80

Solutions Manual

Solutions to Chapter 6 Problems

S.6.1
Referring to Fig. P.6.1 and Fig. 6.3
Member
12
Length
L

(cos ) 1/2
(sin ) 1/ 2

23
L
1/ 2
1/ 2

34
L
1/2
1/ 2

41
L

1/ 2
1/ 2

13
2L
0
1

The stiffness matrix for each member is obtained using Eq. (6.30). Thus

[K12 ] =

[K34 ] =

AE
2L

AE
2L

1
1

1
1

1
1

1
1

1 1 1
1 1 1

[K23 ] =
1
1
1
1
1
1

1 1 1
1 1 1

[K41 ] =
1
1
1
1
1
1

AE 0
[K13 ] =
2L 0
0

AE
2L

AE
2L

0 0
1 0
0 0
1 0

1
1

1
1

1
1

1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1 1

1 1
1
1

1
1
1 1

1 1
1
1

0
1

0
1

The stiffness matrix for the complete framework is now assembled using the method
described in Example 6.1. Equation (6.29) then becomes

2
0
1 1
0
0
1
1
u1 = 0
Fx,1

Fy,1
0 2
1 1
v1

0 2 + 2 1 1

F
u
=
0
1
1
2
0
1
1
0
0

x,2
2

1
1
0
2
1
1
0
0
Fy,2
=
0
v
AE
2
(i)
=

0
1
1
2
0
1 1
Fx,3
u3 = 0
2L 0

0 2

Fy,3
v3

1
1
0
2
+
2
1
1

F
u
=
0

1
1
0
0
1
1
2
0

x,4
4

Fy,4
=
0
v
1
1
0
0 1
1
0
2
4
In Eq. (i)
Fy,1 = P

Fx,1 = Fx,3 = Fy,3 = 0

Solutions to Chapter 6 Problems

Then

AE
[(2 + 2)v1 2v3 ]
2L

AE
[ 2v1 + (2 + 2)v3 ]
=0=
2L

Fy,1 = P =

(ii)

Fy,3

(iii)

From Eq. (iii)

v1 = (1 + 2)v3
(iv)
Substituting for v1 in Eq. (ii) gives
0.293PL
v3 =
AE
Hence, from Eq. (iv)
0.707PL
v1 =
AE
The forces in the members are obtained using Eq. (6.32), i.e.

0
P

AE
S12 = [1 1]
0.707PL = = S14 from symmetry

0 +
2
2L
AE

AE
S13 = [0 1]
0.293PL 0.707PL = 0.293P

+
2L
AE
AE

AE
S23 = [1 1]
= 0.207P = S43 from symmetry
0.293PL

0
2L
AE
The support reactions are Fx,2 , Fy,2 , Fx,4 and Fy,4 . From Eq. (i)
AE
(v1 + v3 ) = 0.207P
2L
AE
(v1 v3 ) = 0.5P
=
2L
AE
(v1 v3 ) = 0.207P
=
2L
AE
(v1 v3 ) = 0.5P
=
2L

Fx,2 =
Fy,2
Fx,4
Fy,4

S.6.2
Referring to Fig. P.6.2 and Fig. 6.3
Member
12

Length
l/
3
3/2
(cos )
(sin )
1/2

23
34
31

l/ 3
l
l
0
1/2
1/2

1
3/2 3/2

24

l/
3
3/2
1/2

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Solutions Manual

From Eq. (6.30) the member stiffness matrices are

3 3/4
3/4
3 3/4 3/4

AE
3/4
3/4
3/4

3/4

[K12 ] =

l 3 3/4 3/4
3 3/4
3/4

3/4
3/4
3/4
3/4

0
0
0
0

AE 0
3 0 3
[K23 ] =

0
0
0
l 0

0 3 0
3

1/4
3/4 1/4
3/4

AE
3/4
3/4
3/4 3/4

[K34 ] =

l 1/4
3/4
1/4
3/4

3/4
3/4 3/4
3/4

1/4
3/4
1/4 3/4

AE 3/4
3/4
3/4 3/4

[K31 ] =

l 1/4 3/4
1/4
3/4

3/4
3/4
3/4 3/4

3 3/4
3/4 3 3/4
3/4

AE
3/4
3/4
3/4

3/4

[K24 ] =

l 3 3/4
3/4
3 3/4
3/4

3/4
3/4
3/4
3/4
The stiffness matrix for the complete framework is now assembled using the method
described in Example 6.1. Equation (6.29) then becomes

1+3 3 3+ 3
3 3

4
4
4

3
3+ 3 3+ 3

4
4
4

Fx,1

3 3

3
3 3

Fy,1

4
4
2

x,2
3
3

0
F
AE 4
4
y,2

1
3
l
Fx,3

4
4

F
y,3

3
3

Fx,4

4
4

Fy,4

3 3

0
0

3
0
0
4

3
1

4
4

3
3

4
4
0

3 3
2

1
2

3
4

3
4

3
4

3
4
3

0
0

u1 = 0
3 3
3

=
0
v
4
4

=
0
u
3
3
2

v2
4
4

3
1
u = 0

4
4

v
3

3
3
3

u
=
0
4

+ 3

2
4
4 v4 = 0

1+3 3
3 + 3
3

4
4
4

3
3+ 3 3+ 3

4
4
4
(i)

Solutions to Chapter 6 Problems

In Eq. (i) Fx,2 = Fy,2 = 0, Fx,3 = 0, Fy,3 = P, Fx,4 = H. Then

Fy,2
and
Fy,3

AE
=0=
l




3 3
v2 3v3
2

(ii)



 

AE
3
3v2 +
+ 3 v3
= P =
l
2

(iii)

2
v3
3

(iv)

From Eq. (ii)

v2 =
Now substituting for v2 in Eq. (iii)

2 3
3
Pl
=
v3 + v3 + 3v3

AE
3
2
Hence
v3 =

6Pl

(9 + 2 3)AE

v2 =

4Pl

(9 + 2 3)AE

and, from Eq. (iv)

Also from Eq. (i)

Fx,4

AE
= H =
l

3
3
v2 +
v3
4
4

Substituting for v2 and v3 gives

H = 0.449P

S.6.3
Referring to Fig. P.6.3 and Fig. 6.3
Member
Length
(cos )
(sin )

12
23
34
45
l
l
l
l
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2

3/2
3/2
3/2
3/2

24
l
1
0

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Solutions Manual

From Eq. (6.30) the member stiffness matrices are

[K12 ] =

[K23 ] =

[K34 ] =

[K45 ] =

AE
l

AE
l

AE
l

AE
l

1/4

3/4

1/4

3/4

1/4

3/4

1/4

3/4

1/4

3/4

1/4

3/4

1/4

3/4

1/4

3/4

3/4
3/4

3/4

1/4

3/4

3/4

3/4
3/4

3/4
3/4

3/4
3/4

3/4

3/4

3/4
3/4

1
0
AE

[K24 ] =

l 1
0

1/4

3/4
1/4

3/4
1/4

3/4
1/4

3/4

3/4

3/4

3/4

3/4

3/4

3/4

3/4

3/4

3/4

3/4

3/4

3/4

3/4

3/4

3/4

3/4

3/4

3/4

1/4

3/4

0
0
0
0

1/4

3/4
1/4

3/4

1 0
0 0

1 0
0 0

The stiffness matrix for the complete truss is now assembled using the method described
in Example 6.1. Equation (6.29) then becomes

1
3
Fx,1

3
3

Fy,1

Fx,2

3
Fy,2

F
AE 0
0
x,3

0
0
4l
F
y,3

0
Fx,4

Fy,4

0
x,5

Fy,5
0
0

3
6
0
1

0
4

6
3

2
3
0

0
1

u1 = 0

v = 0

0
0
0

0
0
0
u
2

0
0
0

v2

3
0
0 u3 = 0

3
0
0
v3 = 0

0
1 3
u

v
6
3 3

u
=
0
1
3
3
5

v5 = 0
3
3
3
0

(i)

Solutions to Chapter 6 Problems

In Eq. (i) Fx,2 = Fy,2 = 0, Fx,4 = 0, Fy,4 = P. Thus from Eq. (i)
AE
(6u2 4u4 )
4l
AE
Fy,2 = 0 =
(6v2 )
4l
AE
Fx,4 = 0 =
(4u2 + 6u4 )
4l
AE
Fy,4 = P =
(6v4 )
4l
Fx,2 = 0 =

(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)

From Eq. (v)

v4 =

2Pl
3AE

From Eq. (iii)

v2 = 0
and from Eqs (ii) and (iv)
u2 = u4 = 0
Hence, from Eq. (6.32)

S24

00
AE
=
[1 0] 2Pl

l
0
3AE

which gives
S24 = 0

S.6.4
The uniformly distributed load on the member 26 is equivalent to concentrated loads
of wl/4 at nodes 2 and 6 together with a concentrated load of wl/2 at node 4. Thus,
referring to Fig. P.6.4 and Fig. 6.3
Member
Length
(cos )
(sin )

12
23
l
l

0 1/ 2

1
1/ 2

24
l/2
1
0

46
l/2
1
0

56
67
l
l

0 1/ 2

1 1/ 2

85

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Solutions Manual

From Eq. (6.47) and using the alternative form of Eq. (6.44)

12
SYM
0

0 4
EI 6

[K12 ] = 3

l 12 0 6 12

0 0
0 0
0

6
0 2
6 0
0

6
6
6

6/ 2 6/ 2
4
EI

[K23 ] = 3

6
6 2
6
l 6

6
6
6/ 2
6
6

6/ 2 6/ 2
2
6/ 2 6/ 2

0
SYM
0 96

EI 0 24 8

[K24 ] = [K46 ] = 3

0
0 0
l 0

0 96 24 0 96

0 24 4 0 24
8

12
SYM
0

6
0
4
EI

[K56 ] = 3

l 12 0 6 12

0 0
0 0
0

6
0 2
6 0
0

6
6
6

6/ 2 6/ 2
4
EI

[K67 ] = 3
6
6/ 2
6
l 6

6
6
6/ 2
6
6

6/ 2 6/ 2
2
6/ 2 6/ 2

SYM

4/ 2

SYM

4/ 2

The member stiffness matrices are then assembled into a 21 21 symmetrical matrix
using the method described in Example 6.1. The known nodal displacements are
u1 = v1 = 1 = u5 = v5 = 5 = u2 = u4 = u6 = 3 = 7 = 0 and the support reactions are
obtained from {F} = [K]{}. Having obtained the support reactions the internal shear
force and bending moment distributions in each member follow (see Example 6.2).

Solutions to Chapter 6 Problems

S.6.5
Referring to Fig. P.6.5, u2 = 0 from symmetry. Consider the members 23 and 29. The
forces acting on the member 23 are shown in Fig. S.6.5(a) in which F29 is the force
applied at 2 in the member 23 due to the axial force in the member 29. Suppose that
the node 2 suffers a vertical displacement v2 . The shortening in the member 29 is then
v2 cos and the corresponding strain is (v2 cos )/l. Thus the compressive stress in
29 is (Ev2 cos )/l and the corresponding compressive force is (AEv2 cos )/l. Thus
F29 = (AEv2 cos2 )/l

Now AE = 6 2EI/L 2 . = 45 and l = 2L. Hence

F29 =

3EI
v2
L3

F29

v2

M2

M3

Fy,3

P/2

Fig. S.6.5(a)

and
Fy,2 =

P 3EI
3 v2
2
L

(i)

Further, from Eq. (3.12)

3
2EI
d
= 2 0.8EI
=
3
dz
0.8L
L
From the alternative form of Eq. (6.44), for the member 23

12 6 12 6 v2
Fy,2

EI 6

M /L
4
6
2
2
2 L = 0
= 3
6
12
6
F L 12
v =0

y,3
6
2
6
4
3 L
M3 /L
M3 = GJ

Then, from Eqs (i) and (iii)

P 3EI
12EI
6EI
Fy,2 = 3 v2 = 3 v2 2 3
2 L
L
L

(ii)

(iii)

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Solutions Manual

Hence
15v2 63 L =

PL 3
2EI

(iv)

From Eqs (ii) and (iii)

2EI
6EI
4EI
M3
= 2 3 = 3 v2 + 2 3
L
L
L
L
which gives 3 = v2 /L.
Substituting for 3 in Eq. (iv) gives
v2 =

PL 3
18EI

3 =

PL 2
18EI

Then

From Eq. (i)

Fy,2 =

P 3EI PL 3
P
+ 3
=
2
L 18EI
3

and from Eq. (ii)

M3 =

2EI PL 2
PL
=
= M1
L 18EI
9

Now, from Eq. (iii)

M2
EI
2EI
2PL
= 3 6v2 + 3 3 L =
L
L
L
9
12EI
6EI
P
v2 + 3 3 L =
3
L
L
3

The force in the member 29 is F29 /cos = 2F29 . Thus

Fy,3 =

S29 = S28

3EI PL 3
= 2 3
=
L 18EI

2P
6

(tension)

The torques in the members 36 and 37 are given by M3 /2, i.e.

M36 = M37 = PL/18
The shear force and bending moment diagrams for the member 123 follow and are
shown in Figs S.6.5(b) and (c), respectively.

Solutions to Chapter 6 Problems

P/3

+
3
1

(b)

P/3

PL/9

PL/9

+
(c)

2PL/9

Fig. S.6.5(b) and (c)

S.6.6
The stiffness matrix for each element of the beam is obtained using the given force
displacement relationship, the complete stiffness matrix for the beam is then obtained
using the method described in Example 6.1. This gives

v1
24 12 24 12
Fy,1

12
8
12
4
M1 /L
1 L

24
12
36
6
12
6
F
v
y,2
2

M /L EI 12
4
6
12
6
2
2

2
= 3

12
6
36 24 24 12
Fy,3
v3

M /L

6
2
6
12
12
4

L
3
3

v4

Fy,4

24
12
24
12

12
4
12
8
M4 /L
4 L
(i)
The ties FB, CH, EB and CG produce vertically upward forces F2 and F3 at B and C,
respectively. These may be found using the method described in S.6.5. Thus


a1 E cos2 60
a2 E cos2 45
F2 =
+
v2

2L/ 3
2L

But a1 = 384I/5 3L 2 and a2 = 192I/5 2L 2 so that

F2 =

96EI
v2
5L 3

F3 =

96EI
v3
5L 3

Similarly

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Solutions Manual

Then
96EI
96EI
v2 and Fy,3 = P
v3
5L 3
5L 3
In Eq. (i), v1 = 1 = v4 = 4 = 0 and M2 = M3 = 0. Also, from symmetry, v2 = v3 , and
2 = 3 . Then, from Eq. (i)
Fy,2 = P

M2 = 0 = 6v2 + 122 L + 6v3 + 23 L

i.e.
12v2 + 102 L = 0
which gives
2 =

6
v2
5L

Also from Eq. (i)

Fy,2 = P

96EI
EI
v2 = 3 (36v2 + 62 L 12v3 63 L)
5L 3
L

i.e.
P

96EI
48EI
v2 =
v2
3
5L
5L 3

whence
v2 =

5PL 3
= v3
144EI

and
PL 2
= 3
24EI
The reactions at the ends of the beam now follow from the above values and Eq. (i).
Thus
2 =

EI
P
(24v2 122 L) = = Fy,4
3
L
3
EI
PL
M1 = 2 (12v2 + 42 L) =
= M4
L
4

Fy,1 =

Also
2P
96EI 5PL 3
=
5L 3 144EI
3
The forces on the beam are then as shown in Fig. S.6.6(a). The shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam follow and are shown in Figs S.6.6(b) and (c),
respectively.
F2 = F3 =

Solutions to Chapter 6 Problems

1

PL /4

P/3

P
2
P=
3
3

PL /4
P/3

P
2
P=
3
3

Fig. S.6.6(a)

P/3

+
4
1

(b)

P/3

PL /4

PL /4

4
+

(c)

PL /12

PL /12

Fig. S.6.6(b) and (c)

The forces in the ties are obtained using Eq. (6.32). Thus
SBF = SCH




a1 E
1 3
00
=

v2 0
2 2
2L/ 3

i.e.
SBF = SCH

2
384EI 3 1 5PL 3
= P
=
3
2
144EI
3
5 3 2L

and
SBE = SCG




a2 E
1 1
00
=

2L
2 2 v2 0

i.e.
SBE = SCG

192EI
1 5PL 3
=
=

5 2 2L 3 2 144EI

2P
3

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Solutions Manual

S.6.7
The forces acting on the member 123 are shown in Fig. S.6.7(a). The moment M2 arises
from the torsion of the members 26 and 28 and, from Eq. (3.12), is given by
M2 = 2GJ

2
2
= EI
1.6l
l

M2

Fy,2

Fy,1

(i)
M3

P/2

l/2

Fig. S.6.7(a)

Now using the alternative form of Eq. (6.44) for the member 12

12 6 12 6 v1
Fy,1

M /l EI 6
4
6
2
1
1

= 3
F
12
6
12
6
v

y,2
6
2
6
4
M2 /l
2 L
and for the member 23

Fy,2

M /l

96 24 96

EI
24
8
24
2
= 3

F
96
24
96

y,3
24
4
24
M3 /l

24 v2

4
2
24
v3

8
3 L

Combining Eqs (ii) and (iii) using the method described in Example 6.1

12 6 12
6
0
0
Fy,1

v1

1 l

M1 /l

4
6
2
0
0

EI 12
F
6 108 18 96 24 v2

y,2
= 3

2 18
12
24
4
M2 /l
2 l

l 6

0
0
96
24
96
24
F
v
y,3
3

0
0 24
4
24
8
M3 /l
3 l

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

In Eq. (iv) v1 = v2 = 0 and 3 = 0. Also M1 = 0 and Fy,3 = P/2. Then from Eq. (iv)
M1
EI
= 0 = 3 (41 l + 22 l)
l
l
from which
1 =

2
2

(v)

Solutions to Chapter 6 Problems

Also, from Eqs (i) and (iv)

M2
EI
EI
= 2 2 = 3 (21 l + 122 l + 24v3 )
l
l
l
so that
132 l + 21 l + 24v3 = 0

(vi)

Finally from Eq. (iv)

Fy,3 =

EI
P
= 3 (242 l + 96v3 )
2
l

which gives
v3 =

2 l
Pl3

192EI
4

(vii)

Substituting in Eq. (vi) for 1 from Eq. (v) and v3 from Eq. (vii) gives
2 =

Pl2
48EI

Then, from Eq. (v)

1 =

Pl2
96EI

v3 =

Pl3
96EI

and from Eq. (vii)

Now substituting for 1 , 2 and v3 in Eq. (iv) gives Fy,1 = P/16, Fy,2 = 9P/16,
M2 = Pl/48 (from Eq. (i)) and M3 = Pl/6. Then the bending moment at 2 in 12
is Fy,1 l = Pl/12 and the bending moment at 2 in 32 is (P/2) (l/2) + M3 = Pl/12.
Also M3 = Pl/6 so that the bending moment diagram for the member 123 is that shown
in Fig. S.6.7(b).
Pl/12

Pl/16

3
2

Pl/6

Fig. S.6.7(b)

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Solutions Manual

S.6.8
(a) The element is shown in Fig. S.6.8. The displacement functions for a triangular
element are given by Eqs (6.82). Thus

u1 = 1 , v1 = 4

u2 = 1 + a2 , v2 = 4 + a5
(i)
u3 = 1 + a3 , v3 = 4 + a6

3 (0,a)

2 (a,0)

1 (0,0)

Fig. S.6.8

From Eq. (i)

1 = u1

2 = (u2 u1 )/a

3 = (u3 u1 )/a

4 = v1

5 = (v2 v1 )/a

6 = (v3 v1 )/a

Hence in matrix form

1
1

1/a

1/a

3
=

0
4

0
6

0
0
0
1
1/a
1/a

0
1/a
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
1/a
0

0
0
1/a
0
0
0

which is of the form

{x} = [A1 ]{e }
Also, from Eq. (6.89)

0
[C] = 0
0

1
0
0

0
0
1

0
0
0

0
0
1

0
1
0

u1
0

0
v
1

0 u2

0
v

0
u
3

1/a
v3

Solutions to Chapter 6 Problems

Hence

1/a
[B] = [C][A1 ] = 0
1/a

0
1/a
1/a

1/a
0
0

0
0
1/a

0
0
1/a

0
1/a
0

(b) From Eq. (6.94)

1/a
0
1/a
0
1/a 1/a

1
0

1/a
0
0 E

1
0
[K e ] =

0
1/a 1 2
0
1

0 0 2 (1 )
0
0
1/a
0
1/a
0

1/a
0
1/a 0
0
0
1
1/a 0
0
0 1/a a2 t
0
2
1/a 1/a 0 1/a 1/a 0
which gives

(1 ) (1 ) 2
(1 ) (1 ) 2

0
0
2

1
1
0

1
1
0
0
0
2

3
1+
2
1+
3

2
Et
2
2

[K e ] =

2
(1

)
(1

)
0

4(1 )

(1 ) (1 )
0
2
2
2

Continuity of displacement is only ensured at nodes, not along their edges.

S.6.9
(a) There are six degrees of freedom so that the displacement eld must include six
coefcients. Thus
u = 1 + 2 x + 3 y

(i)

v = 4 + 5 x + 6 y

(ii)

(b) From Eqs (i) and (ii) and referring to Fig. S.6.9
u1 = 1 + 2 + 3
u2 = 1 + 22 + 3
u3 = 1 + 22 + 23

v1 = 4 + 5 + 6
v2 = 4 + 25 + 6
v3 = 4 + 25 + 26

Thus
2 = u2 u1

3 = u3 u2

1 = 2u1 u3

5 = v2 v1

6 = v3 v2

4 = 2v1 v3

95

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Solutions Manual
y

3 (2,2)

1 (1,1)

2 (2,1)
x

Fig. S.6.9

Therefore

1
2
0

2
1 0

0
0

3
=
2
4
0

0 1

0
2
6

0
1
1
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
1
0

1
0
1
0
0
0

u1
0

0 v1

0 u2

1
v

u3

1
v3

(iii)

which is of the form

{} = [A1 ]{e }
From Eq. (6.89)

[C] = 0
0

1
0
0

0
0
1

0
0
0

0
0
1

0
1
0

Hence

1 0
2
[B] = [C][A1 ] = 0
0 1

1 0
0 0
1 1

0
0
1

0
1
0

(c) From Eq. (6.69)

{} = [D][B]{e }
Thus, for plane stress problems (see Eq. (6.92))

1
E

[D][B] =
1 2
0

1
0

0
1

0
0
1
0
2 (1 )

0
2
1

1 0
0 0
1 1

0
0
1

0
1
0

Solutions to Chapter 6 Problems

i.e.
[D][B] =

E
1 2

2
2

0
0

0
0

21 (1 )

21 (1 )

1
2 (1 )

1
2 (1 )

For plain strain problems (see Eq. (6.93))

E(1 )

[D][B] =
(1 + )(1 2)
(1 )

1 0
1 0
2
0 0
0
0 1 1 1
[D][B] =

E(1 )
(1 + )(1 2)

2
1
1

2

1

1 2
0

2(1 )

0
0
1

1
1 2

2(1 )

(1 )
1
0

(1 2)
2(1 )

0
1
0

1 2
2(1 )

1 2
2(1 )

S.6.10
(a) The element is shown in Fig. S.6.10. There are eight degrees of freedom so that a
displacement eld must include eight coefcients. Therefore assume
u = 1 + 2 x + 3 y + 4 xy

(i)

v = 5 + 6 x + y y + 8 xy

(ii)

(b) From Eqs (6.88) and Eqs (i) and (ii)

u
= 2 + 4 y
x
v
y =
= 7 + 8 x
y
u v
xy =
+
= 3 + 4 x + 6 + 8 y
y x
x =

97

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Solutions Manual
y

4 (0,2b)

3 (2a,2b)

1 (0,0)

2 (2a,0)

Fig. S.6.10

Thus since {} = [C]{}

[C] = 0
0

1
0
0

0
0
1

y
0
x

0
0
0

0
0
1

0
1
0

x
y

(iii)

(c) From Eq. (iii)

0
1

y
T
[C] =
0

0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
1
x

0
0

x
y

and from Eq. (6.92)

[D] =

E
1 2

0
0

1
2 (1 )

Thus

[C]T [D][C]dV =
vol

2a 2b
0

[C]T [D][C]t dx dy

(iv)

Solutions to Chapter 6 Problems

Substituting in Eq. (iv) for [C]T , [D] and [C] and multiplying out gives

0

2a

2b

[C]T [D][C]t dx dy

2a 2b
0
Et

2
1 0
0
0

Et

1 2 0

1
(1 )
2

x
(1 )
2

1
(1 )
2

y
0
0

x
(1 )
2
0
1
(1 )
2
0

y2 +

x 2 (1)
2

x
(1 )
2
y

xy
y
(1 ) xy + (1 ) 0
2
2

y
(1 )
2

(1 )

xy
xy + 2 (1 )

dx dy

y
(1 )

y2
2
x + 2 (1 )
x

x
(1 ) y
2
0
0
1
(1 )
2
0

0
1
x

4ab

4ab2

4ab

2ab(1 )

2a2 b(1 )

2ab(1 )

4ab2

2a2 b(1 )

8
{2ab3 +
3
a3 b(1 )}

2a2 b(1 )

4ab2

2ab(1 )

2a2 b(1 )

2ab(1 )

4ab

4ab2

4ab

4a2 b

2ab2 (1 )

2a2 b2 (1 + )

2ab2 (1 )

4a2 b

2
2ab (1 )

2a2 b2 (1 + )

2ab2 (1 )

4a2 b

3
{2a b+

3
4ba2

ab3 (1 )}

S.6.11
From the rst of Eqs (6.96)
u1 = 1 2 3 + 4 = 0.1/103

(i)

u2 = 1 + 2 3 4 = 0.3/103

(ii)

u3 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 0.6/103

(iii)

u4 = 1 2 + 3 4 = 0.1/10

(iv)

99

100

Solutions Manual

Adding Eqs (i) and (ii)

u1 + u2 = 21 23 = 0.4/103
i.e.
1 3 = 0.2/103

(v)

Adding Eqs (iii) and (iv)

u3 + u4 = 21 + 23 = 0.7/103
i.e.
1 + 3 = 0.35/103

(vi)

Adding Eqs (v) and (vi)

1 = 0.275/103
Then from Eq. (v)
3 = 0.075/103
Now subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i)
u1 u2 = 22 + 24 = 0.2/103
i.e.
2 4 = 0.1/103

(vii)

Subtracting Eq. (iv) from Eq. (iii)

u3 u4 = 22 + 24 = 0.5/103
i.e.
2 + 4 = 0.25/103
Now adding Eqs (vii) and (viii)
22 = 0.35/103
whence
2 = 0.175/103
Then from Eq. (vii)
4 = 0.075/103

(viii)

Solutions to Chapter 6 Problems

From the second of Eqs (6.96)

v1 = 5 6 7 + 8 = 0.1/103

(ix)

v2 = 5 + 6 7 8 = 0.3/103

(x)

v3 = 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 = 0.7/10

(xi)

v4 = 5 6 + 7 8 = 0.5/103

(xii)

Then, in a similar manner to the above

5 = 0.4/103
7 = 0.2/103
6 = 0.1/103
8 = 0
Eqs (6.96) are now written
ui = (0.275 + 0.175x + 0.075y + 0.075xy) 103
vi = (0.4 + 0.1x + 0.2y) 103
Then, from Eqs (6.88)
x = (0.175 + 0.075y) 103
y = 0.2 103
xy = (0.075 + 0.075x + 0.1) 103 = (0.175 + 0.075x) 103
At the centre of the element x = y = 0. Then
x = 0.175 103
y = 0.2 103
xy = 0.175 103
so that, from Eqs (6.92)
200 000
(0.175 + 0.3 0.2) 103 = 51.65 N/mm2
1 0.32
200 000
y =
(0.2 + 0.3 0.175) 103 = 55.49 N/mm2
1 0.32
200 000
0.175 103 = 13.46 N/mm2
xy =
2(1 + 0.3)
x =

101

102

Solutions Manual

S.6.12
Suitable displacement functions are:
u = 1 + 2 x + 3 y + 4 xy
v = 5 + 6 x + 7 y + 8 xy
Then
u1 = 1 22 3 + 24 = 0.001

(i)

u2 = 1 + 22 3 24 = 0.003

(ii)

u3 = 1 + 22 + 3 + 24 = 0.003

(iii)

u4 = 1 22 + 3 24 = 0

(iv)

Subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i)

2 4 = 0.0005

(v)

2 + 4 = 0.00075

(vi)

Subtracting Eq. (iv) from Eq. (iii)

Subtracting Eq. (vi) from Eq. (v)

4 = 0.000625
Then, from either of Eqs (v) or (vi)
2 = 0.000125
Adding Eqs (i) and (ii)
1 3 = 0.002

(vii)

1 + 3 = 0.0015

(viii)

Adding Eqs (iii) and (iv)

Adding Eqs (vii) and (viii)

1 = 0.00025
Then from either of Eqs (vii) or (viii)
3 = 0.00175
Similarly
5 = 0.001
6 = 0.00025
7 = 0.002
8 = 0.00025

Solutions to Chapter 6 Problems

Then
ui = 0.00025 0.00125x 0.00175y 0.000625xy
vi = 0.001 + 0.00025x + 0.002y 0.00025xy
From Eqs (1.18) and (1.20)
u
= 0.000125 0.000625y
x
v
y =
= 0.002 0.00025x
y
u v
xy =
+
= 0.0015 0.000625x 0.00025y
y x
x =

At the centre of the element where x = y = 0

x = 0.000125 y = 0.002

xy = 0.0015.

S.6.13
Assume displacement functions
u(x, y) = 1 + 2 x + 3 y
v(x, y) = 4 + 5 x + 6 y
Then
u1 = 1
u2 = 1 + 42
u3 = 1 + 22 + 23
Solving
2 =
Therefore


u = u1 +

or

Similarly

u2 u1
4
u2 u 1
4

3 =


2u3 u1 u2
4


x+

2u3 u1 u2
4

x

y
y
y
x
u1 +

u2 + u3
u= 1
4 4
4 4
2
x

y
y
y
x
v1 +

v2 + v3
v= 1
4 4
4 4
2

103

104

Solutions Manual

Then, from Eqs (1.18) and (1.20)

u
u1
u2
= +
x
4
4
v
v1
v2
v3
y =
=
+
y
4
4
2
u1
u2
v1
v2
u v
xy =
+
=

+
y x
4
4
4
4
x =

Hence

[B]{e } =

u
y

u
x
v
y
+

0
1 1

0 1
=
4

1 1
v

a
[D] = b
0

and

a
1
b
[D][B] =
4
c

0 0
1 0
1 2

But

so that

1
0
1

a+c
b+c

1
a + c
T
[B] [D][B] =

16 b c

2c
2b

b
a
c

b+c
a+c
b + c
ac
2c
2a

Since [K e ] = [B]T [D][B] 4 1

a+c
b+c
a+c

a + c b + c
1

[K e ] =
ac
4 bc

2c
2c
2b
2a

b
a
0
a
b
c

u1

v1

0
u

2
2
v2

u
3

v3

0
0
c
b
a
c

a + c
b + c
a+c
b c
2c
2b

0
0
2c

2b
2a
0

bc
ac
b c
a+c
2c
2a

2c
2c
2c
2c
4c
0

SYM
a+c
b c
2c
2b

a+c
2c
2a

4c
0

4a

2b
2a

2b

2a

0
4a

Solutions to Chapter 6 Problems

S.6.14
For a = 1, b = 2
u = 18 [(1 x)(2 y)u1 + (1 + x)(2 y)u2 + (1 + x)(2 + y)u3 + (1 x)(2 + y)u4 ]
Similarly for v
Then
u
= 18 [(2 y)u1 + (2 y)u2 + (2 + y)u3 (2 + y)u4 ]
x
v
= 18 [(1 x)v1 (1 + x)v2 + (1 + x)v3 (1 x)v4 ]
y
u v
+
= 18 [(1 x)u1 (2 y)v1 (1 + x)u2 + (2 y)v2 + (1 + x)u3
y x
+ (2 + y)v3 + (1 x)u4 (2 + y)v4 ]
In matrix form

u
x
v
y

v
x

(2 y)
0
(2 y)
0
(2 + y)
0
(2 + y)
0

(1 x)
0
(1 + x)
0
(1 + x)
0
(1 x)
= 0

(1 x) (2 y) (1 + x) (2 y) (1 + x) (2 + y) (1 x) (2 + y)

Also

c
D = d
0

d
c
0

u1
v1
u2
v2
u3
v3
u4
v4

0
0
e

Then
[D][B]

c(2 y) d(1 x) e(2 y) d(1 + x) e(2 + y) d(1 + x) c(2 + y) d(1 x)

1

= d(2 y) c(1 x) d(2 y) c(1 + x) d(2 + y) e(1 + x) d(2 + y) c(1 x)

8
e(1 x) e(2 y) e(1 + x) e(2 y) e(1 + x) e(2 + y) e(1 x) e(2 + y)

105

106

Solutions Manual

Then

(2 y)
0
(1 x)

0
(1 x) (2 y)

..

..

c(2 y) d(1 x) . . . . . . . . .
.

1
d(2 y) c(1 x) . . . . . . . . .
..
[B]T [D][B] =

.
64

e(1 x) e(2 y) . . . . . . . . .

..

.
..

..
.

Therefore
K11

t
=
64

2 1

[c(2 y)2 + e(1 x)2 ]dx dy

t
(4c + e)
6
2 1
t
=
[d(2 y)(1 x) + e(1 x)(2 y)]dx dy
64 2 1

which gives K11 =

K12

which gives K12 = 4t (d + e).

Solutions to Chapter 7 Problems

S.7.1
Substituting for ((1/x ) + (/y )) and ((1/y ) + (/x )) from Eqs (7.5) and (7.6),
respectively in Eqs (7.3)
x =

Ez Mx
1 2 D

and

y =

Ez My
1 2 D

(i)

Hence, since, from Eq. (7.4), D = Et 3 /12(1 2 ), Eqs (i) become

x =

12zMx
t3

y =

12zMy
t3

(ii)

The maximum values of x and y will occur when z = t/2. Hence

x ( max ) =

6Mx
t2

y ( max ) =

6My
t2

(iii)