ANDROID

Kalaivani college of technology

By karthikeyan.M Senthil Arumugam.E

INTRODUCTION
Android is an operating system for mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. It is developed by the Open Handset Alliance led byGoogle. Google purchased the initial developer of the software, Android Inc., in 2005. The unveiling of the Android distribution in 2007 was announced with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of 84 hardware, software, and telecommunication companies devoted to advancing open standardsfor mobile devices. Google releases the Android code as open-source, under the Apache License The Android Open Source Project (AOSP) is tasked with the maintenance and further development of Android. Android has a large community of developers writing applications ("apps") that extend the functionality of the devices. Developers write primarily in a customized version of Java As of October 2011 there were more than 300,000 apps available for Android, and the estimated number of applications downloaded from the Android Market as of December 2011 exceeded 10 billion. Apps can be downloaded from third-party sites or through online stores

such as Android Market, the app store run by Google. Android was listed as the bestselling smartphone platform worldwide in Q4 2010 by Canalys with over 200 million Android devices in use by November 2011.As of December 2011 there are over 700,000 Android devices activated every day ABSTRACT Android is a software platform and operating system for mobile devices, based on the Linux kernel, and developed by Google and later the Open Handset Alliance (consortium of several companies which include Google, HTC, Intel, Motorola, Qualcomm, T-Mobile, Sprint Nextel and NVIDIA). It controlling allows the developers device via to write

managed code in the Java language, Googledeveloped Java libraries. Why Android? Open source and free Community support Wide media support In-built webkit engine Rich developement environment

Platform architecture: Hardware ARM processors, SQLite, Dalvik Virtual Machine

Operating system Apps, framework, libraries, Linux kernal Network connectivity GSM, 3G, EDGE, Wi-Fi

developer's kit (SDK) was released on 12 November 2007 ANDROID 1.0 Android 1.0, the first commercial version of the software, was released on 23 September 2008. The first Dream Android (G1),

Versions Cupcake, Donut and Eclair Future Possibilities: Android offers new possibilities for

device, features:

the

HTC

mobile applications. Hardware access is available to all applications through a series of API libraries, and application interaction, while carefully controlled, is fully supported. Google Android Sales to Overtake iPhone in 2012. More Android devices are coming and some will push the envelope even further. VERSIONS OF ANDROID: Beta Android 1.0 Android 1.1 1.5 Cupcake 1.6 Donut 2.0/2.1 Eclair 2.2.x Froyo 2.3.x Gingerbread 3.x Honeycomb Ice Cream Sandwich

incorporated the following Android 1.0

Android Market application download and updates through the Market app Web browser to show, zoom and pan full HTML and XHTML web pages multiple pages show as windows ("cards")

Android 1.1

On 9 February 2009, the Android 1.1 update was released, initially for the TMobile G1 only. The update resolved bugs, changed the API and added a number of other features Details and reviews available when a user searches for businesses on Maps Longer in-call screen timeout default when using the speakerphone, plus ability to show/hide dialpad Ability to save attachments in messages

BETA The Android beta was released on 5 November 2007,while the software

Support added for marquee in system layouts

Camera support however this version lacked camera's the option to change the resolution, white balance,

Notifications appear in the Status bar, with options to set ringtone, LED or vibration alerts Voice Dialer allows dialing and placing of

quality, etc. Folders allowing the grouping of a

phone calls without typing a name or number Wallpaper allows the user to set the background image or photo behind the Home screen icons and widgets YouTube video player Other apps include: Pictures Alarm (Gallery), Clock, and

number of app icons into a single folder icon on the Home screen. Access to web email servers, supporting POP3, IMAP4, and SMTP Gmail synchronization with the Gmail app Google Contacts synchronization with the People app Google Calendar synchronization with the Calendar app Google Maps with Latitude and Street View to view maps and satellite imagery, as well as find local business and obtain driving directions using GPS[9] Google Sync, allowing management of over-the-air synchronization of Gmail, People, and Calendar Google Search, allowing users to search the Internet and phone apps, contacts, calendar, etc Google Talk instant messaging Instant messaging, text messaging, and MMS Media Player, enabling management,

Calculator, Dialer (Phone), Home screen (launcher), Settings. Wi-Fi and Bluetooth support

1.5 Cupcake
The Android Emulator default home

screen (v1.5).

On 30 April 2009, the Android 1.5 update, dubbed Cupcake, was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.27.[14][15] The update included several new features and UI amendments:[16] Support for third-party virtual keyboards with text prediction and user dictionary for custom words Support for Widgets miniature

importing, and playback of media files however, this version lacked video and stereo Bluetooth support

application views that can be embedded

in other applications (such as the Home screen) and receive periodic updates[17] Video recording and playback in MPEG-4 and 3GP formats Auto-pairing Bluetooth profiles) Copy and paste features added to web browser User pictures shown for Favorites in Contacts Specific date/time stamp shown for and stereo (A2DP support and for

in the update were numerous new features Voice and text entry search enhanced to include bookmark history, contacts, and the web Ability for developers to include their content in search results Multi-lingual speech synthesis engine to allow any Android application to "speak" a string of text Easier searching and ability to view app screenshots in Android Market Gallery, camera and camcorder more fully integrated, with faster camera access

added

AVRCP

events in call log, and one-touch access to a contact card from call log event Animated screen transitions Ability to upload videos to YouTube Ability to upload photos to Picasa

Ability for users to select multiple photos for deletion Updated technology support for CDMA/EVDO, 802.1x, VPNs, and a textto-speech engine

1.6 Donut
The Android 1.6 home screen.

Support for WVGA screen resolutions Speed improvements in searching and camera applications Expanded Gesture framework and new GestureBuilder development tool

On 15 September 2009, the Android 1.6 SDK dubbed Donut was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.29, Included

2.0/2.1 Eclair

2.0 On 26 October 2009, the Android 2.0 SDK codenamed Eclair was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.29. Expanded Account sync, allowing users to add multiple accounts to a device for email- and contact-synchronization

invitee, and ability to invite new guests to events Optimized hardware speed and revamped UI Support for more screen sizes and resolutions, with better contrast ratio Improved Google Maps 3.1.2

Exchange email support, with combined inbox to browse email from multiple accounts in one page Bluetooth 2.1 support Ability to tap a Contacts photo and select to call, SMS, or email the person The Android 2.0.1 SDK was released on Ability to search all saved SMS and MMS messages, with delete oldest messages in a conversation automatically deleted when a defined limit is reached Numerous new camera features, including flash support, digital zoom, scene mode, white balance, color effect and macro focus Improved typing speed on virtual keyboard, with smarter dictionary that learns from word usage and includes contact names as suggestions Refreshed browser UI with bookmark thumbnails, double-tap zoom and support for HTML5 Calendar agenda view enhanced, showing attending status for each The 2.1 SDK was released on 12 January 2010. It was a minor platform release deployable to Android-powered handsets, including minor amendments to the API and bug fixes. 2.2.x Froyo 2.1 3 December 2009. It was a minor platform release deployable to Androidpowered handsets, including minor API changes, bug fixes and framework behavioral changes. MotionEvent class enhanced to track multi-touch events Addition of live wallpapers, allowing the animation of home-screen background images to show movement

Google's Nexus One was the first smartphone to receive Android 2.2 Froyo.

Updated Market application with batch and automatic update features Quick switching between multiple

2.2 On 20 May 2010, the Android 2.2 (Froyo) SDK was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.32. Its features included:

keyboard languages and their dictionaries Voice dialing and contact sharing over Bluetooth Support for numeric and alphanumeric

Speed, memory, and performance optimizations

passwords Support for file upload fields in the

Additional application speed improvements, implemented through JIT compilation Integration of Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine into the Browser application Support for the Android Cloud to Device Messaging (C2DM) service, enabling push notifications Improved Microsoft Exchange support, including security policies, autodiscovery, GAL look-up, calendar synchronization and remote wipe Improved application launcher with shortcuts to Phone and Browser applications USB tethering and Wi-Fi hotspot functionality Added an option to disable data access over mobile network

Browser application Support for installing applications to the expandable memory Adobe Flash support Support for extra-high-PPI screens (320 ppi), such as 4" 720p

2.3.x Gingerbread
Google's Nexus S introduced Android 2.3 Gingerbread. 2.3 On 6 December 2010, the Android 2.3 (Gingerbread) SDK was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.35.Changes included:

Updated user interface design with increased simplicity and speed Support for extra-large screen sizes and resolutions (WXGA and higher)

Improved power management with a more active role in managing apps that are keeping the device awake for too long Enhanced support for native code

Native support for SIP VoIP internet telephony

development Switched from YAFFS to ext4 on newer

Faster, more intuitive text input in virtual keyboard, with improved accuracy, better suggested text and voice input mode Enhanced copy/paste functionality, allowing users to select a word by presshold, copy, and paste

devices Audio, graphical, and input enhancements for game developers Concurrent garbage collection for increased performance Native support for more sensors (such

Support for Near Field Communication (NFC), allowing the user read an NFC tag embedded in a poster, sticker, or advertisement New audio effects such as reverb, equalization, headphone virtualization, and bass boost New Download Manager, giving users easy access to any file downloaded from the browser, email, or another application Support for multiple cameras on the device, including a front-facing camera, if available Support for WebM/VP8 video playback, and AAC audio encoding

as gyroscopes and barometers) 3.x Honeycomb 3.0 The Motorola Xoom tablet introduced Android 3.0.1 Honeycomb. On 22 February 2011, the Android 3.0 (Honeycomb) SDK the first tablet-only Android update was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.36. The first device featuring this version, the Motorola Xoom tablet, was released on 24 February 2011. Changes included: Optimized tablet support with a new virtual and holographic user interface Added System Bar, featuring quick access to notifications, status, and soft

navigation buttons, available at the bottom of the screen Added Action Bar, giving access to contextual options, navigation, widgets, or other types of content at the top of the screen

New two-pane Email UI to make viewing and organizing messages more efficient, allowing users to select one or more messages Support for video chat using Google Talk Hardware acceleration

Multitasking support - tapping Recent Apps in the System Bar allows users to see snapshots of the tasks underway and quickly jump from one app to another Redesigned keyboard, making typing fast, efficient and accurate on larger screen sizes Simplified, more intuitive copy/paste interface Multiple browser tabs replacing browser windows, plus form auto-fill and a new incognito mode allowing anonymous browsing Quick access to camera exposure, focus, flash, zoom, front-facing camera, timelapse, and more Ability to view albums and other collections in full-screen mode in Gallery, with easy access to thumbnails for other photos New two-pane Contacts UI and Fast Scroll to let users easily organize and locate contacts The SDK for Android 4.0.1 was publicly released on 19 October 2011. Google's Gabe Cohen stated that ICS was "theoretically compatible" with any Android 2.3.x device in production at that time. The source code for ICS became available on 14 November 2011, three days before the Galaxy Nexus was released.New features included: Enhanced speed and performance Android 4.0 codenamed Ice Cream Sandwich was previewed at the May 2011 Google I/O event, and officially launched at the Galaxy Nexus and Ice Cream Sandwich release event on 19 October 2011 4.0.1 The Galaxy Nexus introduced Android 4.0.1 Ice Cream Sandwich. Support for multi-core processors Ability to encrypt all user data 4.x Ice Cream Sandwich

Virtual buttons in the UI, in place of capacitive or physical buttons Separation of widgets in a new tab, listed in a similar manner to apps Easier-to-create folders, with a dragand-drop style A customizable launcher

Face Unlock, a feature that allows users to unlock handsets using facial recognition software New tabbed web browser, allowing up to 16 tabs Automatic syncing of browser with users' Chrome bookmarks Modern Roboto font

Improved visual voicemail with the ability to speed up or slow down voicemail messages Pinch-to-zoom functionality in the calendar Ability to shut down apps that are using Offline search, a two-line preview, and new action bar at the bottom of the Gmail app Ability to swipe left or right to switch between Gmail conversations Integrated screenshot capture (accomplished by holding down the Power and Volume-Down buttons) Improved error correction on the keyboard Ability to access apps directly from lock screen (similar to HTC Sense 3.x) Android Beam, a near-field Improved copy and paste functionality Better voice integration and continuous, real-time speech to text dictation communication feature allowing the rapid short-range exchange of web bookmarks, contact info, directions, YouTube videos and other data Hardware acceleration of the UI Refreshed "People" app with social network integration, status updates and hi-res images New gallery layout, organized by location and person Improved camera app with zero shutter lag, time lapse settings, panorama mode, and the ability to zoom while recording Built-in photo editor data in the background Data Usage section in settings that lets users set warnings when they approach a certain usage limit, and disable data use when the limit is exceeded

Resizeable widgets already part of Android 3.1 for tablets, but new for cellphones Wi-Fi Direct 1080p video recording for stock Android devices 4.0.2 The Android 4.0.2 update was released on 28 November 2011, and fixed minor bugs on the Verizon Galaxy Nexus, the launch of which was later delayed. Advantages Open - Android allows you to access core mobile device functionality through standard API calls. All applications are equal - Android does not differentiate between the phone's basic and third-party applications even the dialer or home screen can be replaced. Breaking down boundaries - Combine information from the web with data on thephone such as contacts or geographic location to create new user experiences.Fast and easy development - The SDK contains what you need to build and run Android applications, including a true device emulator and advanced debugging tools. 2.6.10.Disadvantages

Security - Making source code available to everyone inevitably invites the attention of black hat hackers. Open Source - A disadvantage of open-source development is that anyone can scrutinize the source code to find vulnerabilities and write exploits. Login - Platform doesn't run on an encrypted file system and has a vulnerable log-in. Incompetence - Googles dependence on hardware and carrier partners puts the final product out of their control.

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

written in Java, and will not have access to lower level device APIs. This provides end-users with less control over their phone's functionality than other free andopen source phone platforms, such as OpenMoko. With all upcoming applications and mobile services Google Android is stepping intothe next level of Mobile Internet. Android participates in many of the successful opensource projects. That is, architect the solution for participation and the developers willnot only come but will play well together. This is notable contrast with Apple and othercompanies, where such architecture of participation is clearly belated. The first Android based official devices may well be launched sometime in the early half of 2009. Obviously, that's an age away when it comes to handset design, and Android may well find itself competing against the forthcoming Nokia touch screen phones and maybe even the iPhone 2.