Scribd
Upload
103 views2 pages

MATH 1314 - College Algebra - Logarithms: ! Log 8 Log 8 3 Log 9 2

This document defines logarithms and provides examples of evaluating logarithmic expressions. It also defines the domains of logarithmic functions and discusses how to solve exponential and logarithmic equations by rewriting them in their inverse form. Key points include: - Logarithms are the exponent that produces a given number when applied to a base. - The domain of logarithmic functions is (0,∞) since the argument must be positive. - Exponential and logarithmic equations can be solved by rewriting them in their inverse form and evaluating.

Uploaded by

falcon724
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
103 views2 pages

MATH 1314 - College Algebra - Logarithms: ! Log 8 Log 8 3 Log 9 2

This document defines logarithms and provides examples of evaluating logarithmic expressions. It also defines the domains of logarithmic functions and discusses how to solve exponential and logarithmic equations by rewriting them in their inverse form. Key points include: - Logarithms are the exponent that produces a given number when applied to a base. - The domain of logarithmic functions is (0,∞) since the argument must be positive. - Exponential and logarithmic equations can be solved by rewriting them in their inverse form and evaluating.

Uploaded by

falcon724
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 2

MATH 1314 College Algebra Logarithms

Definition: Let b be any positive number other than 1 and let x be any positive number. Then by definition, the logarithm to the base b of x, denoted log b x , is the number that can be used as an exponent on the base b in order to result in x. Examples: According to the definition, log 2 8 is the exponent that can be used on the base 2 in ! 2 is 8, 3 is the exponent that can be used on the base 2 order to result in 8. Because the 3rd power of to produce 8. So it follows that log 2 8 = 3 . Similarly,
log 3 9 = 2 because 32 = 9 , ! "2 1 1 , log10 100 = "2 because 10 = 12 = 100 10 ! 2 2 log8 4 = ! because 8 2 / 3 = 3 8 = 2 2 = 4 , and 3 0 log 5 1 = 0 because ! 5 = 1.

( )

( )

!
! !

Definitions: ! log b x is the base b logarithm function. Its domain is (0, ") and it range is ("#, #) . The domain is especially important. Only positive quantities have logarithms. ! Example: Give the domain of f ( x ) = log 9 (2 x " 3) . The! quantity whose logarithm is indicated must be positive. ! So 2x " 3 > 0 2x > 3 ! 3 x>2

! !
!

3 ," . The domain is the interval 2

( )

Exercises: Determine the domain of each of the following. 1. f ( x ) = log 7 (5 x + 10) 2. f ( x ) = log 9 ( x 2 " 4) 3. f ( x ) = log 3 (5 x 2 + 1) ! Definitions: A base 10 logarithm, log10 x , is usually abbreviated log x and is called a common logarithm of x. A base e logarithm, loge x , is usually abbreviate ln x and is called a natural ! ! logarithm of x.
! of the following. Exercises: Determine each ! 4. log 2 16 5. log 5 125 6. log 3 1 9

()

! ! 7. log 7 1

8. log 9 27 13. log 7 7 3

9. log1000
! !

1 10. log 10

( )

11. ln e 3

12. ln e"2

y ! ! The statements log x are equivalent;! Definitions: that means if one of the ! b x = y and b = statements is true so is the other. For example, if is true, then log t = 4 ! ! 3 ! it must also be true that ! 4 3 = t . Likewise, if p 5 = w , then log p w = 5 . A statement in the form logb x = y is said to be in ! a statement ! logarithmic form and in the form b y = x is said to be in exponential form. ! Exercises: Write the equivalent exponential statement for each of the following. ! ! ! = " 3 log n = k 14. log 2 32 = 5 15. log 2 1 16. 17. log x = 2 18. ln5 = w p 8 !

()

(Thomason Fall 2008)

Exercises: Write the equivalent logarithmic statement for each of the following. 1 19. 16 3/ 2 = 64 20. 9"2 = 81 21. d 0 = 1 22. 10 u = 37 23. e 5 = r Definition: An equation that has the variable in an exponent is called an exponential equation. Exponential equations can often be solved by isolating! the exponential term ! ! on one side of the ! equation and then writing the equivalent logarithmic statement. Example: Solve 5 2 4 x + 1 = 41 exactly for x.
52

( )

! ! ! !
!

2 4 x = 8 Divide both sides by 5. log 2 8 =! 4 x Write the equivalent logarithmic statement. 3 = 4 x Evaluate log 2 8 , which is 3. 3 = x Divide both sides by 4. 4

( ) = 40 Subtract 1 from both sides of the given equation.


4x

Exercises: ! Solve each of the following exactly for x. 2x 24. 4 3 " 108 = 0 25. 10 5 x + 2 + 5 = 7 26. 4 e 2 x " 5 = 7

( )

Definition: An equation that has the variable in a logarithm is called a logarithmic equation. Logarithmic equations can often be solved by isolating the logarithmic term on one side of the ! ! equation and then writing the equivalent exponential statement. Example: Solve 5log 2 ( x " 3) " 7 = 13 exactly for x. 5log 2 ( x " 3) = 20 Add 7 to both sides of the given equation. log 2 ( x " 3) = 4 Divide both sides by 5. 24 = x " 3 Write the equivalent exponential statement. ! 16 = x " 3 Evaluate 2 4 , which is 16. 19 = x Add 3 to both sides. Exercises: Solve each of the following exactly for x. !x " 2) " 8 = 16 27. 8log 4 (5 28. 3log(2 x " 4) " 1 = 5 29. 7ln(3 x + 4) + 5 = 26

! ! ! ! !

Property: The base b exponential function and the base b logarithmic function are inverse functions. For example if we let f ( x ) = b x and g( x ) = log ! b x , we see that ! log b x =x ( f o g)( x ) = f (g( x )) = f (logb x ) = b and (b x ) = logb (b x ) = x. ! (g o f )( x ) = g( f ( x )) = g! Examples: 3log 3 5 = 5
log 5 5 23 = 23 ! 7 log 7 p = p

! !

10 log 2 = 2
2% " log 7 $ 7 5 x ' = 5 x 2 # & !

e ln v = v

8 log 8 (2 x + 4) = 2 x + 4

( )

log 4 4 x " 3 = x " 3 ! !

log 10 3 x " 2 = 3 x " 2 !

" 2% ln$e 3 p ' = 3 p 2 # &

(Thomason Fall 2008)

You might also like