
The rate law would be
Rate = k[NO
2
]
2
[CO]
0
= k[NO
2
]
2
(1) = k[NO
2
]
2
Emphasize that the value of k is specific for each reaction and changes only for a
given reaction if the temperature changes.
Laboratory Activities
If sufficient time is available, students could perform the following lab activities:
n
Lab 14: determining reaction orders (Dingrando, et al., Glencoe Chemistry:
Small-Scale Laboratory Manual, Teacher Edition 53)
In this lab activity, students determine the general equation for the reaction
between crystal violet and sodium hydroxide.
n
experiment 30: rate Law determination of the Crystal Violet reaction
(Holmquist, Randall, and Volz, Chemistry with Vernier)
In this experiment, students observe the reaction between crystal violet and
sodium hydroxide. They study the relationship between concentration of crystal
violet and the time elapsed during the reaction.
n
reaction order (PASCO, Chemistry)
In this experiment, students analyze the reaction rate by determining the order
of the reaction when a colouring agent reacts with household bleach.
Trial 3 CO
Trial 1 CO
times doubled the concentratio
| j
| j
= =
0 20
0 10
2
.
.
nn
Trial 3 rate
Trial 1 rate
time rate does not i
( )
= =
0 0050
0 0050
1
.
.
nncrease ( )
C12-3-10: Determine the rate law and order of a chemical reaction
from experimental data.
include: zero-, first-, and second-order reactions and reaction rate
(continued)
Topic 3:
Chemical
Kinetics
Paper-and-Pencil Task
Have students solve problems involving rate laws.
Journal Writing
Ask students to create a table in which they describe the effect of doubling,
tripling, and quadrupling [A] on the overall rate of chemical reactions having the
following rate laws:
Rate = k[A]
0
Rate = k[A]
1
Rate = k[A]
2
Rate = k[A]
3
(Dingrando, et al., Glencoe Chemistry: Matter and Change, Teacher Wraparound Edition
544).
Glencoe Chemistry: Matter and Change, Teacher Wraparound Edition (Dingrando,
et al. 544)
investigations
Chemistry with Calculators (Holmquist and Volz)
Glencoe Chemistry: Small-Scale Laboratory Manual, Teacher Edition
(Dingrando, et al. 53)
Websites
Holmquist, Dan D., Jack Randall, and Donald L. Volz. Experiment 30: Rate
Law Determination of the Crystal Violet Reaction. Chemistry with Vernier.
Beaverton, OR: Vernier, 2007. Available online at <www.vernier.com/
experiments/cwv/30/rate_law_determination_of_the_crystal_violet_
reaction/> (7 June 2012).
PASCO. Reaction Order. 19962012.Chemistry.
<www.pasco.com/chemistry/kinetics-and-quilibrium/reactionorder.cfm>
(9 May 2012).
SkiLLS anD attitUDES OUtCOmE

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Topic 3:

Relative Rates of Reaction

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