INDICES AND LOGARITHMS

ADDITIONAL
MATHEMATICS
MODULE 8
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CHAPTER 5 : INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
CONTENTS PAGE
5.0 INDICES AND LOGARITHM
5.1 Concept Map 2
5.2 Indices and laws of Indices 3
Exercise 5.2
5.3 Simplify Algebraic Expressions 4 - 5
Exercise 5.3
5.4 Equation Involving Indices 5 - 7
Exercise 5.4
5.5 Past Year Questions 8
5.6 Assessment 9 - 10
Answers 11
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CHAPTER 5 : INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
5.1 CONCEPTUAL MAP
Indices
a
n
index
base
Logarithms
If N = a
x
, then log
a
N = x
Fractional indices
a) a
1/n
= ___________
b) a
m/n
= ___________
= ___________
Laws of indices
a) a
m
x a
n
= _________
b) a
m
a
n
= _________
c) (a
m
)
n
= _________
Integer indices
a) a
n
= a x a x a x a x a
n factors
b) Negative index, a
-n
= _________
c) Zero index, a
0
= __________
Equations involving indices
a) If a
x
= a
y
, then _________
b) If m
x
= n
x
, then ________
INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
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5.2 INDICES AND LAWS OF INDICES
Examples Hit the Buttons
Find the values of the following.
1. 6
3
= 216
2. 4
-2
=
2
4
1
=
16
1
3.
3
2
8 = (
3
8 )
2
= 2
2
= 4
EXERCISE 5.2
a) Evaluate the following
1.
0.4
4
Solution
2.
3
2
8
27
|
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Solution
3.
3
8
1

|
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Solution
4.
2
1
4
1

Solution
6 ^ 3 =
( 3 shift ^ 8
) = x
2
1
c
b
a
4 = x
2
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5.3 SIMPLIFY ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
Examples Solution
Simplify
1. 2a
2
x 3a
3
= (2 x 3) x (a
2
x a
3
)
= 6 x a
2 + 3
Sign : (+) x (+) = (+)
Number : 2 x 3 = 6
Unknown/ : a
2
x a
3
= a
5
base
2. 3
3n 2
3
n 3
= 3
3n 2 - ( n 3)
= 3
3n 2 n + 3
= 3
2n + 1
a
m
a
n
= a
m n
Use the laws of indices to simplify the
division
EXERCISE 5.3
Simplify the following
1.
(3
4
)
2n
x 3
n
Solution
2.
3
1 2n
x 3
4
x 3
3n + 2
Solution
3.
1 2 1
4 8
+

n n
Solution
4.
a
2
x 2a
3
(4a)
2
Solution
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5.
3n 5
2n - 3 2
p
p p
+
+

n
Solution
6.
2 2
2 7
b 6a
b 18a
Solution
7. 3
x
3
x 1
Solution
8. 2
n + 2
- 2
n
+ 12( 2
n 1
)
Solution
5.4 EQUATIONS INVOLVING INDICES
Examples Steps / Method
Solve each of the following equations
1. 3
3x
= 81
3
3x
= 3
4
3x = 4
x =
3
4
Express in the _________________ and
compare the indices
_____________________ the indices
2. 2
x
. 4
x+1
= 64
2
x
. 2
2 (x+1)
= 2
6
x + 2x + 2 = 6
3x = 4
x =
3
4
Use ______ as the same base throughout
_______________ the indices using the
laws of indices
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3. 0 16 8
1
2
=
+ x x
( ) ( ) 0 2 2
1
4 3
2
=
+ x x
( ) ( )
1
4 3
2 2
2
+
=
x x
4 4 3
2 2
2
+
=
x x
3x
2
= 4x + 4
3x
2
- 4x 4 = 0
(3x + 2)(x 2) = 0
x =
3
2
, x = 2
Use 2 as the same base throughout
______________________of a quadratic
equation
_________________________________
EXERCISE 5.4
1.
Solve 8x
3
= 27
Solution
2.
Solve
x
8 =
4
1
Solution
3. Solve 2
x
. 3
x
= 36
Solution
4.
Solve
2
1
4x = 10
Solution
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5.
Solve ( )
1 4
27 9 3
+ +
=
x x
Solution
6.
Solve 5
3x
25
x + 1
=
125
1
Solution
7.
Solve
4
27
+ x
=
x x
9 3
1
3 +
Solution
8.
Solve
3
1
5
25
125
+

=
x
x
Solution
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5.5 PAST YEAR QUESTIONS
1.
Solve the equation 1 2 2
3 4
=
+ + x x
(SPM 05)
Solution
2.
Solve the equation
6 8 4
4 32
+
=
x x
(SPM 04)
Solution
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5.6 ASSESSMENT
Answer All the questions Time : 30 minutes
1.
Solve the equation 16
3x
= 8
6x + 1
Solution
2.
Solve the equation 3
2x
=
243
1
Solution
3.
Solve the equation 8
x
. 2
x
= 32
Solution
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4.
Solve the equation 0 9 3
2 6
2
=
x x
Solution
5.
Solve the equation
2
8
x
=
x x
2 4
1
1
Solution
6.
Solve the equation 5
2x
5
2x 1
= 100
Solution
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ANSWERS
EXERCISE 1.1
1. 0.0256
2. 2.25
3. 512
4 2
EXERCISE 2.1
1. 3
9n
5.
1
2
+ n
2. 3
n+7
6. 2a
5
3.
n
p
4
1
7.
|
.
|

\
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3
2
3
x
4.
3
a
8
1
8. ( ) 9 2
n
EQUATION INVOLVING INDICES
1. same base, compare
2. 2, Add
3. General form, solving by factorization
EXERCISE 3.1
1. x =
2
3
5. x = 6
2. x =
3
2
6. x = -1
3. x = 2 7. x = -2
4. x = 6.25 8. x = 1
PAST YEAR QUESTIONS
1. x = -1
2. x = 3
ASSESSMENT
1. x =
2
5
4. x = 6, -2
2. x =
2
1
5. x = 2
3. x =
4
5
6. x =
2
3
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INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
ADDITIONAL
MATHEMATICS
MODULE 9
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__________________________________________
CHAPTER 5 : INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
CONTENTS PAGE
5.0 INDICES AND LOGARITHM
5.1 Conceptual Map 2
5.2 Logarithm and laws of logarithm 3 4
Exercise 5.2
5.3 Finding Logarithm of numbers 4 6
Exercise 5.3
5.4 Changing the base of logarithm 7 - 9
Exercise 5.4.1
Exercise 5.4.2
Exercise 5.4.3
5.5 Equation Involving logarithm 10 11
Exercise 5.5
5.6 Past Year Questions 11 - 12
5.7 Assessment 13
Answers 14
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CHAPTER 5 : INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
5.1 CONCEPTUAL MAP
Index
a
n
index
base
Logarithms
If N = a
x
, then log
a
N = x
Laws of Logarithms
d) Log
a
xy = _________________
e) Log
a
x/y = _________________
f) Log
a
x
m
= _________________
Change of base
of logarithms
a) Log
a
b = __________
b) Log
a
b = __________
Equations involving
Logarithms
If log
a
X = log
a
Y, then
__________________
INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
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5.2 LOGARITHM AND LAWS OF LOGARITHM
Find the value of the following
Examples Solution
1. log
4
64
1
Let . log
4
64
1
= x
Then 4
x
= 4
-3
x = -3
2. log
5
= 5 Let . log
5
5 = x
Then 5
x
=
2
1
5
x =
2
1
3. log
2
x = -5 Given log
2
x = - 5
Then x = 2
-5
=
5
2
1
=
32
1
EXERCISE 5.2
Find the value of each of the following
1. log
2
128
2 log
5
125
3. . log
8
64
1
4. log
10
3
5
2
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5. log
100
10 6. log 64
4
7. log
9
x = -1
8. log
x
2
25
1
=
5.3 FINDING LOGARITHM OF NUMBERS
Examples Solution
Evaluate the following
1. log
3
18 log
3
6
= log
3
6
18
= log
3
3
= 1
2. log
4
2 + log
4
8
= log
4
(2 x 8)
= log
4
4
2
= 2 log
4
4
= 2(1)
= 2
3. Given that log
a
2 = 0.123 and log
a
3 = 0.256, calculate the following
a) log
a
12 = log
a
(2 x 2 x 3)
= log
a
2
2
+ log
a
3
= 2log
a
2 + log
a
3
= 2(0.123) + 0.256
= 0.502
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b) log
a
6 = log
a
( )2
1
6
=
2
1
log
a
(2 x 3)
=
2
1
[ log
a
2 + log
a
3]
=
2
1
[0.123 + 0.256]
= 0.1895
4. Given that log
x
2 = a and log
x
3 = b, write log
x
2
9
4
x
in term of a and b.
Log
x
2
9
4
x
= log
x
4 log
x
2
9x
= log
x
2
2
- [ log
x
9 + log
x
x
2
]
= 2 log
x
2 - log
x
3
2
- 2 log
x
x
= 2a - 2log
x
3 - 2(1)
= 2a - 2b - 2
EXERCISE 5.3
Simplify each of the following logarithms expression
1. log
4
2 + log
4
32 2. log
2
48 + log
2
3 log
2
9
3. 2 log
5
10 + 3 log
5
2 log
5
32 4. 4log
x
2 3log
x
4 + log
x
6
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5. Express log
a
c
b
2
in terms of log
a
b
and log
a
c
Solution
6. Given that log
2
6 = 2.59 and
log
2
5 = 2.32 find the value of
log
10
30
Solution
7. Given log
3
2 = 0.631 and log
3
5 = 1.465, find the values of
a) log
3
20
b) log
3
5
4
c) log
3
7.5
Solution
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5.4 CHANGING THE BASE OF LOGARITHM
Examples
Find the value of the logarithm
1. log
3
5 =
3 log
5 log
10
10
=
4771 . 0
699 . 0
= 1.465
EXERCISE 5.4.1
Find the value of the logarithm by changing the base of the logarithm
1. Log
4
3 2. Log
3
10
3. Log
2
0.1 4. Log
5
0.048
5.
Log
4
5
1 6.
Log
2 |
.
|

\
|
4
3
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Examples
Find the value of the logarithm
1. log
4
5 =
4 log
5 log
2
2
=
2 log 2
322 . 2
2
=
2
322 . 2
= 1.161
EXERCISE 5.4.2
Given that log
2
5 = 2.322 and log
2
3 = 1.585, find the value of the logarithm
1. Log
3
5 2. Log
8
15
3. Log
9
125 4. Log
8
25
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Examples
Find the value of the logarithm
1. log
10
p
2
=
16 log
log
4
2
4
p
=
4 log 2
log 2
4
4
p
=
2
2m
= m
EXERCISE 5.4.3
Given that log
4
p = m. Express the following in terms of m
1. Log
p
4 2. Log
8
p
3. Log
4p
64 4.
Log
p
256
1
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5.5 EQUATION INVOLVING LOGARITHMS
1. Solve the equation :
Log
10
( x 5 ) = log
10
( x 1 ) + 2
Solution
Log
10
( x 5 ) = log
10
( x 1 ) + 2
Log
10
( x 5 ) log
10
( x 1 ) = 2
Log
10
1
5

x
x
= 2
1
5

x
x
= 10
2
x 5 = 100( x 1)
x 5 = 100x 100
99x = 95
x =
99
95
2. Solve the equation:
3
x
= 5
2x + 1
Solution
xlog
10
3 = (2x + 1)log
10
5
xlog
10
3 = 2x log
10
5 + log
10
5
xlog
10
3 2x log
10
5 = log
10
5
x(log
10
3 2 log
10
5) = log
10
5
x =
5 log 2 3 log
5 log
10 10
10

x = 0.7591
EXERCISE 5.5
Solve each of the equation
1. 5
x
= 27 2. 5
x
= 0.8
3. 3
x + 1
= 18 4. 5
x 2
= 4
x + 1
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5. 2
x
3
x
= 5
x + 1
6. 3
x
. 4
x + 1
= 6
5.6 SPM QUESTIONS
SPM 2005( Paper 1)
1. Solve the equation 1 ) 1 2 ( log 4 log
3 3
= x x [ 3 marks]
SPM 2005( Paper 1)
2. Given that p
m
= log and r
m
= 3 log , express
|
.
|

\
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4
27
log
m
m
in term of p and r
[ 4 marks]
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SPM 2004(Paper 1)
3. Given that
5
log 2 = m and
5
log = p, express
5
log 4.9 in term of m and p
[ 4 marks]
SPM 2003(Paper1)
4. Given that
2
log T -
4
log V = 3 , express T in term of V. Express T in term of V
[ 4 marks]
SPM 2003(Paper1)
5. Solve the equation
x x
7 4
1 2
=

[ 4 marks]
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5.7 ASSESSMENT
Answer All the questions Time : 30 minutes
1.
Solve the equation 4 log 3 log 2 ) 4 8 ( log
5 5 5
+ = x
2.
Given x = m k =
3
log and n k =
2
log . Find the value of 24 log
k
in term of m and n
3.
Given that , 4 log log
9 3
= + V T express T in terms of V
4.
Solve the equation
x x
9 5
1 2
=
+
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ANSWERS
EXERCISE 5.2
1. 7 4 -1.1938 7.
9
1
2.
2
3
5.
2
1
8. 5
3. -2 6. 6
EXERCISE 5.3
1. 3 5. 2 log
a
b log
a
c
2. 4 6. 4.91
3. 2 7. a) 2.727 c) 1.834
4. log
x
2
3
b) - 0.203
EXERCISE 5.4.1
1. 0.7924 3. -3.322
2. 2.096 4. -1.887
EXERCISE 5.4.2
1. 1.465 3. 2.1975
2. 1.302 4. -1.548
EXERCISE 5.4.3
1.
m
1
3.
m + 1
3
2. m
3
2
4.
m
4
EXERCISE 5.5
1. 2.048 4. 20.64
2. -0.1386 5. 8.827
3. 1.630 6. 0.1632
SPM QUESTIONS
1. x =
2
3
4. T = 8 v
2. 3r 2p + 1 5. 1.677
3. 2p - m -1
ASSESSMENT
1. 5 3. T =
v
81
2.
n m
3 1
+ 4. -1.575
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