ASSISGNMENT

Wireless and Mobile Communication

CONTENTS:
Bluetooth 3

Wi-Fi

Wi-Max

WSN

UWB

EV-DO

Future of Wireless Telephony in Pakistan

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Opportunities for Entrepreneur to Invest Money

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Telecommunication Jobs for Telecom Graduates

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Bluetooth: Bluetooth wireless technology is simple, secure and everywhere. It is an open wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short ranges (using shortwavelength radio transmissions in the ISM band from 24002480 MHz) from fixed and mobile devices. Bluetooth creates personal area network (PAN) while transferring of data. It also provides secure data transmission. Bluetooth is composed of hardware, software and interoperability requirements. It is a sort range radio links between mobile computers, mobile phones, digital cameras, and other portable devices. It was originally conceived as a wireless alternative to RS-232 data cables. Firstly, it is introduced by Ericson in 1994, when Ericson decided to investigate the feasibility of low-power, low-cost radio interface between mobile phones and their accessories.Bluetooth is managed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group, which has more than 18,000 member companies in the areas of telecommunication, computing, networking, and consumer electronics. Bluetooth was standardized as IEEE 802.15.1, but the standard is no longer maintained. The SIG oversees the development of the specification, manages the qualification program, and protects the trademarks. Special Interest Group (SIG): It contains five founding members. - Ericson - Nokia - IBM - Intel - Toshiba Radio Frequency: Bluetooth uses unlicensed ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Madical) band, ranges from 2400 to 2483.5 MHz, thereby maximizing communication compatibility worldwide. Frequency Hoping Spread Spectrum: It uses a frequency hopping spread spectrum FHSS scheme for each radio channel. Each Bluetooth radio channel has a 1 MHz bandwidth and hops at the rate of approximately 1600 hops/second. Classes of Bluetooth: Bluetooth devices come is three classes. 1) Class 1 (Range: 100m, Transmission Power: 100mW) 2) Class 2 (Range: 10m, Transmission Power: 2.5mW) 3) Class 3 (Range: 10m, Transmission Power: 1mW) Modulation: It uses Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying (GFSK) Data Rate: A maximum linked baseband data rate of 723.2Kbps is supported. Speech Coding: Continuous Variable Slope Delta (CVSD) Modulation of 64Kbps is used. Advantages: - Eliminates wires and cables - Facilitates both data and voice communication - Inexpensive
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- No setup needed always on in the background - Data encryption - Interoperability - Low interference - Low power consumption - Instant personal area network (PAN) - Upgradeable - Universally accepted Disadvantages: - Compatability between Bluetooth products - Short range - Interference with other devices using same frequency - Security Applications: - Wireless control of and communication between a mobile phone and a handfree headset. This was one of the earliest applications to become popular. Wireless control of and communication between a mobile phone and a Bluetooth compatible car stereo system. - Wireless networking between PCs where little bandwidth is required - PC input and output devices (most common mouse, keyboard and printer) - Mobile phone - To transfer contact details, reminders, appointments dates between devices with OBEX - Allowing a DECT phone to ring and answer calls on behalf of a nearby cell phone - Remote patient monitoring - Real-time location systems (RTLS)

Wi-Fi: Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is a popular technology that allows an electronic device to exchange data over a network, including high-speed Internet connections. Wi-Fi is a generic term that refers to the IEEE 802.11 communications standard for Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs). Wi-Fi LANs operate using unlicensed spectrum in the 2.4 GHz band. The current generation of WLANs support up to 11 Mbps data rates within 100 m of the base station. Access Point: A device that can use Wi-Fi (such as a personal computer, video game console, smart phone, tablet, or digital audio player) can connect to a network resource such as the Internet via a wireless network access point. Such an access point (or hotspot) has a range of about 20 meters (65 feet) indoors and a greater range outdoors. Hotspot coverage can comprise an area as small as a single room with walls that block radio waves or as large as many square miles this is achieved by using multiple overlapping access points. Technologies: o IEEE 802.11b:
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Appear in late 1999 Operates at 2.4GHz radio spectrum 11 Mbps (theoretical speed) - within 30 m Range 4-6 Mbps (actual speed) 100 -150 feet range Most popular, Least Expensive Interference from mobile phones and Bluetooth devices which can reduce the transmission speed. o IEEE 802.11a: Introduced in 2001 Operates at 5 GHz (less popular) 54 Mbps (theoretical speed) 15-20 Mbps (Actual speed) 50-75 feet range More expensive Not compatible with 802.11b o IEEE 802.11g: Introduced in 2003 Combine the feature of both standards (a, b) 100-150 feet range 54 Mbps Speed 2.4 GHz radio frequencies Compatible with 802.11b Physical Layer: Three sub layers in physical layer. o Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) o Frequency Hoping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) o Diffused Infrared (DFIR) Advantages - Cheaper deployment of LAN - Mobility - Ease of Installation - Flexibility - Cost - Reliability - Security - Use unlicensed part of the radio spectrum - Roaming - Speed Disadvantages: - Interference - Degradation in performance - High power consumption - Limited range
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Applications: - Home - Small Businesses or SOHO - Large Corporations & Campuses - Health Care - Wireless ISP (WISP) - Traveller

Wi-Max: Wi-Max (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is an IP based, wireless broadband access technology that provides performance similar to 802.11/Wi-Fi networks with the coverage and QOS (quality of service) of cellular networks. Wi-Max is a wireless communications standard designed to provide 30 to 40 Mbps data rates. It is a part of 4G in wireless communication technology. Wi-Max is a wireless digital communications system, also known as IEEE 802.16, which is intended for wireless "metropolitan area networks". Wi-Max can provide broadband wireless access (BWA) up to 30 miles (50 km) for fixed stations, and 3-10 miles (5-15 km) for mobile stations. In contrast, the WiFi/802.11 wireless local area network standard is limited in most cases to only 100-300 feet (30-100m). Devices that provide connectivity to a Wi-Max network are known as the subscriber station (SS). Internet Access: Wi-Max can provide at-home or mobile Internet access across whole cities or countries. In many cases this has resulted in competition in markets which typically only had access through an existing incumbent DSL operator. Radio Frequency: Radio communication Sector of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-R) has decided to include Wi-Max technology in the IMT-2000 set of standards. This enables spectrum owners (specifically in the 2.52.69 GHz band at this stage) to use Wi-Max equipment in any country that recognizes the IMT-2000. Data Rate: o 802.16A: 75Mbps with 15 channels o 802.16E: 16Mbps with 5 channels Advantages: - Large coverage - Higher capacity - Scalable - Faster to implement - Performs well in high delay spread environments - Supports multiple antenna technologiess Applications: - Providing portable mobile broadband connectivity across cities and countries through a variety of devices - Providing a source of Internet connectivity as part of a business continuity plan - WSP (Wireless Service Provider)
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Banking Networks Education Networks Public Safety Rural Connectivity Alternative to DSL / Cable Cellular Backhaul Enterprise Private Networks

WSN: A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed autonomous sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, humidity, motion or pollutants and to cooperatively pass their data through the network to a main location. Wireless Sensor Networks are networks that consists of sensors which are distributed in an ad hoc manner. These sensors work with each other to sense some physical phenomenon and then the information gathered is processed to get relevant results. Characteristics: - Power consumption constrains for nodes using batteries or energy harvesting - Ability to cope with node failures - Mobility of nodes - Dynamic network topology - Communication failures - Heterogeneity of nodes - Scalability to large scale of deployment - Ability to withstand harsh environmental conditions - Ease of use - Unattended operation - Power consumption Applications: - Monitoring of object - Monitoring of area - Medical (Biomedical-Health monitors, Hospital sensors) - Military (Remote deployment of sensors for tactical monitoring of enemy troop movements)
Industrial and Commercial o Agricultural Crop Conditions o Inventory Tracking o In-Process Parts Tracking o Automated Problem Reporting o RFID Theft Deterrent and Customer Tracing o Plant Equipment Maintenance Monitoring Traffic Management and Monitoring (Tracking, Handle accidents)

UWB: UWB (ultra-wide band or ultra band) is a radio technology, used at a very low energy level for short-range, high-bandwidth communications using a large portion of the radio spectrum. It modulates impulse based waveforms instead of continuous carrier waves.
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Impulse Radio: UWB modulation is based on impulse radio concept. - Generation of a series of very short duration pulses - Any given pulse will have very low energy (~0.5mW) - Because of the low energy, many pulses are combined to carry the information of one bit - Baseband technique Data Modulation: o Pulse Position Modulation (PPM): The data is carried in the fine time shift of the pulse. o Bipolar Modulation (BPM): The data is carried in the polarity of the pulse. o Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM): The is carried in amplitude and pulses, it is very poor energy efficiency. o On-off Keying (OOK): Simple on off and it is very simple but having poor energy efficiency. Properties: - Ultra-short pulses - High data rate - Precise ranging capability - Baseband transmission - Low transceiver complexity - No up-conversion nor down-conversion - No local oscillator nor phase tracking loops - Low duty cycle operation - High energy efficiency Characteristics: - Extremely low transmission energy (less than 1mW) - Very high bandwidth within short range (200Mbps within 10m) - Difficult to intercept due to low energy densities - Multipath Immunity - Low cost - Easy frequency diversity Advantages: - High capacity - Low power - Low cost - Position location capability - Overcome multipath Fading Applications: - Short distance multipath communication - Real-time location system - Radar-imaging technology - Motion detector
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Used in PAN

EV-DO: Evolution-Data Optimized or Evolution-Data Only (EV-DO or EVDO) is a telecommunications standard for the wireless transmission of data through radio signals, typically for broadband Internet access. It is standardized by 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) as part of the CDMA2000 family of standards and has been adopted by many mobile phone service providers around the world. It uses CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) as well as TDM (Time Division Multiplexing). EV-DO was designed as an evolution of the CDMA2000 (IS-2000) standard that would support high data rates and could be deployed for voice services. An EV-DO channel has a bandwidth of 1.25 MHz, the same bandwidth size that IS-95A (IS-95) and IS-2000 use. Mobile devices that use EVDO technology can upload and download data quickly, and the technology is always "on" whenever there is a signal from the wireless. The EVDO standard was developed in 1999, but the protocol has been upgraded since then to improve its speed. EVDO Rev-A is the current version of EVDO available from Sprint and Verizon. EVDO Rev-0 was the original technology. Rev-A is faster than Rev-0. All of the currently available EVDO modems from Sprint and Verizon are Rev-A. Personal broadband wireless service for a wide range of customers, from business people to students. Always on - just like a cell phone. Relatively low cost with high capacity, allows rich web browsing and application usage. Speed: EVDO Rev A (Latest) has a peak data rate of 3,000kbps, but realistic average around 600kbps to 1,400kbps. Download with bursts to 2.0Mbps and upload with bursts to 1.8Mbps. Advantages: - Always on with seamless roaming - Signal can travel on same cell sites as cell phones - Customer can access their corporate VPN (Virtual Private Network) anywhere they can get a cellular signal via a secure, encrypted signal - Can download and run video clips in real time - Can provide service to the customers outside of cable-modem or DSL areas Applications: o Mobile Applications: Cars, trucks, commercial vehicles, Shuttles, transit (Busses, trains, ferries), taxis, private vessels o Portable Uses: Mobile work teams, trade shows, conferences, conventions, emergency response systems o Fixed-Location Customers: Backup to cable/DSL, dial up alternative, satellite alternative

Future of Wireless Telephony in Pakistan: Pakistans telecommunications industry holds tremendous potential for growth, investment and development. Currently, Pakistan is one of the fastest growing telecommunications market. In terms of cellular subscriptions, we have witnessed a phenomenal annual growth of 119% during the period of 2000 and 2007. It is also encouraging to observe that between fiscal year 2006-07 and 2007-08, mobile phone penetration also increased by 15.5%. Mobile phone penetration in Pakistan in year 2007-08 was 55.6% which is 34.9% higher than Indias for the same period. Pakistans telecommunications industry would be able to maintain this growth trend in the future as well is a question that remains to be answered. To understand the issues at hand, we need to analyze the current economic situation and its direct impact on telecommunications industry. A decade ago, the cost of a mobile device was so high that only a handful of people could afford to indulge in the luxury of using a mobile device. However, over time, rapid technological advancements and increasing demand for mobile devices made it possible for mobile phone manufacturers to produce low-cost mobile devices. Intense competition between mobile service providers also led to cheaper call rates, both locally and internationally. The Pakistan telecommunication industry, coupled with public policies of the Pakistan telecommunication authority, has undergone numerous changes in recent times. Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) has also shown excellent efforts to make this sector fastest growing in the region. Internet bandwidth consumption, Internet access via ISDN, DSL services, CDMA, GPRS etc. are just some of the technologies that have either grown exponentially in Pakistan or have had a favorable reception by the local consumers. The competition among the wireless phone sector has almost increased its growth in just six years of its inception as the number of users continued to decline in the country despite constant falling rates, free minutes offers and multiple calls packages by operators.
Additional opportunities that need to be taken into account include the growth of text and multimedia messaging which accounts for nearly 5-10% of telecom revenue around the world. Infrastructure development in situations where capital is constrained and multiple 10

players exist has lead to an increase in the number of secondary companies that offer talent infrastructure, construction support and wireless network design and wireless specific back haul. This is also an area that local organizations can look into the growth of the telecom sector.

Opportunities for Entrepreneurs To Invest Money: Telecom companies have invested over US$ 8 billion during the last four years, mobile sector investment share accounts for 66% of the total investment. In 2007 PTA established ITU Asia Pacific Center of Excellence (CoE) PTA Node for Policy & Regulations and conducted two training workshops for ITU participants from member countries. Overall teledensity of Pakistan reached 52.8% in December 2007. Due to privatization, liberalization, and competition, huge opportunities are present. Immense developments are taking place in the field of new technologies which include broad band, Wi-Max, 3G and others. These technologies make it possible to develop advanced telecom applications at a much lower cost than it was possible. Due to close proximity and strong bilater al relations between Pakistan and China, China offers immense opportunities to Chinese enterprises and entrepreneurs, attracting them to increase investment in and trade with Pakistan. All applications designed for computer and internet will be possible on mobile phones, which will not only provide immense entrepreneurial opportunities but will also have a major influence on social, political, and economic life. Increase in feature rich mobile telephones provide opportunities for various value added services, including content provisions. An entrepreneur will continuously expand his network by providing additional help, not only through himself, but through his network as well. His relationships with the manufacturers, suppliers and customers will be flexible with a view to provide convenience and a higher value for their money to them. Telecommunication Jobs for Telecom Graduates: Today telecommunication becomes important part of life. A phone missing from your pocket feels like a missing wallet, or even the house keys. For some people it feels like a lobotomy. The thought of such a dependency on the mobile phone two decades ago would have been laughable. Today, telecommunication has become an indispensable part of our lives by making us far more efficient. A career in it is looking more attractive than ever before. As time goes by the amount to data that flies invisibly between our phones is increasing. In 1996 we saw the introduction of SMS and voice in India. Soon we had far richer data capabilities - multimedia and comfortable text surfing on the net. In the future, we're going to be seeing high-definition video fly in and out of devices the size of a handset. We're talking dozens of megabytes per second here. Theoretically UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband) would allow you to handle 275 megabytes per second download and 75 MBps upload, even in a car traveling at 60 km per hour. When the Indian telecom industry started out about 14 years ago, we had to struggle with call-drops while standing still. There's still enormous scope for improvement. It's not just because of improving handsets. It's also because of what's happening at the network end. However, Telecom Engineering is a lot larger than just mobile phones. This is just the most visible part as a consumer. This field is larger than telephones. It's about communications. the
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entire industry is dedicated to ensure that individuals, organizations and even continents can communicate more efficiently. Broadly put, telecommunications is about the transfer of data. We however, are most familiar with that chunk of plastic and metal in our pockets. Beyond that we have networks, satellites and undersea cables. Amongst the world economies, India has one of the fastest growing telecom networks with its high population and development potential. While over 380 million people own mobile phones in the country today, the number will shoot up to 500 million mobile users by 2010, as telecom operators will look to tap the unexploited rural market. This creates a huge need for professional with relevant telecom backgrounds to supports, service and meet the demands of the sector. With the explosion of electronic media, telecommunication engineering/ infrastructure is one field that is gaining immense popularity as a lucrative career option for the new generation. As you drive through the city you see huge towers everywhere. Each of these is busy beaming signals across its circle to ensure you can stay connected. There is a huge infrastructure that goes behind a telecom company. this includes the setting up of towers, laying of cables where necessary and then bringing the whole customer end together. According to Indu Kapoor of Alcatel Lucent, telecom is not a sector that people leave very easily. Her reasons are that the nature of the job is just that exciting, and on top this the pay is usually higher than other sectors.

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