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5.04 Principles of Inorganic Chemistry II

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5.04, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry II Prof. Daniel G. Nocera Lecture 3: Irreducible Representations and Character Tables Similarity transformations yield irreducible representations, i, which lead to the useful tool in group theory the character table. The general strategy for determining i is as follows: A, B and C are matrix representations of symmetry operations of an arbitrary basis set (i.e., elements on which symmetry operations are performed). There is some similarity transform operator v such that A = v 1 A v B = v 1 B v C = v 1 C v where v uniquely produces block-diagonalized matrices, which are matrices possessing square arrays along the diagonal and zeros outside the blocks

A1
=
A

A
2

A
3

B1
B =
B2

B 3

C1
C =
C
2

C
3

Matrices A, B, and C are reducible. Sub-matrices Ai, Bi and Ci obey the same multiplication properties as A, B and C. If application of the similarity transform does not further block-diagonalize A, B and C, then the blocks are irreducible representations. The character is the sum of the diagonal elements of i. As an example, lets continue with our exemplary group: E, C3, C32, v, v, v by defining an arbitrary basis a triangle
v

v''

A
v'

The basis set is described by the triangles vertices, points A, B and C. The transformation properties of these points under the symmetry operations of the group are:

5.04, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry II Prof. Daniel G. Nocera

Lecture 3 Page 1 of 7

A A 1 0 0 A E B = B = 0 1 0 B C C 0 0 1 C A B 0 1 0 A C3 B = C = 0 0 1 B C A 1 0 0 C A C 0 0 1 A B = A = 1 0 0 B C B 0 1 0 C

A A 1 0 0 A B = C = 0 0 1 B C B 0 1 0 C

A B 0 1 0 A V B = A = 1 0 0 B C C 0 0 1 C A C 0 0 1 A V B = B = 0 1 0 B C A 1 0 0 C

C3

These matrices are not block-diagonalized, however a suitable similarity transformation will accomplish the task,

1 3 1 v =
3 1
3

0
6
1
1

6 2
1 1



6 2

2

v
1

1 1 3 3 2 1
=

6 6 1 0
2

1

3
1

6
1


2

Applying the similarity transformation with C3 as the example,

v 1

1


1 3
3 1
1

6
3 1
1

2


3

1
1 6 2
1 1
=
0

6 2
2
0
0
6

3 2

5.04, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry II Prof. Daniel G. Nocera

Lecture 3 Page 2 of 7

if v 1 C3* v is applied again, the matrix is not block diagonalized any further. The same diagonal sum is obtained *though off-diagonal elements may change). In this case, C3* is an irreducible representation, i. The similarity transformation applied to other reducible representations yields:
1 v = C32* = 0 0
0 0
3 2
1 2


0
3 2
1 2

1 0 0
v
E v = E* = 0 1 0
0 0 1

v 1 C32

1 2 3 2

1 0 0
0
v 1
v v = v* = 0 1 0 0 1

1 0 1 v 1 v v = v* = 0 2 0 3 2

1 0 1 v 1 v v = v* = 0
2 3 0 2

0
3
2
1
2

As above, the block-diagonalized matrices do not further reduce under reapplication of the similarity transform. All are irrs.

Thus a 3 3 reducible representation, red, has been decomposed under a similarity transformation into a 1 (1 1) and 1 (2 2) block-diagonalized irreducible representations, i. The traces (i.e. sum of diagonal matrix elements) of the is under each operation yield the characters (indicated by ) of the representation. Taking the traces of each of the blocks: E 1 1 2 2 C3 1 1 C32 1 1 v 1 0 v 1 0 E 1 1 2 2 2C3 1 1 3v 1 0

v 1 0

Note: characters of operators in the same class are identical

5.04, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry II Prof. Daniel G. Nocera

Lecture 3 Page 3 of 7

This collection of characters for a given irreducible representation, under the operations of a group is called a character table. As this example shows, from a completely arbitrary basis and a similarity transform, a character table is born. The triangular basis set does not uncover all irr of the group defined by {E, C3, C32, v, v, v}. A triangle represents Cartesian coordinate space (x,y,z) for which the is were determined. May choose other basis functions in an attempt to uncover other is. For instance, consider a rotation about the z-axis,

The transformation properties of this basis function, Rz, under the operations of the group (will choose only 1 operation from each class, since characters of operators in a class are identical): E: Rz Rz C3: Rz Rz v(xy): Rz Rz

Note, these transformation properties give rise to a i that is not contained in a triangular basis. A new (1 x 1) basis is obtained, 3, which describes the transform properties for Rz. A summary of the i for the group defined by E, C3, C32, v, v, v is: E 1 2 3 1 2 1 2C3 1 1 1 3v 1 0 1 from triangular basis, i.e. (x, y, z) from Rz

Is this character table complete? Irreducible representations and their characters obey certain algebraic relationships. From these 5 rules, we can ascertain whether this is a complete character table for these 6 symmetry operations.

5.04, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry II Prof. Daniel G. Nocera

Lecture 3 Page 4 of 7

Five important rules govern irreducible representations and their characters:

The sum of the squares of the dimensions, l, of irreducible representation i is equal to the order, h, of the group,
2 2 2 2 l i = l 1 + l 2 + l 3 + ... = h i

order of matrix representation of i (e.g. l = 2 for a 2 2) Since the character under the identity operation is equal to the dimension of i (since E is always the unit matrix), the rule can be reformulated as,

xi(E)
i

= h
character under E

Rule 2

The sum of squares of the characters of irreducible representation i equals h

xi(R)
R

= h

character of i under operation R

Vectors whose components are characters of two different irreducible representations are orthogonal

xi(R) x j(R) = 0
R

][

for i j

Rule 4

For a given representation, characters of all matrices belonging to operations in the same class are identical
Rule 5

The number of is of a group is equal to the number of classes in a group.

5.04, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry II Prof. Daniel G. Nocera

Lecture 3 Page 5 of 7

With these rules one can algebraically construct a character table. Returning to our example, lets construct the character table in the absence of an arbitrary basis: Rule 5: E (C3, C32) (v, v, v) 3 classes 3 is Rule 1: l 1 + l 2 + l 3 = 6 l 1 = l 2 = 1, l 2 = 2 Rule 2: All character tables have a totally symmetric representation. Thus one of the irreducible representations, i, possesses the character set 1(E) = 1, 1(C3, C32) = 1, 1(v, v, v) = 1. Applying Rule 2, we find for the other irreducible representation of dimension 1, 1 1(E) 2(E) + 2 1(C3) 2(C3) + 3 1(v) 2(v) = 0 consequence of Rule 4 1 1 2(E) + 2 1 2(C3) + 3 1 2(v) = 0 Since 2(E) = 1, 1 + 2 2(C3) + 3 2(v) = 0
2 2 2

2(C3) = 1, 2(v) = 1

For the case of 3 (l3 = 2) there is not a unique solution to Rule 2 2 + 2 3(C3) + 3 3(v) = 0 However, application of Rule 2 to 3 gives us one equation for two unknowns. Have several options to obtain a second independent equation: Rule 1: 1 22 + 2[3(C3)]2 + 3[3(v)]2 = 6 Rule 3: 1 1 2 + 2 1 3(C3) + 3 1 3(v) = 0 or 1 1 2 + 2 1 3(C3) + 3 (1) 3(v) = 0 Solving simultaneously yields 3(C3) = 1, 3(v) = 0 Thus the same result shown on pg 4 is obtained: E 1 2 3 1 2 1 2C3 1 1 1 3v 1 0 1

5.04, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry II Prof. Daniel G. Nocera

Lecture 3 Page 6 of 7

Note, the derivation of the character table in this section is based solely on the properties of characters; the table was derived algebraically. The derivation on pg 4 was accomplished from first principles. The complete character table is: operations C3v A1 A2 E Mulliken symbols for the i is of: E 1 1 2 2C3 1 1 1 characters 3v 1 1 0 z Rz (x,y)(Rx,Ry) (x2 y2, xy) (xz,yz) x2 + y2, z2

Schoenflies symbol for point group

basis functions

l=1 l=2 l=3

A or B E T

A is symmetric (+1) with respect to Cn B is antisymmetric (1) with respect to Cn

subscripts 1 and 2 designate is that are symmetric and antisymmetric, respectively to C2s; if C2s do not exist, then with respect to v primes ( ) and double primes ( ) attached to is that are symmetric and antisymmetric, respectively, to h for groups containing i, g subscript attached to is that are symmetric to i whereas u subscript designates is that are antisymmetic to i

5.04, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry II Prof. Daniel G. Nocera

Lecture 3 Page 7 of 7