Improvement of Outdoor Insulators in Electric Power System Located at Highly polluted environment by using Room Temperature Vulcanized Silicone

Coating
Suwarno and Fari Pratomosiwi School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics Institut Teknologi Bandung Jl. Ganesha 10 Bandung 40132

[email protected]
AbstractCeramic insulators are widely used in transmission as well as in distribution lines. As outdoor insulators, the ceramic insulators are subjected to environmental stresses. In particular case, the insulators may severe high pollution exposure. Under the polluted condition, high leakage current will flow on the insulator surface and dry band arching may take place. The phenomena may initiate the insulator flash over leading to the failure of the lines. Several efforts may be taken to improve the insulator performance under polluted condition. They are increasing the number of insulator strings, modification of insulator design to increase the creepage distance and regular washing. Recently, adding of hidrophobic agent on the insulators was introduced to improve the performance of ceramic insulators under polluted condition. This paper reports the experimental results on the application of room temperature vulcanized (RTV) silicone coating on the medium voltage ceramic insulators under various environmental conditions. It was found that the coating was significantly suppressed the magnitude of leakage current and drastically eliminated the harmonic content. The coating also significantly increased the flash over voltage of the insulator. Surface analysis indicated that increasing of the water repellence and enhancement of surface resistance of the insulators played important role in the increase of the insulator performances. Key words: silicone coating, ceramic insulators, highly polluted, flashover voltage

degradation of the insulator surface [3]. One of many ways for improving its performance is coating with Room Temperature Vulcanized (RTV) Silicone Rubber. This paper reports the experimental results on the leakage current, hydrophobicity and surface smoothness of RTV Silicone Rubber coated insulator under various artificial conditions. II. EXPERIMENTS A. RTV Silicone Rubber Coated Insulator Post pin ceramic insulators with 20 kV operating voltage were used as samples. The samples were coated with silicone rubber by using high pressure nozzle with thickness of about 0.3 mm.

I. INTRODUCTION In a power system, insulator plays an important role to isolate among live parts and between live parts and ground and as mechanical protector. The insulator are widely used at substations, transmission and distribution network as well [1]. Ceramic insulators are widely used in power system since long time ago. At present time the insulators are still widely being used. Ceramic insulator has good mechanical and electrical properties and less expensive. Nevertheless, as outdoor insulator it has some weaknesses especially under certain environmental factors such as humidity, rainy season and pollution which may reduce their surface resistance. The reduction of surface resistance may enhance the leakage current to flow on the surface [2]. Leakage current (LC) with large magnitude flow on the surface for long period may cause

(a)

(b)

Fig 1 Pictures of non coated (a) and RTV coated (b) samples

The RTV silicone rubber coating materials were made by Dow Corning. The pictures of the samples are shown in figure 1. A test chamber made from aluminium panel with size of 90 cm x 90 cm x 120 cm was used to simulate pollution exposed to the samples. The front opening of the test chamber was made from acrylic to facilitate the observation of arcing on the sample surface.

For salt layer test, 40 g kaolin was used in every 1 litre water and NaCl was added to the solution to get the desirable conductivity in accordance with IEC Standard No. 507 1991 (salt layer test and salt fog test). For salt fog test, 40 g kaolin was used in every 1 litre water and NaCl was used as salt fog. The detail of experimental conditions investigated in this experiment are tabulated in table 1
TABLE 1 EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS

Transform) which can be obtained in MATLAB to analyse the leakage current harmonic. For the quantification of the harmonic content of the leakage current we used the THD (total harmonic distortion). The THD is defined as the total ratio of the harmonic components and the fundamental which can be expressed as:

THD =
Applied voltage(kV) 10-60

I
n =2

2 n

(1)

Test # 1 2

I1

Insulator and Environmental Condition Clean insulator; clean fog Insulator polluted with kaolinsalt pollution at 1.3 mS; clean fog Insulator polluted with kaolinsalt pollution at 2 mS; clean fog Insulator polluted with kaolinsalt pollution at 3.6 mS; clean fog Insulator polluted with kaolin pollution; salt fog at 2 mS Insulator polluted with kaolin pollution; salt fog at 3 mS Insulator polluted with kaolin pollution; salt fog at 3.6 mS

where

I1 = 1st harmonic (fundamental) In = nth harmonic for n = 2,3,4,.

10-60

C. Hydrophobicity Hydrophobicity of RTV silicone rubber coated insulator surface is indicated by its contact angle. The contact angle was taken using Sony digital camera with macro lens.

10-60

10-60

III. EXPERIMENT RESULTS A. Analysis of Leakage Current Magnitude and THD 1) Leakage current for samples at clean fog condition (test 1-4):

10-60

10-60

10-60

B. Leakage Current Measurement An AC high voltage of 50 Hz was applied to the insulators. The applied voltage was adjusted to get various conditions such as normal condition, small or high activity of dry band arcing. The leakage current flowed on the insulator surface was measured by measuring the voltage across a series resistance using a Digital Oscilloscope TDS series with digitizer of 8 bit, bandwidth of 100 MHz, and the maximum sampling rate of 1 Gs/s. LC waveforms including low and high frequency components were obtained. The digital data was transferred to a personal computer through a GPIB for further analysis. Leakage current usually a distorted-sinusoidal waveform[4]. The harmonics content determines the degree of distortion from the sinusoidal. In this experiment, the LC waveforms were measured using a computer-aided measurement system and the harmonic content was analysed Fourier transformation is used to analyse the harmonic content of the leakage current. In this case we used FFT( Fast Fourier

Fig. 2 LC magnitude as function of applied voltage for insulator polluted with various kaolin-salt pollution under clean fog

Figure 2 shows the dependencies of leakage current for clean sample and kaolin-salt polluted samples on the applied voltage. It is clearly seen that LC magnitude increase almost linearly with the applied voltage. Figure 2 also shows that the LC magnitude greatly affected by the different pollution levels applied on the samples. On applied voltage 10 kV, it can be seen that the LC magnitude almost the same for clean sample and kaolin-salt samples. Along with the increasing of applied voltage, the LC magnitude of kaolin sample is higher than the clean sample. The amounts of salt applied also affected the LC. The greater amount of kaolin-salt pollution caused higher LC magnitude. At 60 kV, the highest LC magnitude flowed on

insulator polluted with kaolin-salt pollution at 3.6 mS and the lowest LC magnitude flowed on clean sample. The greater amounts of kaolin-salt pollution increase the surface conductivity. Conductive surface caused the LC flowed on insulator surface increased. It can also be concluded from figure that LC magnitude of insulator with greater amount of pollution has greater gradient as a function of applied voltage.

almost the same. Compared to the LC magnitude under clean fog, the LC magnitude under salt fog was almost equal.

Fig. 4 LC magnitude as function of applied voltage for insulator polluted with kaolin- pollution under salt fog with various conductivity

Fig. 3 THD as function of applied voltage for insulator polluted with various kaolin-salt pollution under clean fog

Figure 3 shows the dependencies of total harmonic distortion (THD) of LC waveform on the applied voltage and the amounts of kaolin-salt pollution. It is clearly seen that THD increase with the applied voltage. However, figure 3 also indicates that THD value for kaolin-salt polluted insulator under clean fog was decreased together with the increasing amounts of pollution applied. This is due to the increase of surface conductivity and reduction of electric field. There werent any flashover observed from clean and kaolin-salt polluted insulator with RTV silicone rubber coated. Whereas it was reported [5] that flashover observed at 40-45 kV for ceramic outdoor insulator under similar experiment. These results indicate that RTV silicone rubber coating improves the performance of ceramic outdoor insulator. RTV silicone rubber coating suppressed the magnitude of leakage current, the harmonic content of leakage current and increased the flashover voltage. The low LC corresponds with high surface resistance which indicates high quality of insulator. 2) Leakage current for kaolin polluted under salt fog condition (test 5-7): This experiment is suitable to represent insulator that placed on seashore with high salt fog conductivity. Figure 4 shows the dependencies of LC magnitude on applied voltage for kaolin polluted under salt fog with conductivity of 2, 3, and 3.6 mS. The LC magnitude increase linearly together with the applied voltage. Figure 4 also shows the magnitude of leakage current is almost equal under various salt fog conductivity of 2, 3, and 3.6 mS. It can be seen that salt fog conductivity didnt affect the magnitude of LC since the magnitude of LC under various salt fog conductivity was

Fig. 5 THD as function of applied voltage for insulator polluted with kaolinpollution under salt fog with various conductivity

Figure 5 indicates that the THD of kaolin polluted under salt fog were almost equal for conductivity of 2, 3, and 3.6 mS. The THD increases slightly with applied voltage. It has been reported [6] that THD for non-coated ceramic insulators reduced along with the increase of salt fog conductivity. This is due to the increase of surface conductivity. However, this phenomenon didnt occur with RTV silicon rubber coating because salt fog conductivity didnt increase the surface conductivity. Therefore the THD value werent decrease along with salt fog conductivity. The results can be explained as follows. Because of RTV silicone rubber coating, the increase of salt fog conductivity didnt affect the surface conductivity. Usually for the noncoated ceramic insulator, kaolin polluted surface exhibit a hydrophilic property. Under salt fog with high conductivity, the kaolin is trapping the salt water and drastically increases the surface conductivity. This process enhances the current to flow on the insulator surface. However, the most important property of RTV silicone rubbers for insulator coating is their retention of water repellence [7]. The silicone rubber give

water repellence to the polluted surface because low molecular weight silicone fluid that diffuses from the bulk of the coating surrounds contaminants with a monolayer of fluid that imparts a non-wetting property, or hydrophobicity, to the contaminant layer. In addition, the monolayer of fluid which surrounds the contaminant also inhibits dissolution of the contaminant in water. As a result, the electrolytic layer that develops is weak and not conductive to the development of leakage current and flashover. So it be concluded that the salt fog conductivity dont affect the LC magnitude as well as its harmonic content of ceramic insulator coated with RTV silicone rubber. B. Analysis of Leakage Current Waveform 1) Leakage current for samples at clean fog condition:

slightly distorted from their sinusoidal due to presence of harmonic components especially 5th component. At applied voltage from 10 60 kV, the leakage current waveform distortion was symmetrical at both polarity (positive and negative half cycles) and the 5th harmonics greatly contributed to the THD. On the contrary, the 3rd harmonic component wasnt significant for polluted insulator with kaolin-salt pollution at 3.6 mS. The greater amounts of kaolin-salt pollution applied may increase the surface conductivity. Therefore at kaolin salt pollution at 1.3 mS and 2 mS the insulator surface werent very conductive caused the THD larger than kaolin salt pollution at 3.6 mS. These are because at small amounts of kaolin-salt polluted, the 3rd harmonic more significant. It is reported that the appearance of arcing of 3rd harmonic is always insignificant until an arc present on the surface of insulator [8]. Since the arcing werent observed in the experiment, and the 3rd harmonic component is insignificant, we can fully agree with the statement. From figure 7, it is clearly seen that the 3rd harmonic is small compared to 5th harmonic. The 3rd harmonic component wasnt larger along with the increase of voltage applied, different from experiment results for non-coated ceramic insulator [6].

(a)

(b)

(a)

(c) Fig. 6 Typical LC waveforms for insulator polluted with kaolin-salt pollution under clean fog at applied voltage (a) 10 kV, (b) 35 kV and (c) 60 kV (b) Fig. 7 Typical harmonic components for insulators polluted with kaolin-salt pollution under clean fog at applied voltage (a) 35 kV and (b) 60 kV

Figure 6 shows typical leakage current waveforms for kaolin-salt polluted insulator under clean fog at applied voltage (a) 10 kV, (b) 35 kV and (c) 60 kV. The waveforms

2) Leakage current for kaolin polluted under salt fog condition (test 5-7): Figure 8 shows the typical LC waveforms of insulator polluted with kaolin pollution under salt fog with conductivity of 2 mS, 3 mS and 3.6 mS at applied voltage (a) 10 kV, (b) 35 kV and (c) 60 kV. At applied voltage from 10 60 kV, the leakage current waveform distortion was symmetrical at both polarity (positive and negative half cycles) and the 5th harmonics greatly contributed to the THD. This is similar to those observed for insulator polluted with kaolin-salt pollution under clean fog.

Table 2 shows typical photographs of water droplets 50 L on (a) clean insulator, (b) Insulator polluted with kaolin pollution, (c) Insulator polluted with kaolin-salt pollution at 1.3 mS, (d) Insulator polluted with kaolin-salt pollution at 2 mS, and (e) Insulator polluted with kaolin-salt pollution at 3.6 mS. The contact angle of the water droplets was measured at 3 minutes after the water droplets were put on the samples. The results shows that for various artificial polluted conditions the contact angle of RTV silicone rubber coated insulator are still more than 90. These results indicated that RTV silicone rubber coated insulator can maintain its hydrophobicity under various polluted condition.

TABLE 2 TYPICAL PHOTOGRAPHS OF WATER DROPLETS ON RTV SILICONE RUBBER SAMPLES

No

Water Droplet Profile

Contact angle (deg.)

(a)

100 - 110

95 - 100

(b)

105 - 110

105 - 115

(c) Fig. 8 Typical LC waveforms for insulator polluted with kaolin pollution under salt fog at applied voltage (a) 10 kV, (b) 35 kV and (c) 60 kV

100 - 105

C. Hydrophobicity Hydrophobicity of a surface indicates the ability of the surface in repelling water. Hydrophobicity is indicated by its contact angle. Hydrophobic surface has contact angle more than 90 while hydrophilic less than 90.

These phenomena happened because of two reasons [9,10]. On clean surface, its low surface energy does not allow wetting of the surface, and on polluted surfaces, low molecular weight silicone fluid that diffuses from the bulk of the coating surrounds contaminants with a monolayer of fluid that imparts a non-wetting property, or hydrophobicity, to the contaminant layer.

Therefore these phenomena (RTV silicone rubber coated insulator can maintain its hydrophobicity) can explain why there werent any flashover observed and the leakage current magnitude flow on insulator surface were suppressed during experiment under various artificial pollution. C. Flashover voltage Under highly polluted condition, non coated insulators flash over at applied voltage of about 30 kV. However, silicone-coated insulator didnt show any flashover until 60 kV. Figure 9 shows typical insulator flashover.

for various artificial polluted conditions the contact angle of RTV silicone rubber coated insulator are still more than 90. These indicated that RTV silicone rubber coated insulator can maintain its hydrophobicity under various polluted condition. RTV silicone rubber coating suppressed the magnitude of leakage current, the harmonic content of leakage current and increased the flashover voltage under various artificially simulated pollution. The low LC corresponds with high surface resistance which indicates high quality of insulator. These results indicate that RTV silicone rubber coating improves the performance of ceramic outdoor insulator to overcome pollution effect. RTV silicone rubber coated insulator is suitable to be placed at highly polluted areas such as seashores, industrial parks and other highly polluted areas. REFERENCES
[1] [2] Gorur, R S, E A Cherney, and J T Burnham. Outdoor Insulators. Arizona: Ravi Gorur Inc, 1999. Siderakis, K, D Agoris, P Eleftheria, and E Thalassinakis. "Investigation of Leakage Current on High Voltage Insulators-Field Measurments." WSEAS Transaction on Circuits and System , 2004: 1188-1191. Suda, T. "Frequency Characteristics of Leakage Current Waveforms of a String of Suspension Insulators." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2005: 481-487. El Hag et. Al, Fundamental and low Freq. components of LC as a diagnostic Tool to Study Aging of RTV and HTV SIR in Salt-Fog, IEEE DEIS Trans. Vol. 10, No. 1, 2003, pp. 128- 136. Suwarno, Wayan W, Improving the Performances of Outdoor ceramic Insulators under Severe Conditions by Using Silicone Compound Coatings, WSEAS Transaction on Power System, Issue 6, Volume 1, June 2006 pp. 1001-1008 Suwarno, and Parhusip, Juniko Parlinggoman. Investigation on Leakage Current Waveforms and Flashover Characteristics of Ceramics for Outdoor Insulators under Clean and Salt Fogs , WSEAS Trans. Power System, Vol. 3, Issue 6, 2008, pp. 456-465. Cherney, E A, and R S Gorur. "RTV Silicone Rubber Coatings for Outdoor Insulator." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2006. Kim, Jeong Ho, et al. "Leakage Current Monitoring and Outdoor Degradation of SIR." IEEE transaction on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2001: 1108-115. Devendranath, D, Channakeshava, and A D Rajkumar. "Leakage Current and Charge in RTV Coated Insulators Under Pollution Conditions." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Inslations, 2002. Kim, Seog-Hyeon, Edward A Cherney, and Ruben Hackam. "Hydrophobic Behaviour of Insulators Coated With RTV Silicone Rubber." IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, 1992.

[3] [4] [5]

[6]

Fig. 9 Flash over on the uncoated insulator

[7] [8] [9]

IV. CONCLUSIONS The performance of ceramic insulator coated with RTV silicone rubber under artificially - simulated pollution has been investigated. From these experimental results following conclusions can be drawn. RTV silicone rubber coating improves the surface smoothness and hydrophobicity. The results also shows that

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