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    Keffer,: Nearest

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    Nurul Fahmi Arief
    This document discusses several types of magnetic materials and magnetic phenomena. It describes Weiss's classical picture of magnetic moments lined up by an internal field and the quantum mechanical picture of moments lined up due to nearest-neighbor interaction. It then discusses ferrimagnetism where the exchange interaction causes antiparallel alignment of magnetic moments on different atoms, resulting in a net magnetic moment. Ferrimagnetic materials behave similarly to ferromagnets but with lower saturation magnetization. It also briefly discusses helimagnetism where magnetic moments of adjacent atomic layers are at an angle, producing a helical structure.

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    Keffer,: Nearest

    Uploaded by

    Nurul Fahmi Arief
    29 views1 page
    This document discusses several types of magnetic materials and magnetic phenomena. It describes Weiss's classical picture of magnetic moments lined up by an internal field and the quantum mechanical picture of moments lined up due to nearest-neighbor interaction. It then discusses ferrimagnetism where the exchange interaction causes antiparallel alignment of magnetic moments on different atoms, resulting in a net magnetic moment. Ferrimagnetic materials behave similarly to ferromagnets but with lower saturation magnetization. It also briefly discusses helimagnetism where magnetic moments of adjacent atomic layers are at an angle, producing a helical structure.

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    This document discusses several types of magnetic materials and magnetic phenomena. It describes Weiss's classical picture of magnetic moments lined up by an internal field and the quantum mechanical picture of moments lined up due to nearest-neighbor interaction. It then discusses ferrimagnetism where the exchange interaction causes antiparallel alignment of magnetic moments on different atoms, resulting in a net magnetic moment. Ferrimagnetic materials behave similarly to ferromagnets but with lower saturation magnetization. It also briefly discusses helimagnetism where magnetic moments of adjacent atomic layers are at an angle, producing a helical structure.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    29 views1 page

    Keffer,: Nearest

    Uploaded by

    Nurul Fahmi Arief
    This document discusses several types of magnetic materials and magnetic phenomena. It describes Weiss's classical picture of magnetic moments lined up by an internal field and the quantum mechanical picture of moments lined up due to nearest-neighbor interaction. It then discusses ferrimagnetism where the exchange interaction causes antiparallel alignment of magnetic moments on different atoms, resulting in a net magnetic moment. Ferrimagnetic materials behave similarly to ferromagnets but with lower saturation magnetization. It also briefly discusses helimagnetism where magnetic moments of adjacent atomic layers are at an angle, producing a helical structure.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 1

    272

    Magnetic materials
    In Weiss's classical picture the magnetic moments are lined up by a long_ range internal field. In the quantum picfure they are lined up owing to nearest_ neighbour interaction. 'One is reminded,'writes Keffer* 'of the sifuation when, as the quiet ofevening descends, suddenly all the dogs in a town get to barking togetheq although each dog responds only to the neighbouring dogs.'

    F. Keffer, of materials,
    *

    Magnetic Scientific

    propenles American,

    September 1967.

    11.7.6 Ferrimagnetism
    This type of magletism occurs in compounds only, where the exchange interaction causes the electrons of each set of atoms to line up parallel, but the tu'o sets are antiparallel to each other. If the magnetic moments are unequal. then we get the situation shown in Fig. I I . l9(c), where the resultant
    rnagnetic mornent may be quite large. For most practical purposes ferrimagnetic

    rnaterials behavc like ferromagnetics but have a someu'hat lower saturation magnetization.
    11 .7

    .7

    Garnets

    This is the narne fbr a class of compounds crystallizing in a certain crystal strucrure.,\s lrr as macnetic properties are conccrncd. their most interesting representativc is vttrium-iron garnet (Y3Fe5O11), which happens to be ferromagnetic tbr a rather curious reason. The spin of the lttrium atoms is opposite to the spin of the iron atoms. so the magnetic moments would line up altematel]-'-if the orbital magnetic moments rvere small. But for yttrium the orbital masnetic moment is large. larger actually than the spin. and is in the
    opposite direction. Hence. the total magnetic moment of the irttrium atom rs in the same direction as that of iron. making the compound ferromagnetic.

    11.7.8 Helimagnetism
    \bu may r'".onder rvhy the magnetic
    moments of neighbouring atoms in an
    ordered structure are either parallel or antiparallel. One rvould expect quantum mechanics to produce a larger variety. In actual fact, there are some materials in r.vhich the spins in a given atomic layer are all in the same direction, but the spir.rs of adjacent layers lie at an angle (e.g. I 29' in MnO2 below a certain

    temperature), producing a kind of helix. For the moment this is a scientific curiosity with no practical application.

    1.8 Magnetic resonance

    'l'1.8.1 Paramagnetic resonance


    The possible energies of an atom in a magnetic field are given by eqn ( I I .41). There are 2 J + | energy levels, r.vith separations of AE - gpmBp1H. as shown in Fig. 1 1.20 for J : L We now put a sample containing magnetic atoms (e.g. a paramagnetic salt) into a waveguide and measure the transmission of the electromagnetic waves as a function of frequency. When / : LE lh, the incident photon has just the right energy to excite the atom from a lower energy level into a higher energy level. Thus, some of the photons transfer their energies to the atomic system; this

    Fig. 1 1.20
    The energy of an atom as a function magnetic field for "/ : l.

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