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Unit 2.2 - The Atomic Structure

Dalton proposed that atoms are the smallest particles that make up elements, are indivisible, and atoms of the same element are identical. J.J. Thomson's experiments showed that atoms contain negatively charged electrons scattered within a positively charged sphere. Rutherford discovered that atoms have a small, dense, positively charged nucleus at their center where most of the mass is located. Bohr proposed that electrons orbit the nucleus in fixed shells at specific distances. Chadwick discovered the neutron in atomic nuclei. The modern atomic model includes protons, neutrons, and electrons, with protons and neutrons located in the nucleus and electrons orbiting the nucleus in shells or energy levels. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutron

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80 views3 pages

Unit 2.2 - The Atomic Structure

Dalton proposed that atoms are the smallest particles that make up elements, are indivisible, and atoms of the same element are identical. J.J. Thomson's experiments showed that atoms contain negatively charged electrons scattered within a positively charged sphere. Rutherford discovered that atoms have a small, dense, positively charged nucleus at their center where most of the mass is located. Bohr proposed that electrons orbit the nucleus in fixed shells at specific distances. Chadwick discovered the neutron in atomic nuclei. The modern atomic model includes protons, neutrons, and electrons, with protons and neutrons located in the nucleus and electrons orbiting the nucleus in shells or energy levels. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutron

Uploaded by

Nurdina Jamaludin
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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UNIT 2.

2 THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE


DEVELOPMENT OF ATOMIC MODELS :
1. DALTON ATOM MODEL (1766-1844)
a) Elements are made up of the small ____________ particles called ________.
b) Atom is ____________.
c) Atom cannot be ____________ or _________________.
d) Atoms of the same element are the _________.
2.

J.J THOMSON ATOM MODEL (1856-1940)


a) Atom is ____________.
b) Atom has ___________ charge.
c) Atom has ____________ scattered inside it.
d) J.J Thomson introduced _______ __________ model.
e) He also discovered that ___________ are ___________ charged when they reflected
towards __________ plates in an electric field.

3.

ERNEST RUTHERFORD ATOM MODEL (1871-1937)


a) In an atom, __________ always orbit the nucleus.
b) Nucleus has ___________________ particles.
c) Number of protons is _______ to the number of ________ in an atom.
d) Mass of atom centres at ____________.

4.

NEILS BOHR ATOM MODEL (1885-1962)


a) ___________ rounds the ___________ at certain orbits which are known as
__________.
b) The shells are ___________ in shape.
c) Each shell has a __________________ from the nucleus.

5.

JAMES CHADWICK ATOM MODEL (1891-1974)


a) Electron rounds the nucleus at certain ____________.
b) All nuclei consist of ___________ and ___________ (except Hydrogen which only
has protons).
c) Mass of neutron ________ to the mass of ______________.
d) He found that the mass of ______ calculated by using
___________________________ is _______ than its actual mass.

MODERN ATOM MODEL:


1.

Subatomic particles of an atom :

PROTON :
- symbol : _____
- _________ charged.
- Relative electric charge : ______
- Relative mass : _____ unit.
- It is ________ and situated in the
_________.

NEUTRON :
- symbol : _____
- has no _________.
- Relative electric charge : ______
- Relative mass: _____ unit.
- It is _________ and situated in the
________.

ELECTRON :
-symbol : _____
- __________ charged.
- Relative mass : _______ unit
- It always move round the ________ in a certain orbit and can move from 1 ______ to another ______.

PROTON NUMBER AND NUCLEON NUMBER:

__________________

16

__________________

_________________
______________

oxygen

Nucleon number = proton number + neutron number


Neutron number for oxygen =

SYMBOL OF ELEMENT:
First letter will always be in capital letter while the second letter will always be in small letter.
Element
Hydrogen
Helium

symbol

Element
Iron

symbol
F
B

C
Chromium

Bromine
Co
Cu

Calcium

Be
Barium
Lead

Element

symbol
Ar
Al

Silver
Gold
Sodium

Element
Silicon
Magnesium

Mn
Ne

Potassium
Gallium

Nickel

Cl

Pt
P

Cadmium

symbol
S

N
O

I
Zn
Vanadium

UNIT 2.3 ISOTOPES AND THEIR IMPORTANCE


1.
2.
3.

Isotopes are atoms of the _______ element with ___________ numbers of neutrons.
Alternatively, isotopes can be defined as___________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________.
The isotopes of an element have the __________________________ because they have the
______ electron arrangement but their ____________________ such as densities and melting
point differ. Below is the example of isotopes of hydrogen:

1
p

1p
1n

1p
2n

4.
5.

In an element, some isotopes are ________, while the rest are __________ isotopes. Unstable
isotopes are ______________ isotopes.
Radioactive isotopes will undergo ____________________ to emit _____________________.

THE USES OF ISOTOPES IN OUR DAILY LIFE


1. Carbon-14: _______________________________________________________________.
2. Cobalt-60: _______________________________________________________________.
3. -rays of cobalt-60: ________________________________________________________
and _____________________________________________________________________.
4. Uranium-235: ____________________________________________________________.
5. Sodium-24:_______________________________________________________________.
6. -radiation:_______________________________________________________________.
7. Radioisotope (sodium-24):___________________________________________________.
8. Phosphorus-32:____________________________________________________________.
9. Carbon-14 in CO2:_________________________________________________________.

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