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Mathematics 315 Assignment 4

The document contains 5 problems related to Riemann integration and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus: 1) It proves that if a function f is bounded on an interval and integrable on subintervals, then f is integrable on the full interval. 2) It finds an explicit expression for an integral F, sketches F, and determines where F is differentiable. 3) It finds formulas for the derivatives of several integral functions using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. 4) It directly proves the value of an integral using the Riemann definition of the integral. 5) It states and outlines a proof of the Squeeze Theorem for Riemann integrals.

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Tom Davis
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46 views4 pages

Mathematics 315 Assignment 4

The document contains 5 problems related to Riemann integration and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus: 1) It proves that if a function f is bounded on an interval and integrable on subintervals, then f is integrable on the full interval. 2) It finds an explicit expression for an integral F, sketches F, and determines where F is differentiable. 3) It finds formulas for the derivatives of several integral functions using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. 4) It directly proves the value of an integral using the Riemann definition of the integral. 5) It states and outlines a proof of the Squeeze Theorem for Riemann integrals.

Uploaded by

Tom Davis
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mathematics 315 Assignment 4.

1. Let f be bounded on [a, b], integrable on [c, b] for all c with a < c < b, then f is integrable on [a, b]. Proof. Let > 0. Let M be a bound for f , so |f | M . Then there exists c (a, b) with M (c a) < /4. Choose such a c. Since f is integrable on [c, b], we can nd a partition P1 of [c, b] with (f, P1 ) < /2, by the Basic Integrability Criterion. Put P = {[a, c]} P1 , a partition of [a, b]. Since f ([a, c]) = we obtain
s,t[a,c]

sup |f (s) f (t)| 2M,

(f, P ) = f ([a, c])(c a) + (f, P1 ) 2M (c a) + /2 < .

Thus f satises the Basic Integrability Criterion for integrability on [a, b]. 2. Let f (t) = t for 0 t 2 and f (t) = 3t, for 2 < t 4 and let F (x) = for x [0, 4]. (a) Find an explicit expression for F . For x [0, 2],
x x x 0

f (t) dt,

F (x) =
0

f (t) dt =
0

t dt =

02 x2 x2 = . 2 2 2
4

For x (2, 4], F (x) =

f (t) dt + 2 + 2
0 2 2 x 2 2

f (t) dt

3t dt

x 22 ) 2 2 3x2 =8 2 = 2 3( Thus, F (x) = x2 /2, 0x2 2 8 3 x , 2<x4 2

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(b) Sketch F . Determine where F is dierentiable and where not.

It seems F is dierentiable except at x = 2, since the slope changes there. (There is more than one tangent at this point.) This is in line with the FTC. At 2 we calculate: F (x) F (2) x2 /2 2 lim = lim =2 x2 x2 x 2 x2 F (x) F (2) 8 3x2 /2 2 lim = lim = 6 x2+ x2+ x2 x2 Thus, the left-hand derivative and the right-hand derivative are not equal, so F is not dierentiable at 2. (c) Find a formula for F where F is dierentiable.
d 2 x /2 = x, and for 2 < x 4, From the formula, for 0 x < 2, F (x) = dx d 2 F (x) = dx (8 3x /2 = 3x). Notice, therefore, that where f is continuous F (x) = f (x), as the FTC says.

3. Find a formula for the derivatives of the functions dened by x (a) F (x) = 0 1 + t2 dt. x Here F (x) = 0 f , where f (t) = 1 + t2 , for all t [0, ). Since f is contin uous at each point of its domain, F (x) = f (x) = 1 + x2 , for all x 0, by the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. (b) F (x) =
sin x 0

cos t2 dt
u

Here F = G sin, where G(u) = 0 cos(t2 ) dt. By the FTC, G (u) = cos(u2 ), for all u. Thus, F (x) = G (sin(x)) sin (x) = cos(sin2 x) cos(x), for all x. x2 (c) F (x) = x 1 + t2 dt. Here,
x2 x

F (x) =
0

1 + t2 dt

1 + t2 dt,
0

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MATHEMATICS 315 ASSIGNMENT 4.

u The rst term here is the composite of the function H : u 0 1 + t2 dt with g : x x2 . Thus, by the FTC, (H g) (x) = H (g(x))g (x) = 2x 1 + (x2 )2 and hence, F (x) = 2x 1 + x4 1 + x2 ,

for all x.

for all x. 4. Decide what the integral


4 0 f

should be, where 2 0x<1 3 1 x 4,

f (x) =

then prove this is true, directly from Riemanns denition. Soln. We expect
4 0

f=

1 0

2 dx +

4 1

3 dx = 2 + 3(4 1) = 11.

To prove this is true, directly from the Riemann denition, let > 0. Choose = /5. Now let = {(ti , Ii ) : i = 1, . . . , n} be any tagged partition of [0, 4] with < , determined by partition points 0 = x0 x1 xn . Then, t1 t2 tn . Let k be the rst index for which tk [1, 4]. Then, x k 2 < tk 1 < x k 1 , 1 t k x k , which forces |1 xk 1| < . Since f (ti ) = 2, for i < k and f (ti ) = 3, for i 4, R(f, ) =
i<k k 1

f (ti )(Ii ) +
i 4

f (ti )(Ii )
n

=2
i=1

(xi xi1 ) + 3

i=k

(xi xi1 )

= 2(xk 1 0) + 3(4 xk 1 ) and 11 = 2(1 0) + 3(4 1), So, |R(f, ) 11| = |2(xk 1 1) + 3(xk 1 1)| = 5 | x k 1 1 | < 5 = . 2 | x k 1 1 | + 3 | x k 1 1 |

Thus, for every > 0, there exists > 0 such that < implies |R(f, )11| < ; 4 that is 0 f = 11.
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5. [Squeeze theorem for Riemann integrals] Let f : [a, b] R. For each k , let gk , hk be b b Riemann integrable functions with gk f hk , for all k and limk ( a hk a gk ) = 0. Then f is integrable and
b a f

= limk

b a

gk = limk

b a hk .

Proof. [Wont be asked on Test 1, but contains useful ideas.] If we knew f were integrable, we could just use gk f hk , integrate to get
b a b b

gk

hk ,
a

and use the fact that if xk c yk , with limk (yk xk ) = 0, then limk xk = limk yk = c. Since we dont know this, we need to work a little harder. Since g k f hk , for each partition P of [a, b], we have L(gk , P ) L(f, P ) U (f, P ) U (hk , P ). Let > 0. Choose k , so that a hk a gk < . Then, by using the common renement of two partitions, nd a partition P such that
b b b b

U (hk , P ) <
a

hk + and L(gk , P ) >


a

gk .

Then,
b b

U (hk , P ) L(gk , P ) < Therefore,

hk

gk + 2 < 3.
a

(f, P ) = U (f, P ) L(f, P ) U (hk , P ) L(gk , P ) < 3. Since > 0 was arbitrary, this tells us that f is integrable, by the Basic Integrability Criterion, and the result follows by the earlier remarks.

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