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    Multiple Bond in Covalent

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    Ashly Gon
    Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons to complete octets between two nonmetal atoms from from Groups 4A(14), 5A(15), 6A(16), and 7A(17)

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    Multiple Bond in Covalent

    Uploaded by

    Ashly Gon
    54 views24 pages
    Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons to complete octets between two nonmetal atoms from from Groups 4A(14), 5A(15), 6A(16), and 7A(17)

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    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

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    Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons to complete octets between two nonmetal atoms from from Groups 4A(14), 5A(15), 6A(16), and 7A(17)

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    54 views24 pages

    Multiple Bond in Covalent

    Uploaded by

    Ashly Gon
    Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons to complete octets between two nonmetal atoms from from Groups 4A(14), 5A(15), 6A(16), and 7A(17)

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 24

    Chapter 5 Compounds and Their Bonds

    5.5 Covalent Compounds

    General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

    Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Covalent Bonds
    Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons to complete octets between two nonmetal atoms from from Groups 4A(14), 5A(15), 6A(16), and 7A(17)

    General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

    Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Formation of H2
    In the simplest covalent molecule, H2 , the H atoms increase attraction as they move closer share electrons form a covalent bond

    General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

    Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Formation of H2 (continued)

    General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

    Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Forming Octets in Molecules


    In a fluorine (F2) molecule, each F atom shares one electron acquires an octet

    General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

    Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Diatomic Elements
    These elements share electrons to form diatomic, covalent molecules.

    General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

    Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Learning Check
    What is the name of each of the following diatomic molecules? H2 _______________ N2 Cl2 O2 _______________ _______________ _______________

    I2

    _______________

    General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

    Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Solution
    What is the name of each of the following diatomic molecules? H2 hydrogen N2 nitrogen Cl2 chlorine O2 oxygen I2 iodine

    General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

    Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Carbon Forms 4 Covalent Bonds


    In a methane (CH4) molecule, the central C atom shares 4 electrons to attain an octet each H atom shares 1 electron with the carbon atom to become stable like He

    General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

    Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Electron-Dot Formula for NH3


    In NH3, a N atom is bonded to three H atoms.

    The electron-dot structure is written as:

    Lone pair of electrons


    General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 10

    Number of Covalent Bonds


    The number of covalent bonds can be determined from the number of electrons needed to complete an octet.

    General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

    Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

    11

    Electron-Dot Formulas and Models of Some Covalent Compounds

    General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

    Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

    12

    Guide to Writing Electron-Dot Formulas

    General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

    Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

    13

    Guide to Writing Electron-Dot Formulas


    STEP 1 Determine the arrangement of atoms. STEP 2 Determine the total number of valence electrons. STEP 3 Attach each bonded atom to the central atom with a pair of electrons. STEP 4 Place remaining electrons as lone pairs to complete octets (2 for H atoms). STEP 5 If octets are not complete, form a multiple bond by converting a lone pair to a bonding pair.

    General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

    Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

    14

    Single and Multiple Bonds


    In a single bond, one pair of electrons is shared. In a double bond, two pairs of electrons are shared. In a triple bond, three pairs of electrons are shared.

    General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

    Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

    15

    Electron-Dot Formula of CS2


    Write the electron-dot formula for CS2. STEP 1 Determine the atom arrangement. The C atom is the central atom.

    S C S
    STEP 2 Determine the total number of valence
    electrons for 1C and 2S. 1 C(4e) + 2 S(6e) = 16e

    General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

    Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

    16

    Electron-Dot Formula of CS2 (continued)


    STEP 3 Attach each S atom to the central C atom using one electron pair. S:C:S

    16e 4e = 12e remaining


    STEP 4 Attach 12 electrons as 6 lone pairs. .. .. :S:C:S:

    General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

    Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

    17

    Electron-Dot Formula of CS2 (continued)


    To complete octets, form one or more multiple bonds. Convert two lone pairs to bonding pairs between C and S atoms to make two double bonds.

    General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

    Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

    18

    A Nitrogen Molecule has A Triple Bond


    In a nitrogen molecule, N2, each N atom shares 3 electrons each N atom attains an octet the sharing of 3 sets of electrons is a multiple bond called a triple bond

    General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

    Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

    19

    Resonance Structures
    Resonance structures are two or more electron-dot formulas for the same arrangement of atoms related by a double-headed arrow ( ) written by changing the location of a double bond between the central atom and a different attached atom

    General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

    Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

    20

    Writing Resonance Structures


    Sulfur dioxide has two resonance structures. STEP 1 Write the arrangement of atoms. O S O STEP 2 Determine the total number of valence electrons. 1 S(6e) + 2 O(6e) = 18e STEP 3 Connect bonded atoms by single electron pairs.

    O:S:O
    18e
    General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

    4e used 4e = 14e remaining


    Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 21

    Writing Resonance Structures (continued)


    STEP 4 Add 14 remaining electrons as 7 lone pairs.

    STEP 5 Form a double bond to complete octets. Two resonance structures are possible.

    General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

    Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

    22

    Learning Check
    FNO2, a rocket propellant, has two resonance structures. One is shown below. What is the other resonance structure?

    General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

    Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

    23

    Solution
    FNO2, a rocket propellant, has two resonance structures. One is shown below. What is the other resonance structure?

    General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

    Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

    24

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