Counselor Advisor Handbook

Personality Type Handbook
A Counselor/Advisors Guide for Using Personality Type To Understand and Counsel and Advise Students
Introduction
This handbook has been written specifically for you the college counselor/advisor who uses Do What You AreTM. It will ensure that you and your students both get the maximum benefit from this program. In this guide you will find the following: A brief history and introduction to Personality Type Why Personality Type is such a good predictor of career satisfaction Overview of Personality Type Four dimensions of Personality Type Working with different types of students What if Situations when working with students Appendix 1: Resource Material for learning more about Personality Type Appendix 2: Profiles of all Sixteen Personality Types
A Brief History of Personality Type

The popular use of Personality Type is the result of the work of Swiss psychologist Carl Jung and two American women, Katherine Briggs and her daughter, Isabel Briggs Myers, who developed an instrument the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) to help identify and explain the Jungian Types. Personality Type and the MBTI have been embraced the world over as a wonderful, non-judgmental tool for helping people better understand themselves and others. Today, it is widely used by educators, counselors, clergy people, and the majority of Fortune 500 companies, for improving management effectiveness, helping work teams function better, and helping people make the most satisfying career decisions.
2002 Human eSources , Ltd MBTI is a Trademark of Consulting Psychologists Press, Inc. Do What You Are is a Trademark of Paul D. Tieger and Barbara Barron-Tieger
Why Personality Type is such a good predictor of career satisfaction and success?
Do What You AreTM differs from other programs in several important ways. Perhaps most notable is that other programs are based on the belief that the best career decisions result from matching students values, skills, and interests with specific jobs. But in reality, all three of these are quite fluid in young people and often change significantly as they grow older. This program is based on Personality Type the innate way people naturally see the world and make decisions -- a set of basic drives and motivations that remain constant throughout a persons life. Learning about their Personality Types provides students with accurate and invaluable insights about themselves and their career-related needs. This enables them to make the most informed, satisfying, college and career decisions.
Personality Type and Career Choice

Personality Type is the foundation of this program because people are happiest and most successful in jobs that allow them to use their greatest natural gifts. Personality Type is the best way of determining what those gifts are, and in which occupations they find the greatest opportunity for expression.
Overview of Personality Type

Personality Type refers to a system for understanding human behavior. It is based upon the belief that there are sixteen distinctly different personality types, and every person has one type that most accurately describes him or her. We believe that people are born with a type and that one's type does not change throughout life. Certainly we grow, develop, and change as a result of life experiences. And we develop a range of behaviors that are appropriate to a given situation. This enables us to act differently at a party than at a funeral. But it is really our behaviors that change and not our personality types. The model of Personality Type is non-judgmental. There are no better or worse, healthier or sicker types. Each type has its own inherent strengths and potential weaknesses. Personality Type does not predict intelligence, rather it identifies important natural pre-dispositions and tendencies.
The Four Dimensions of Personality Type

The Type model describes four basic aspects of human personality: how we interact with the world and where we direct our energy; the kind of information we naturally notice and remember; how we make decisions; and whether we prefer to live in a more structured way (making decisions) or in a more spontaneous way (taking in information). We call these aspects of human personality dimensions because each one can be viewed as a continuum between opposite extremes, like this:
How we interact with the world and where we direct our energy
(E) Extraversion _______________|__________________Introversion (I)
The kind of information we naturally notice and remember (S) Sensing _____________________|_____________________Intuition (N)
How we make decisions (T) Thinking ____________________|_______________________Feeling (F)
Whether we prefer to live in a more structured or in a more spontaneous way (J) Judging______________________|____________________Perceiving (P)
Everyone's personality falls onto one side or the other of the midpoint on each of these four scales. The opposite sides of the scales are called preferences. If you fall on the extraverted side then we say you have a preference for Extraversion. If you fall on the introverted side, we say your preference is for Introversion. But its important to keep in mind: everyone uses both sides of each dimension people are primarily Extraverts (or Introverts, etc.), but not exclusively one or the other. All of us use both sides of all four scales in our daily life, but we have an inborn preference for one side over the other. Your preferred way of operating is more comfortable, automatic, trustworthy, and competent. Keep in mind that each scale is a continuum and people may fall close to the midpoint, indicating a less clear preference, or at the extreme ends, indicating a very clear preference. Here is a brief review of the eight preferences and career implications -- how they impact a students career needs.
Extraversion (E) -- Introversion (I) is about: How we interact with the world & Where we direct our energy
EXTRAVERTS * Focus attention outward * Enjoy a variety of tasks * Seek out and need other people * Work at a rapid pace * Need to talk about their ideas to think them through
INTROVERTS * Focus attention inward * Consider things fully before responding * Enjoy tasks that require concentration * Work best on one project at a time * Work at a careful, steady pace
Sensing (S) - Intuition (N) is about: What kind of information we naturally notice and remember
SENSORS * Focus on "what is" * Like working with real things * Apply past experience to solving problems * Need specific and realistic directions
INTUITIVES * Focus on "what could be" * Enjoy theory and speculation * Like working with possibilities and implications * Need to use their imaginations
Thinking (T) - Feeling (F) is about: whether we make decisions logically and impersonally, or by using personal values
THINKERS * Enjoy analyzing problems logically * Make fair and objective decisions * Need to weigh the pros and cons to make decisions * Can be tough negotiators * Make fair and objective decisions
FEELERS * Need work to be personally meaningful * Like helping others and being appreciated * Need decisions to be congruent with their values * Need to work in a friendly environment * Are driven to understand others and contribute
Judging (J) - Perceiving (P) is about: the way we like to live our lives, more structured (making decisions) or more spontaneous (taking in information)
JUDGERS * Enjoy work that allows them to make decisions * Prefer a predictable work pattern and environment * Work towards completing their responsibilities before relaxing * Like to maintain control of their projects
PERCEIVERS * Enjoy flexible and changing work situations * Like to be able to respond to problems as they arise * Are more satisfied with fewer rules and procedures * Need to have fun in their work
A type is really more than just a four letter code that describes different preferences. Each type preference tells us something important about the individual. But no one is "just" an Introvert. A person is an INTJ, an ISFP or one of six other Introverted types. In other words, while all Introverts share certain characteristics, it is the other letters in their type --the COMBINATION of letters that makes Type so rich and its insights so valuable.
*Profiles for each of the sixteen types appears in Appendix 2
Working with different types of students

Using this program will help you understand and communicate better with all your students. However, you will inevitably experience challenges working with some students that can both be explained, and helped by, understanding their type preferences. Some typical challenges you may experience while working with: Extraverts: to get them to slow down enough to really think things through before taking action to provide you with enough information to help them, and to get them to move from the thinking stage to the action stage to help them see possibilities that dont yet exist and to focus on the big picture and long-range consequences
Introverts:
Sensors:
Intuitives:
to help them realistically evaluate career options and plans, and pay attention to the little details that are so important to remind them of the human consequences of their decisions, both for themselves and for others to help them evaluate options more objectively and not take rejection or setbacks personally to delay making decisions prematurely, and to stay open to new information to help keep them on task and nudge them into making decisions when appropriate
Thinkers:
Feelers:
Judgers:
Perceivers:
Additional challenges or What if

A student is not sure if he/she has identified his/her type correctly? No Type assessment will identify every persons type accurately 100% of the time. But built into this program is a method for helping students verify their types increasing the odds theyve determined their right type, by reviewing and comparing profiles of one or more other types which may be close to the students. In the overwhelming number of cases, students are able to verify their true type. The first thing counselors/advisors should do is see how accurately the student thought the type profile described him or her. This will help the counselors/advisors feel confident that the information presented is valid for this student, and if a student does not feel the assessment accurately describes them, the counselors/advisors can take extra time to help the student find his or her right type. Occasionally, and for some very good reasons, some students will simply not be able to arrive at a type through this program. Here are a few things you can do: suggest the student re-take the assessment or have the student take the assessment with someone who knows him or her well, to perhaps get more accurate perceptions. If neither of these efforts help clarify the students type, we suggest you de-emphasize the importance of verifying the students type, and instead focus on majors and careers the student expresses an interest in.
A student resists the notion of being typed? While the majority of students seem to enjoy discovering their type, and the validation it brings, some students (as well as adults) feel typing pigeonholes or stereotypes them. If a student is truly resistant, it is helpful to explain that Type is only one measure, and it is up to the student to decide how useful and accurate the insights are. This process is designed to empower students, so they should never be made to feel they must accept a type as theirs, if it doesnt feel right to them. But in all likelihood, you will rarely, if ever experience this problem.
A student has a strong interest in a particular career that doesnt show up on his or her list of recommended occupations? Occasionally this will happen because occupations are correlated to types based on how satisfied most people of a certain type would be doing that job. But there are always exceptions! Although Type is a great tool, students should never be counseled into or out of a particular job based solely on their type. When a student expresses an interest in a career that you think will not be satisfying based on the Self Discovery Assessment or your own intuition and experience you should make sure the student really understands what its like to have that job. This can be accomplished by encouraging the student to do field research or a job shadow. Once the student has done this and is still interested, he or she should be encouraged to continue exploring this field. No jobs in certain career fields (for example the Arts) appear in the students list of possible careers? Does this mean the student isnt suited to any jobs in The Arts? No. The reason the students type was not represented in this career field is because there are relatively few people of that type who find this kind of work satisfying. But again, there are always exceptions! For example, few INFPs (sensitive, caring, creative, empathetic, open-minded, curious types) choose to go into manufacturing. So there may not be any manufacturing jobs coded for INFPs. However, students should always be encouraged to explore whatever occupation or career field they express an interest in. This program will hopefully help them understand what may or may not be a satisfying match. A student questions the uniqueness of the information because his report is exactly like one of his friends? This happens occasionally because students (as well as adults) tend to surround themselves with people who are similar to them. That two people of the same type would find similar jobs satisfying makes good sense! While both students may find the same jobs listed, there will usually be a greater difference in the order of the recommended jobs. This is because two students with the same type will not necessarily have the same degree of interest in all of the different career fields. And the career fields that students express the most interest, appear first. A student is difficult to help because he or she doesnt give you much information? It can be extremely frustrating for counselors/advisors who want to help their students but dont get the information they need. Often (but not always!) it is Introverted students who present the biggest challenge to Extroverted counselors/advisors because these two have a very different style of communicating. Obviously, it is the counselor/advisors responsibility to find a way to reach the student, not the other way around. To assist you in this most important exercise, we provide specific recommendations in the Report for communication with each individual student under How to Best Counsel this Student.
Appendix 1: Resource Material for learning more about Personality Type
Web sites
Listed below are several web sites that provide additional information about Personality Type and career management. The Association for Psychological Type www.aptcentral.org Career / Lifeskills Resources www.career-lifeskills.com Career Research and Testing www.careertrainer.com The Center for Application of Psychological Type www.capt.org Consulting Psychologists Press www.cpp-db.com Lifekeys www.lifekeys.com Temperament Research Institute www.tri-network.org Type Resources www.type-resources.com
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Books
There have been many books, and thousands of articles and dissertations written about Personality Type and career management, though very little has been written specifically for counselorsadvisors of college students. By far, the most comprehensive source of general career information is the Bibliography for the Personality Type and the MBTI is maintained by The Center for Application of Psychological Type (CAPT), which lists over 6,500 entries. CAPT also maintains a very active research department. Queries can be directed to www.capt.org. Listed below are several books and articles you may find most helpful. The first four, we highly recommend and consider indispensable for all career professionals: Do What You Are - Discover the Perfect Career for You Through the Secrets of Personality Type, Paul D. Tieger and Barbara Barron-Tieger. MBTI Manual - A guide to the Development and Use of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator by Isabel Briggs Myers, Mary H. McCaulley, Naomi L. Quenk and Allen Hammer. Newly updated, the manual provides a comprehensive overview of MBTI uses and applications, and includes chapters on Theory, Administration and Interpretation, Scoring, Construction, and Reliability/Validity. An extensive applications section includes Counseling and Psychotherapy, Education Development, Management and Leadership, and Multicultural Applications. The Atlas of Type Tables by Gerald P. Macdaid, Mary H. McCaulley and Richard I Kainz. and published by CAPT. This great resource contains over 300 type tables of occupations, as well as the percentages and rankings for all occupations based on preferences.
Other Books
Bridges, William. (1994) Job Shift - How to Prosper in a Workplace without Jobs. Reading, Ma.; Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. Hammer, A. L., & Kummerow, J. M. (1996). Strong and MBTI Career Development Guide (Rev. ed). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. Kumerow, Jean M. (1991). New Directions in Career Planning and the Workplace - Practical Strategies for Counselors. Palo Alto, Ca.; Consulting Psychologists Press. Martin, Charles R., (1995). Looking at Type and Careers. Gainesville, Fl.; Center for Application for Psychological Types (CAPT). Pilder, R. J., & Pilder, W. F. (1981). How to find your life's work: Staying out of traps and taking control of your career. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
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Articles
Apostal, R. A., & Marks, C. (1990). Correlations between the Strong-Campbell and Myers-Briggs scales of introversion-extraversion and career interests. Psychological Reports, 66, 811-816. Barlow, J. R. (no date). A career counselor's perspective on the usefulness of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator vs. the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule. Paper written for a course in psychological testing. Bell, S. J., & Richard, L. R. (Speakers). (1991, July). Type and legal careers: Helping lawyers find satisfaction in the nineties. Presented at APT-IX, the Ninth Biennial International Conference of the Association for Psychological Type, Richmond, VA. (Cassette Recording No. D203-CS38). Garden Grove, CA: nfoMedix. Berens, L. V. (1990, Spring). The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator - Concepts behind the instrument [Special issue: Temperament and Type in Career Counseling]. Career Planning and Adult Development Journal, 6(1), 4-6. Berens, L. V. (1990, Spring). Temperament applied to career counseling - Some case examples [Special issue: Temperament and Type in Career Counseling]. Career Planning and Adult Development Journal, 6(1), 7-9. Berens, L. V. (Speaker). (1992). Not just a paycheck: Temperament factors in career and life decisions [Audiotape]. Huntington Beach, CA: Telos Publications. DiRusso, L., Carney, J. V., & Bryan, B. (1995). Psychological type of education majors and career decisiveness. Journal of Psychological Type, 32, 36-42. Hales, M., & Peacock, S. Y. (1998, March). Using the MBTI in an internet career development course. Proceedings of the Third Biennial International Conference On Education of the Center for Applications of Psychological Type (pp. 127-129). Gainesville, FL: Center for Applications of Psychological Type. Hammer, A. L. (1996). Career management and counseling. In A. L. Hammer (Ed.), MBTI applications: A decade of research on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (pp. 31-53). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. Heavrin, A. R. (1994, Fall). Careers & occupations: Human and career development and type. Bulletin of Psychological Type, 17(4), 28-30. Heavrin, A. R. (1994, Spring). Toward a more holistic view of type. [Review of Applying career development to counseling]. Bulletin of Psychological Type, 17(2), 13.
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Articles (continued)
Ingram, J. (Speaker). (1989, June). Using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator in career counseling with vocational-technical college students. Applications of Type in Community and Technical Colleges, Panel/Workshop presented at APT-VIII, the Eighth Biennial International Conference of the Association for Psychological Type, Boulder, CO. (Cassette Recording No. B215-59AB, 2 tapes). Garden Grove, CA: InfoMedix. Jones, S. (1993). Psychological testing for managers: A complete guide to using and surviving 19 popular recruitment and career development tests. London: Platkus. Martin, C. R., & Macdaid, G. P. (1995, July). Looking at type and career exploration. Proceedings of APT-XI, the Eleventh Biennial International Conference of the Association for Psychological Type (p. 11, abstract). Kansas City, MO. Miller, B., & Millner, N. B. (Speakers). (1985, June). Type to type: A search for career counseling techniques and tools. Presented at APT-VI, the Sixth Biennial International Conference of the Association for Psychological Type. (Cassette Recording No. L227-69O). Garden Grove, CA: InfoMedix. Miller, B., & Millner, N. B. (1985, June). Type: A search for career counseling techniques and tools. Paper presented at APT-VI, the Sixth Biennial International Conference of the Association for Psychological Type, Evanston, IL. Montross, D. H., Kane, T. E., & Ginn, R. J., Jr. (1997). Career coaching your kids: Guiding your child through the process of career discovery. Palo Alto, CA: Davies-Black. Nordvik, H. (1996, September). Relationships between Holland's vocational typology, Schein's career anchors and Myers-Briggs' types. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 69(3), 263275. Pinkney, J. W. (1983, November). The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator as an alternative in career counseling. The Personnel and Guidance Journal, 62(3), 173-177. Tieger, P. D. (Speaker). (1991, July). Satisfaction guaranteed: Matching your personality to a career you can love. Presented at APT-IX, the Ninth Biennial International Conference of the Association for Psychological Type, Richmond, VA. (Cassette Recording No. D203-CS27). Garden Grove, CA: InfoMedix. Van Sant, S. (Speaker). (1996, March). Type-based education is "real world" career education. Presented at the Second Biennial International Conference on Education of the Center for Applications of Psychological Type, Orlando, FL. (Cassette Recording No. 12)
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Appendix 2: Profiles of all Sixteen Personality Types ENFJ

Extravert, Intuitive, Feeling Judging type People like this are usually very warm, outgoing, and talkative. They make friends easily and are often popular and well liked because they are so enthusiastic and cheerful. They care deeply for their family and friends, and like to express their feelings through words and actions. People often say they have a gift for language and are able to articulate their strong beliefs and opinions with tact. They are quite empathetic and seem to just know what other people are feeling. Tension, fights, or conflict make them very uncomfortable so they try hard to please others and make peace between their friends. they hate direct confrontations and will "soften" their message or even avoid telling the entire hard truth if they feel it might hurt someone's feelings. While they have strong opinions, they sometimes back away from what they really believe in. They sometimes choose harmony over total and frank honesty. Because they get their feeling hurt easily, it may be hard for them to hear even the most constructive criticism. Creative and often imaginative, they may love learning, daydreaming, and entertaining others with their many artistic talents. They have quick minds and are good at putting ideas and concepts together. Organized and productive, they get a blast of energy and satisfaction from getting projects done. They like to be in charge and can usually come up with a plan of action for even complicated projects. But they tend to become annoyed when someone tries to change or interrupt their plan. They like to know what's expected of them, and they care about what others think. They find it very hard to stay calm and objective when they're upset. They're a very sensitive people; they know first hand that it is both a blessing and curse to be so insightful about other people.
INFJ
Introvert, Intuitive, Feeling, Judging type People like this are usually imaginative, creative, and sensitive. They are private people, and take their time to get to know people and to let others get to know them. They probably have a small group of close and trusted friends, and are generally cautious about jumping into new social situations. People describe them as thoughtful and empathetic, and they will try hard to please the people they care about. Outwardly quiet, they have strong feelings and opinions, especially about the way people should treat one another. They are very committed to their beliefs so they may have trouble backing down or compromising their ideals just to get other peoples' approval. They can be somewhat of a perfectionist. People sometimes disappoint them and since it's hard for them to stay objective, they may often get their feelings hurt. They may love to fantasize about the future, and probably enjoy creative activities like writing, reading, music, and art. They tend to be organized, efficient, and inventive about getting their work done, and they are responsible and respectful people. Since they like to have a plan of action, they may get flustered by sudden changes and need plenty of time to adjust to or prepare for new experiences. They like spending time alone and while they may like doing things with their good friends, they are typically not the ones who initiate social activities. Since they are good listeners, people trust them and are often amazed by the original insights they have about others. They naturally look below the surface to understand the deeper meaning in every experience and interaction.
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ENFP
Extravert, Intuitive, Feeling, Perceiving type People like this are very outgoing, enthusiastic, and spontaneous. They love meeting new people and probably have a large circle of friends and acquaintances. Since they are always on the go and seem to have boundless energy, they are usually up for any new experience and especially love surprises! They are very curious, ask a lot of questions, and are fascinated by people or things that are out of the ordinary. Because of their vivid imagination, they have many ideas a day and are great at finding creative ways of solving problems or overcoming obstacles. They love to talk - especially about fun or interesting possibilities. People enjoy their unusual sense of humor and find them fun to be around. They pride themselves on their uniqueness. They are also sensitive and empathetic people who often have accurate insights about others. Their friends know they are devoted and affectionate and that they feel things very deeply, even if they don't always show it. But they may also take criticism personally and find their feelings are easily hurt. When they have a lot of details to remember or projects to manage, they may become overwhelmed or discouraged. In fact, their curiosity often distracts them from the more routine parts of projects and they probably find that staying organized is one of the hardest things for them to do. Making decisions is also a struggle because there are so many interesting options calling to them at once. Whatever career they choose, it has to be something they believe in or they won't be able to stick with it for very long.
INFP
Introvert, Intuitive, Feeling, Perceiving type People like this are rare. They are unique and creative people who tend to march to the beat of their own drummer. Private, quiet, and socially cautious, only friends who know them very well may ever see their more playful and expressive side. In fact, it takes awhile for them to feel comfortable with new people so they may often be described as somewhat reserved. But inside, they are people of great feeling and care deeply for the people and causes that are dear to their heart. Their personal values are most important to them so they always try to make choices that they feel good about. They are rarely willing to compromise on anything that is really important to them. They can sometimes become overwhelmed by the intensity of their emotions, and their relationships need to be free of conflict or tension for them to remain in them. They are also highly imaginative people and may enjoy expressing themselves through the arts. But since they are also somewhat of a perfectionist, they may have trouble hearing constructive criticism without taking it personally. They are quick to understand the deeper meaning of things, and often have a fresh or original take on events and people. Since they prefer by nature to act spontaneously, they resist too many rules or too much structure. And they may also have trouble staying organized or making decisions. At heart, they are non-conformist and must find the path that is really right for them, even if it means striking out alone.
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ENTJ
Extravert, Intuitive, Thinking, Judging type People like this are confident, and assertive. They almost always seem to be sure of themselves, and speak their minds directly and honestly. They have strong opinions and are usually able to convince others that their position is right. While they are naturally very fair, they are also rather outspoken. Because they are so friendly and comfortable being the center of attention, they probably have a large circle of friends. People admire their determination and willingness to push themselves to achieve their very high standards. They are also creative people who like to ask thought-provoking questions. They love to learn but get bored with any repetition, and constantly need a new challenge to stay interested. Imaginative and creative, they like to look beyond the everyday to really understand why the world operates as it does. They are decisive and organized, and since they like to be prepared at all times, they may find it difficult or embarrassing to try to improvise. They like to be in charge, but sometimes take over projects that aren't really theirs. They are frustrated by inefficiency, and find illogical rules infuriating. Whatever they try, they want to be good at, and they especially like to demonstrate their competence to others. People around them look to them as a natural leader and are often impressed with their knowledge. They are people other people respect so they feel comfortable giving them a lot of responsibility.
INTJ
Introvert, Intuitive, Thinking, Judging type People like this are intense, private, and creative. They are highly imaginative and intellectual people, and are rarely satisfied with anything less than a full and logical understanding of issues. Serious, quiet, and cautious, they tend to initially hang back from new social situations, and they are pretty selective about which activities they get involved in and which people they befriend. They probably have a small group of trusted friends and also enjoy spending time alone, delving deeply into the subjects and activities that interest them. They keep their feelings and private thoughts to themselves, or share them occasionally with their very closest friends. They have a rich inner life and may enjoy studying and reading about perspectives or lifestyles that are out of the ordinary. They quickly grasp complex concepts or theories, and are able to glean the less obvious meanings of information. But they may have little patience for anything superficial or repetitive. They are super independent and are willing to stand up for their positions, even if others disagree. But they may be stubborn and have difficulty changing their mind once it's made up. They are also naturally skeptical and question the way things are, so only a sound logical argument is likely to persuade or convince them. Calm and emotionally self-contained, they don't like when other people exaggerate or over-react. Overall, they are much more interested in meeting or exceeding their own high personal standards than trying to please other people.
ENTP
Extravert, Intuitive, Thinking, Perceiving type
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People like this are friendly, creative, and confident. Since they love to talk and tell engaging stories, they have lots of friends and acquaintances and are pretty easy to get to know. They love being in the spotlight and especially enjoy entertaining others with their clever wit and unusual sense of humor. They probably have little trouble adapting to change, and most people admire their adaptability. They pride themselves on their creativity and ability to see possibilities where other people can't. They grasp new ideas quickly and enjoy learning new things, but are easily distracted and tend to get bored as soon as the challenge in a project is over. While they are easy going and playful, it is often a struggle for them to make decisions or commit to one plan of action for any extended period of time since they are so curious and eager to experience as much of life as they can. They are also very logical and are bothered by inconsistencies and unfairness. They love a spirited debate - regardless of the topic - but can sometimes be argumentative. Their spontaneity and enthusiasm is infectious, and other people often want to follow their lead. Since they like starting things much more than they enjoy finishing them, they often have trouble slowing down, preparing carefully, and following through with their commitments. Luckily, they are great at improvising and get a real sense of excitement from pulling things off at the last minute. They are also excellent negotiators and can usually convince or charm other people into letting them have their way, or one more chance!
INTP
Introvert, Intuitive, Thinking, Perceiving type People like this are independent, curious, and creative. They are very private and need plenty of time alone to think things through or tinker with the subjects and projects that really interest them. They tend to have a very small cluster of close, trusted friends and rarely initiate social activities. They need lots of space and don't like to be crowded or pressured to participate in social activities that are too hectic or superficial. They may have a real passion for science or the arts and enjoy learning new things. Inventive and imaginative, they make quick and insightful connections, and enjoy coming up with original solutions to problems. But they get bored quickly, dislike repetition, and may struggle to explain their ideas simply and clearly to other people. They are also super logical and are able to remain calm and cool in almost any situation. Because they are bothered by unfairness and inconsistency, and are rarely influenced by other people's opinions, they can speak their mind honestly, if sometimes a bit bluntly. Above all, they strive to meet or exceed their own high standards rather than worry about trying to please others. But even their family and closest friends may not know how much they care about them because they rarely share their most private feelings. They easily see both sides of issues so they may enjoy debating, and they are great at finding the flaws in other people's arguments. Casual and unpredictable, they are highly adaptable and spontaneous. But their relaxed attitude about deadlines and neatness can make them run late or fail to follow through on commitments.
ESTJ
Extravert, Sensing, Thinking, Judging type
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People like you are outgoing, responsible, and quite strong willed. You like to be around other people and are talkative, friendly, and confident. You prefer to be in charge of any situation, and are usually good at organizing events and groups of people. Since you are so concerned about fairness, and you have very clear opinions about right and wrong, you tend to be annoyed when people make exceptions to the rules or simply ignore them altogether. Outspoken, honest, and direct, you may sometimes interrupt or bluntly step on peoples toes without even realizing that youve hurt their feelings. Youre naturally quite organized and productive, make quick decisions, and like to finish one project on time and neatly before starting another. You are also a realistic and down to earth person. You prefer activities that are hands-on and have some practical use. While you probably have a great memory for facts and details, you become bored or frustrated with too much theory or with long discussions about things that may never happen. You prefer to stay busy and physically active and are skeptical about trying new things or changing your routine. Your many friends admire your strong work ethic and know you to be a person of your word. But in your desire to have most things settled and decided you may sometimes act a bit controlling or inflexible. You like to know what others expect of you, and you strive to fulfill all of your commitments precisely and completely.
ISTJ
Introvert, Sensing, Thinking, Judging type People like you are quiet, serious, and conscientious. You typically think before you speak, and are pretty cautious about jumping into new experiences. Since you are so private, you rarely share your feelings or reactions with people you dont know well. You need a good deal of time alone and while you enjoy the company of a small group of close friends, you are rarely the one to initiate getting together. You are also selective about your interests, usually preferring to study things in depth or participate in physical or hands-on activities. You are careful with facts, money, and your possessions, and you may have an excellent memory for details. Practical and realistic, people describe you as matter-of-fact, polite, and responsible. You are also a logical and organized person. Even in tense situations, you are usually able to remain calm and cool. Since you are most comfortable with a predictable routine and like to be prepared at all times, you dont usually like surprises or changes. You are skeptical about untested ideas and may get bored with too much theoretical discussion. Because you have strong opinions, you may sometimes act a bit controlling or inflexible. You like compliments about your accomplishments, and may become angry when others make unfair or arbitrary decisions. Above all, you need to understand the logical reason for decisions since once you make up your mind, you may be reluctant to change it.
ESFJ
Extravert, Sensing, Feeling, Judging type
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People like you are warm, friendly, and talkative. You are an enthusiastic and energetic person who loves to be surrounded by people and activity. Expressive and affectionate with your friends and family, you are usually quite comfortable letting others know just how you feel. Since you are so sympathetic and caring, you naturally like to help others and are often the first person to volunteer. Polite and trusting, you try hard to please others and place your relationships high on your list of priorities. You have very strong values about the appropriate way to behave and are very responsible. But you may sometimes try to impose your beliefs on others. You also tend to take all criticism personally so your feelings get (you may be offended or insulted) easily hurt often. Since you sometimes have trouble speaking your mind clearly and honestly while youre upset, you may simply decide to avoid dealing with any person who offends you. You are also a practical and down-to-earth person. You probably love the outdoors, animals, and a variety of sports or physical activities. You are blessed with a keen awareness for your environment and like your surroundings to be comfortable and beautiful. You are very literal and like others to be clear and explicit about their expectations of you. Since you strive to be prepared at all times, you may have trouble improvising or dealing with sudden changes in plan. You like your routine to remain constant so you may sometimes be a bit rigid when you dont have time to adjust to changes. Organize and efficient, you like to work steadily through a project, completely each step carefully and neatly before moving to the next.
ISFJ
Introvert, Sensing, Feeling, Judging type People like you are quiet, gentle, and caring. When people first meet you, you may seem reserved and cool. But once you get to know and care about someone, you are warm and very loyal. You tend to be cautious about jumping into social activities and sometimes resist trying new experiences. Instead, you like spending time with one or two close, trusted friends or spending time alone, enjoying the things that really interest you. You are considerate, respectful, and sensitive, and usually find tension or conflict between people very uncomfortable. Since you have a strong beliefs about right and wrong and try yourself to always treat other people kindly, you may be easily hurt or offended by the insensitivity or callousness of others. You are also an unpretentious and down-to-earth person. You speak clearly and literally, and want others to be equally explicit in explaining directions or stating their expectations of you. You tend to be selective about things like food and clothing, are usually tidy and organized, and prefer to be dressed appropriately for every occasion. Youre also careful with your money and possessions. You are probably blessed with an excellent memory for details, especially facts about people, but you may find it hard to read between the lines or deal with a lot of abstractions. Since you like to make a decision and stick with it, you dont like sudden changes. Youre not a big risk taker and are happiest with a predictable daily routine. While you want to please the people close to you, you are rarely willing to compromise on really important issues.
ESTP
Extravert, Sensing, Thinking, Perceiving type
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People like you are energetic, friendly, and easygoing. Usually talkative, often charming, you meet new people easily and have a lot of friends. Most people think youre funny since you like to joke and can be quite entertaining. Spontaneous, even impulsive, you prefer to fly by the seat of your pants, rather than do a lot of planning in advance. You have a real sense of adventure and enjoy a wide variety of physical, sometimes risky activities. Since you prefer to be active and learn best in a handson way, you tend to get bored and distracted when you have to sit still for too long, or when the subject is highly theoretical. You are a realistic, literal, and very curious person. Super observant, you notice details other people miss,. And to be convinced of anything, it must make logical and practical sense to you. You are also casual and playful, and rarely take things too seriously, or let other peoples opinions influence you or hurt your feelings. Since youre so flexible you have no trouble adapting to change and improvising when necessary. But you tend to resist anyone trying to restrict or control you, and you may have trouble remembering rules, especially one you think are unnecessary. Starting new projects is much more fun for you than finishing old ones, so you sometimes neglect to follow through completely with every one of your commitments. Your ability to solve problems as they come up often helps you get through sticky situations. A natural free spirit, you may have to work hard to be resist the temptation to play and instead fulfill your responsibilities. While you are very fun loving, you may sometimes say or things that hurt other peoples feelings without even realizing that youve done it. Your natural resilience is a great asset but it sometimes results in an attitude others see as a lack of genuine caring.
ISTP
Introvert, Sensing, Thinking, Perceiving type People like you are quiet, serious, and independent. You are super-observant but keep most of your reactions, thoughts, and opinions to yourself. When you do speak, you tend to be literal, matter-offact, and honest, and you avoid small talk. People see you as totally calm and even-tempered, and even your family and very closest friends rarely know what youre feeling. When you do speak your mind, you are truthful to the point of bluntness. You may be baffled about why people take offense or otherwise react emotionally, and you may sometimes think relationships are too complex and confusing. Because you are naturally private, you avoid big social gatherings and would rather spend time alone or with a good friend, busy with your particular interests. You enjoy the outdoors, physical activities, or adventures that have a certain element of risk. You approach problems with curiosity and logic, and people often say youre great with your hands. You are also an easy going and casual person and dont like a lot of rules, structure, or restrictions on your freedom. You like to explore, have fun, and follow your impulses rather than live by any one elses expectations or standards. Since you prize your own independence, you dont try to impose yourself or your beliefs on other people. While you are amazingly adaptive and able to turn on a dime, you often have trouble making decisions or following through on projects. Sometimes you get distracted and forget your commitments. But luckily, you are so resourceful that you are often able to improvise.
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ESFP
Extravert, Sensing, Feeling, Perceiving type People like you are easygoing, friendly, and happy go lucky. You are curious and outgoing so you meet new friends wherever you go. Active, talkative, and uninhibited, you have fun at whatever youre doing and seem to bring energy and life to any situation. Naturally down-to-earth and unpretentious, people love your sincere and generous nature. You have a lot of friends, and love to laugh, and you rarely like to sit still for very long. You enjoy animals, being outdoors, and playing sports or any other kind of game. You are very observant and like to surround yourself with objects of beauty. And you adore surprises! You are also sensitive and affectionate, and are loyal and devoted to your friends and family. Rarely do you see anything but the most positive qualities in other people so you are frequently disappointed when people arent as nice as you think they are. You have a big heart and feel things deeply, even if you dont always show it right away. Responsive and spontaneous, you dont like a lot of rules or restrictions on your freedom. But you are also sometimes are disorganized and find yourself running behind on projects. You are easily tempted by any opportunity to do something fun so you may accidentally let other people down. You are quick to apologize and forgive. But while you are flexible and casual about many things, when it comes to your personal values, you may hold your ground with surprising strength.
ISFP
Introvert, Sensing, Feeling, Perceiving type People like you are gentle, caring, and sensitive. To those you dont really know you, you may appear cool and reserved. But inside you feel things very deeply. Your close friends know you are loyal and affectionate, expressive and eager to please. You are thoughtful, considerate, and supportive of your friends and family. While you love to be included in social activities, you also need time alone to relax or pursue your interests. Because you have such a big heart, you often take even the most constructive criticism personally and may frequently feel disappointed or hurt, and often take even the most constructive criticism personally. You have to force yourself to deal with conflicts head on, and to speak your mind honestly, even when you know it might hurt someones feelings. You are also a down to earth and realistic person. You probably have a keen sense of aesthetics and may love a variety of artistic expressions or activities. Since you are so observant, you give your full attention to whatever you are doing at the moment, and are often able to tell amazingly accurate stories. Youre easy going and playful, but may not be especially adventurous. You struggle to stay organized and may find large or complicated projects a bit overwhelming. Since you naturally want to follow your curiosity wherever it leads you, you may have trouble making decisions or following through and finishing all of the projects you start. You hate to disappoint anyone and you yourself are quick to forgive others.
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Counselor Advisor Handbook

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Personality Type Handbook

A Brief History of Personality Type

Personality Type and Career Choice

Overview of Personality Type

The Four Dimensions of Personality Type

(E) Extraversion _|____Introversion (I)

How we make decisions (T) Thinking |___Feeling (F)

Working with different types of students

Additional challenges or What if

Appendix 1: Resource Material for learning more about Personality Type

Appendix 2: Profiles of all Sixteen Personality Types ENFJ

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