Clusters Class Lec2 8 54 PDF
Clusters Class Lec2 8 54 PDF
Clusters Class Lec2 8 54 PDF
Todays Material
How do we know that clusters are massive Virial theorem Lensing -X-ray Hydrostatic equilibrium (but first we will discuss x-ray spectra ) Equation of hydrostatic equil (*) What do x-ray spectra of clusters look like *!P=-!g!"(r) where "(r) is the gravitational potential of the cluster (which is set by the distribution of matter) P is gas pressure and !g is the gas density (!f=(!f/x1, !f/x2!f/xn)
K making clusters strong Xray sources- the potential energy of infall is converted into kinetic energy of the gas. Most of the baryons in a cluster are in the X-ray emitting plasma - only 10-20% are in the galaxies. Clusters of galaxies are self-gravitating accumulations of dark matter which have trapped hot plasma (intracluster medium - ICM) and galaxies. (the galaxies are the least important constituent)
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Rood 1972- velocity vs position of galaxies in Coma Surface density of galaxies Paper is worth reading ApJ 175,627
2<T>=-<WTOT> T is the time average of the Kinetic energy and W is the time overage of the potential energy
In other words, the potential energy must equal the kinetic energy, within a factor of two. Consider a system of N particles with mass m and velocity v. kinetic energy of the total system is K.E.(system) = 1/2 m N v2 = 1/2 Mtot v2
Binney, J. and Tremaine, S. "The Virial Equations." 4.3 in Galactic Dynamics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 211219, 1987
Mass Estimates
While the virial theorem is fine it depends on knowing the time averaged orbits, the distribution of particles etc etc- a fair amount of systematic errors Would like better techniques Gravitational lensing Use of spatially resolved xray spectra
faculty.lsmsa.edu Amount and type of distortion is related to amount and distribution of mass in gravitational lens
Lensing
assume the overall geometry of the universe is Friedmann-Robertson- Walker metric matter inhomogeneities which cause the lensing are local perturbations.
Light paths propagating from the source past the lens 3 regimes 1)light travels from the source to a point close to the lens through unperturbed spacetime. 2)near the lens, light is deflected. 3) light again travels through unperturbed spacetime.
mass mass
For a detailed discussion of the problem Rich centrally condensed clusters occasionally produce giant arcs when a background galaxy happens to be aligned with one of the cluster caustics. Every cluster produces weakly distorted images of large numbers of background galaxies. These images are called arclets and the phenomenon is referred to as weak lensing.
The effect of spacetime curvature on the light paths can then be expressed in terms of an effective index of refraction n, which is given by (e.g. Schneider et al. 1992) n = 1 -(2/c2) " As in normal geometrical optics, refractive index n > 1 light travels slower than in free vacuum. effective speed of a ray of light in a gravitational field is v =c/n ~ c-(2/c)"
The deflection of a light ray that passes a point mass M at impact parameter b is
%def =4GM/c2b
Lensing
Due to slower speed of light the signal is delayed by
This is called the Shapiro delay and has been used to obtain the orbits of neutron stars as well
Einstein radius is the scale of lensing For a point mass it is &E =((4GM/c2)(Dds/DdDs))1/2 or in more useful units &E = (0.9")M11 1/2 DGpc-1/2 Lens eq ' = &-(Dds/DdDs)4GM/&c2. or ' =&-&2E /& ' 2 solutions Any source is imaged twice by a point mass lens
Gravitational light deflection preserves surface brightness because of the Liouville theorm
Lensing
mean temperature, a redshift, and abundances of the most common elements (heavier than He). With good S/N we can determine whether the spectrum is consistent with a single temperature or is a sum of emission from plasma at different temperatures. Using symmetry assumptions the X-ray surface brightness can be converted to a measure of the ICM density.
What we try to measure II If we can measure the temperature and density at different positions in the cluster then assuming the plasma is in hydrostatic equilibrium we can derive the gravitational potential and hence the amount and distribution of the dark matter. There are two other ways to get the gravitational potential : The galaxies act as test particles moving in the potential so their redshift distribution provides a measure of total mass. The gravitational potential acts as a lens on light from background galaxies.
Why do we care ? Cosmological simulations predict distributions of masses. If we want to use X-ray selected samples of clusters of galaxies to measure cosmological parameters then we must be able to relate the observables (X-ray luminosity and temperature) to the theoretical masses.
Theoretical Tools
Physics of hot plasmas Bremmstrahlung Collisional equilibrium Atomic physics
Physical Processes
Continuum emission Thermal bremsstrahlung, ~exp(-h(/kT) Bound-free (recombination) Two Photon Line Emission (line emission) L() *( (T, abund) (ne2 V) I( ~*( (T, abund) (ne2 l) Line emission dominates cooling at T<107 K Bremmstrahlung at higher temperatures
Cooling Function
Plasma Parameters
Electron number density ne ~ 10-3 cm-3 in the center with density decreasing as ne~r-2 106<T<108 k Mainly H, He, but with heavy elements (O, Fe, ..) Mainly emits X-rays 1042LX < 1045.3 erg/s, most luminous extended X-ray sources in Universe Age ~ 2-10 Gyr Mainly ionized, but not completely e.g. He and H-like ions of the abundant elements (O Fe) exist in thermal equilibrium
1 keV Plasma
Theoretical model of a collisionally ionized plasma kT=1 keV with solar abundances The lines are 'narrow' Notice dynamic range of 105
! (1,2) =
ln , + ln(bmax / bmin ) # 40 T & ) ne & ! (e, e) # 3 * 105 ) ' 8 $ ' -3 -3 $ yr ( 10 K % ( 10 cm % ! ( p, p ) = m p / me ! (e, e) # 43! (e, e)
!1
At T>3x107 K the major form of energy emission is thermal bremmstrahlung continuum *~ 3x10-27 T 1/2 n2 ergs/cm3/sec- how long does it take a parcel of gas to lose its energy? ,~nkT/* )8.5x10 10yrs(n/10-3)-1 T8 1/2 At lower temperatures line emission is important
Ts~6.6x108yr (Tgas/108)1/2(D/Mpc)
(remember that for an ideal gas vsound=!(.P/!g) (P is the pressure, !g is the gas density, .=5/3 is the adiabatic index for a monoatomic ideal gas )
Hydrodynamics
&! + $ % ( !v) = 0 mass conservation (continuity) &t Dv ! + $P + !$" = 0 momentum conservation (Euler) Dt Ds !T = H # L entropy (heating & cooling) Dt !kT P= equation of state m p
!P=-!g!"(r)
where "(r) is the gravitational potential of the cluster (which is set by the distribution of matter) P is the gas pressure !g is the gas density
Add viscosity, thermal conduction, Add magnetic fields (MHD) and cosmic rays Gravitational potential " from DM, gas, galaxies
!2"" = 4/!G
and combining this with the equation of hydrostaic equil
!.(1/!!P)=-!2"" =-4/G!
or, for a spherically symmetric system 1/r2 d/dr (r2/! dP/dr)=-4/!G!
GM(r)=kTg(r)/Gmp)r (dlnT/dr+dln!g/dr)
k is Boltzmans const, is the mean mass of a particle and mH is the mass of a hydrogen atom
Every thing is observable The temperature Tg from the spatially resolved spectrum The density !gfrom the knowledge that the emission is due to bremmstrahlung And the scale size, r, from the conversion of angles to distance
The emission measure along the line of sight at radius r, EM(r), can be deduced from the X-ray surface brightness, S(%): EM(r) =4 / (1 + z)4 S(%)/0(T, z) ; r = dA(z) % where 0(T, z)is the emissivity in the detector band, taking into account the instrument spectral response, dA(z) is the angular distance at redshift z. The emission measure is linked to the gas density !g by:
Density Profile
a simple model(the ' model) fits the surface brightness well S(r)=S(0)(1/r/a)2) -3'+1/2 cts/cm2/sec/solid angle Is analytically invertible (inverse Abel transform) to the density profile !(r)=!(0)(1/r/a)2) -3'/2 The conversion function from S(0) to !(0) depends on the detector The quantity 'a' is a scale factor- sometimes called the core radius ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ The Abel transform, , is an integral transform used in the analysis of spherically symmetric or axially symmetric functions. The Abel transform of a function f(r) is given by:
Sarazin sec 5
A geometrical interpretation of the Abel transform in two dimensions. An observer (I) looks along a line parallel to the x-axis a distance y above the origin. What the observer sees is the projection (i.e. the integral) of the circularly symmetric function f(r) along the line of sight. The function f(r) is represented in gray in this figure. The observer is assumed to be located infinitely far from the origin so that the limits of integration are #
'Two' Types of Surface Brightness Profiles 'Cored' Central Excess Range of core radii and '
2 (r ) =
20
30 / 2
$ " " #