Experiment No.

# 2
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP OF DIFFERENT REACTORS FOR VARIOUS DETENTION TIMES AND OVERFLOW RATES, SURFACE LOADING RATES AND VOLUMETRIC LOADING RATES. BACKGROUND:
The tanks and basins in which the treatment is accomplished are commonly known as reactors. These reactors are operated under different conditions to develop process design criteria. For this purpose flow rates are adjusted keeping in view the quality of the water/waste water and the dimensions of the reactor.

OBJECTIVES:
To study about reactors and terms like detention time, overflow rate etc. To establish flow rates for specific design parameters of the reactors of different configurations.

APPARATUS:
Reactor Measuring tape Pump Volumetric flask Stop watch

RELATED THEORY:
REACTOR: A reactor is any vessel, basin or tank in which a reaction is taking place. Natural systems, e.g. lakes, rivers are the examples of the reactor. DIFFERENT TYPES OF REACTORS: There are two main types of reactors:

a) Batch flow reactor (BFR):

In this reactor the inflows and outflows are not continuous and there is no flow movement when reaction takes place. 1

b) Continuous flow reactor (CFR):

In this reactor, the inflows and outflows are continuous. There are also two sub types of this reactor: i. Continuous stirrer tank reactor (CSTR): In this reactor, the continuous mixing is done by the stirring action. Due to this continuous mixing the concentration of effluents is same throughout. ii. Plug flow reactor (PFR): In this reactor, there is no mixing during the reaction hence the concentration is not uniform throughout the reactor. i. CSTR (Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor) In a CSTR, one or more fluid reagents are introduced into a tank reactor equipped with an impeller while the reactor effluent is removed. The stirrer stirs the reagents to ensure proper mixing. Using chemical kinetics, the reaction's expected percent completion can be calculated. Some important aspects of the CSTR: o At steady-state, the flow rate in must equal the mass flow rate out, otherwise the tank will overflow or go empty (transient state). While the reactor is in a transient state the model equation must be derived from the differential mass and energy balances. o Often, it is economically beneficial to operate several CSTRs in series. This allows, for example, the first CSTR to operate at a higher reagent concentration and therefore a higher reaction rate. In these cases, the sizes of the reactors may be varied in order to minimize the total capital investment required to implement the process. o It can be seen that an infinite number of infinitely small CSTRs operating in series would be equivalent to a PFR.

PFR (Plug Flow Reactor) In a PFR, one or more fluid reagents are pumped through a pipe or tube. The chemical reaction proceeds as the reagents travel through the PFR. In this type of reactor, the changing reaction rate creates a gradient with respect to distance traversed; at the inlet to the PFR the rate is very high, but as the concentrations of the reagents decrease and the concentration of the product increases the reaction rate slows. Some important aspects of the PFR: All calculations performed with PFRs assume no upstream or downstream mixing, as implied by the term "plug flow". 2

Reagents may be introduced into the PFR at locations in the reactor other than the inlet. In this way, a higher efficiency may be obtained, or the size and cost of the PFR may be reduced. A PFR typically has a higher efficiency than a CSTR of the same volume. That is, given the same space-time, a reaction will proceed to a higher percentage completion in a PFR than in a CSTR.

Overflow rate:
Overflow rate is defined as the volume of water flow per unit of time divided by the surface area of the settling basin. It is usually expressed as a velocity in feet per second. Over flow rate =

Volumetric flow rate:The volumetric flow rate, (also known as volume flow rate, rate of fluid flow or volume velocity) is the volume of fluid which passes through a given surface per unit time

Surface loading rate:

The surface loading rate is the number of gallons of wastewater passing over 1 square foot of tank per day. Surface Loading Rate =

Detention Time (td)

Detention time is the time for which wastewater is held in a reactor based on the flow and volume of the tank or it can be based on velocity and depth of the tank.

Performance / Removal Efficiency

The efficiency of a reactor is the measure of how much concentration of pollutants have been removed from influent. The percent removal is based on the reactors influent and effluent values as follows: % Removal = x 100

 PROCEDURE:
Prepare the calibration curve for the pump to adjust the desired flow in the reactor. Prepare the stock solution of the tracer Calculate the flow rates for different overflow rates, detention. times, surface overloading rates and volumetric loading rates. Adjust the speed of the pump to set the desired flow rate for each of the reactors and specified value of the design criteria.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

Speed (rpm) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 Time (min) 0.000 0.380 0.347 0.320 0.297 0.283 0.265 0.250 0.238 0.230 0.2135 0.2136 0.202 0.197 0.190 0.167 0.178 0.182 0.167 0.174 Time (sec) 0 22.81 20.79 19.66 17.82 17 15.88 15.61 14.26 13.95 12.81 12.82 12.55 11.83 11.56 10.04 10.66 10.91 9.99 10.44 Volume Discharge Over flow rate (cm3) (cm/min) (cm/min) 25 0 0.000 25 65.76 0.071 25 72.15 0.078 25 78.13 0.084 25 84.18 0.091 25 88.24 0.095 25 94.46 0.102 25 100.00 0.108 25 105.19 0.113 25 108.70 0.117 25 117.10 0.126 25 117.04 0.126 25 123.76 0.133 25 126.80 0.136 25 131.58 0.142 25 149.40 0.161 25 140.71 0.151 25 137.49 0.148 25 150.15 0.162 25 143.68 0.155 Detention time (min) 0.0 430.6 392.5 362.5 336.4 320.9 299.8 283.2 269.2 260.5 241.8 241.9 228.8 223.3 215.2 189.5 201.2 206.0 188.6 197.1 surface loading rate (cm/min) 0 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.15 volume loading rate (1/min) 0 0.0023 0.0025 0.0028 0.0030 0.0031 0.0033 0.0035 0.0037 0.0038 0.0041 0.0041 0.0044 0.0045 0.0046 0.0053 0.0050 0.0049 0.0053 0.0051

Graph 2.1: Graph between Speed (rpm) and Discharge (cm3/min)

160 140 DISCHARE (cm3/sec) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 SPEED (RPM) 120 140 160 180 200

RESULTS:
Overflow rate = 0.126 cm3/cm2.min Detention time = 241.8 min Surface loading rate = 0.13 cm/min Volume loading rate = 0.0041/min

COMMENTS:
This experiment, we learn about the efficiency or optimum capacity of the pump. the over flow rate, detention time, surface loading rate and volume loading rate of a specific reactors at different speed (rpm) can be found out using the approach as used in this experiment.

REFERRENCE:
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_stirred-tank_reactor 2. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Why_PFR_requires_less_volume_than_CSTR_for_same_ conversion_and_reaction_rate

Experiment No. # 3
COMPARISON OF ACTUAL FLOW THROUGH PERIOD OF CSTR AND PLUG FLOW REACTOR WITH ITS DETENTION TIME AND RESIDENCE TIME DISTRIBUTION WITH ACTUAL TIME BACKGROUND:
The completely mixed flow reactor is an ideal reactor. The flow pattern in an actual reactor can be significantly different from an ideal flow. It is important that these differences are identified to be accounted for in the design of water/wastewater treatment facilities.

OBJECTIVES:
To compare the actual flow pattern with the idealized flow. To compare residence time of CSTR and PFR with actual. To establish the flow rates for the specific design parameters of the reactors of different configurations.

APPARATUS:
Spectrophotometer or conductivity meter Different types of reactor Methylene blue as the conservative tracer Pump Pipette flask Stop watch

RELATED THEORY:
The main question arises regarding this experiment is that; Why PFR requires less volume than CSTR for same conversion and reaction rate? The reason that PFR require less volume than a CSTR is the difference in residence time distribution between the reactors. Residence time is the amount of time molecules spend in the reactor which equal to v/vo (v=volume of the reactor and v0 is volumetric flow rate). Let us assume that we design a PFR and CSTR that have similar residence time i.e. ratio of volume v and v0 is the same and we are pumping about 100 molecule per minute to each reactor. In the case of PFR, all the 100 molecules will spend exactly the same time inside the reactor (v/v0). In the case of CSTR, things are little more complicated, once the 100 6

molecule hit the CSTR, they mixted instantaneously and thus some of these 100 molcule will leave from the reactor exit stream very early i.e. will spend much less time inside the reactor (less the v/v0) and of course some these 100 molecule will spend more time making the average residence time the same as the PFR. Therefore, with the chance that molecules will spend shorter time in CSTR, we try to compensate for that effect by making bigger reactors so the ratio of these molcules spending short period of time inside the reactor less and thus its performance is comparable to the PFR

RESIDENCE TIME DISTRIBUTION:

The time an atom spends in a reactor is called the residence time, while the distribution of residence times for a stream of fluid leaving a vessel or reactor is called the exit age distribution function E, which is synonymous to the residence time distribution or RTD.

PFR & CSTR

The reason that PFR require less volume than a CSTR is the difference in residence time distribution between the reactors.

PROCEDURE:
Determine the volume of the CSTR and PFR. Prepare the calibration curve for the pump to adjust the desire flow in the reactor. Prepare the stock solution of the tracer. Prepare the solution of various concentrations of the tracer using the stock solution. Develop a calibration curve of the concentrations versus the absorbance using the spectrophotometer at the wavelength of 664 nm. Adjust the speed of the pump to set the desired flow rate of the reactor. Add a known quantity of the trace in the influent with the help of a syringe. Take the samples at regular intervals from the outflow of the reactor till the concentration of the tracer approaches zero. Measure the absorbance for each of the sample using spectrophotometer and determine the concentration using the calibration curve.

 OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

Table 3.1: PUMP CALLIBRATION:

Speed

Time

Time (sec) 0 22.81 20.79 19.66 17.82 17 15.88 15.61 14.26 13.95 12.81 12.82 12.55 11.83 11.56 10.04 10.66 10.91 9.99 10.44

Volume Discharge (cm3) 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 (cm3/min) 0 65.76 72.15 78.13 84.18 88.24 94.46 100.00 105.19 108.70 117.10 117.04 123.76 126.80 131.58 149.40 140.71 137.49 150.15 143.68

(rpm) (min) 0 0.000 10 0.380 20 0.347 30 0.320 40 0.297 50 0.283 60 0.265 70 0.250 80 0.238 90 0.230 100 0.2135 110 0.2136 120 0.202 130 0.197 140 0.190 150 0.167 160 0.178 170 0.182 180 0.167 190 0.174

Over flow detention time rate (cm/min) (min) 0.000 0.0 0.071 430.6 0.078 392.5 0.084 362.5 0.091 336.4 0.095 320.9 0.102 299.8 0.108 283.2 0.113 269.2 0.117 260.5 0.126 241.8 0.126 241.9 0.133 228.8 0.136 223.3 0.142 215.2 0.161 189.5 0.151 201.2 0.148 206.0 0.162 188.6 0.155 197.1

surface loading rate (cm/min 0 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.15

volume loading rate (1/min) 0 0.0023 0.0025 0.0028 0.0030 0.0031 0.0033 0.0035 0.0037 0.0038 0.0041 0.0041 0.0044 0.0045 0.0046 0.0053 0.0050 0.0049 0.0053 0.0051

 FOR PLUG FLOW REACTOR:

Table 3.2: CALLIBRATION CURVE:

CONCENTRATION ABSORBANCE (Ppm) 0 0.096 0.5 0.18 1 0.24 1.5 0.304 2 0.358
Table 3.3: FOR CALLIBRATION CURVE: AFTER TRACER IS ADDED:

TIME (min) 20 60 80 100 125

ABS 0.021 0.016 0.012 0.003 0.023

CONC. (Ppm) 0.655864 0.694444 0.725309 0.794753 0.640432

Graph 3.1: BETWEEN CONCENTRATION AND TIME:

0.84 0.8 CONC. (ppm). 0.76 0.72 0.68 0.64 20 40 60 80 TIME (min) 100 120 140

Graph 3.2: BETWEEN CONCENTRATION AND ABSORBANCE:

0.4 y = 0.1296x + 0.106 ABSORBANCE 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 CONCENTRATION

Table 3.4 & 3.5: E-CURVE ESTIMATION

TIME 20 60 80 100 125

ABS 0.021 0.016 0.012 0.003 0.023

CONC.

E 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.07

TIME 20 60 80 100 125

t 20 40 20 20 25

e*t*t 28 168 128 160 218.75

0.655864 0.072793 0.694444 0.077075 0.725309 0.0805

0.794753 0.088208 0.640432 0.07108

Table 3.4

Table 3.5

e*t*t = 702.75min
Graph 3.3: E-CURVE:

0.09108 0.08608 EXIT TIME 0.08108 0.07608 0.07108 20 40 60 80 TIME (min) 100 120

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 FOR CSTR:
Table 3.6: FOR CALLIBRATION CURVE.

CONCENTRATION ABSORBANCE (ppm) 0 0.055 0.2 0.079 0.5 0.125 2 0.396 3 0.583 8 1.471

Table 3.7: FOR CALLIBRATION CURVE AFTER TRACER IS ADDED:

TIME (min) 20 50 70 90 100

ABS 0.101 0.263 0.242 0.174 0.175

CONC. (ppm) 0.316882 1.22216 1.104065 0.724119 0.729715

Graph 3.4: BETWEEN CONCENTRATION AND TIME:

1.316 CONCENTRATION (ppm) 1.116 0.916 0.716 0.516 0.316 20 40 60 TIME (min) 80 100

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GRAPH 3.5: BETWEEN CONCENTRATION AND ABSORBANCE.

1.6 1.4 1.2 1 ABS. 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 CONC. (ppm) y = 0.1783x + 0.0445

Table 3.8 & 3.9: E-CURVE ESTIMATION

TIME (min) 20 50 70 90 100

ABS 0.101 0.263 0.242 0.174 0.175

CONC. (ppm) 0.316882 1.222160 1.104065 0.724119 0.729715

E 0.00643 0.0248 0.022404 0.014694 0.014808

E 0.00643 0.0248 0.022404 0.014694 0.014808

TIME (min) 20 50 70 90 100

t (min) 20 30 20 20 10

e*t*t 2.572 37.2 31.3656 26.4492 14.808

Table 3.8 e*t*t = 112.395min.

Graph 3.6: E-CURVE:

Table 3.9

0.02643 EXIT TIME 0.02143 0.01643 0.01143 0.00643 20 40 60 TIME (min) 80 100

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 RESULTS:
If the stated settling velocity is less, than more fraction of the particle can be removed whose settling velocity is greater than the stated settling velocity. By increasing the settling velocity the removal efficiency decreases. By increasing the detention time the removal efficiency increases.

CONCLUSION:
Detention time is the main parameter which will specify how much particles will be removed or what types of particles will be removed. Although PFR is efficient, but sometimes it is necessary to have mixing in the process like in rapid missing weve to provide CSTR instead of PFRR, so sometimes priority is based on requirement.

REFFERENCES:
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_stirred-tank_reactor 4. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Why_PFR_requires_less_volume_than_CSTR_for_same_ conversion_and_reaction_rate

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