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Midterm 100 Sol

1. The document presents the solution to maximizing the product of three parts (x, y, z) into which a positive number a is divided. It is found that when x = y = z = a/3, the product a^3/27 is maximized. 2. For a bug moving along the path given by x=2t and y=-t^2, the rate of change of z=x^2+y^2 with respect to arc length s at the point (2,-1) is calculated to be √2. 3. The parametric equations for the line containing the point (3,1,-2) and intersecting a given line at a

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83 views6 pages

Midterm 100 Sol

1. The document presents the solution to maximizing the product of three parts (x, y, z) into which a positive number a is divided. It is found that when x = y = z = a/3, the product a^3/27 is maximized. 2. For a bug moving along the path given by x=2t and y=-t^2, the rate of change of z=x^2+y^2 with respect to arc length s at the point (2,-1) is calculated to be √2. 3. The parametric equations for the line containing the point (3,1,-2) and intersecting a given line at a

Uploaded by

sfluk2
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1. [10 marks] Divide the positive number a into three parts (i.e.

, a = x + y + z) such that their


product shall be a maximum. Find the three parts as well as the product.
Solution: Let x = rst part, y = second part. Then z = a (x + y) = a x y = third part,
and the function to be examined is
f(x, y) = xy(a x y).
First Step.
f
x
= ay 2xy y
2
= 0,
f
y
= ax 2xy x
2
= 0.
Solving simultaneously, we get the critical point (x, y) = (
a
3
,
a
3
), x and y are non-zero.
Second Step.

2
f
x
2
= 2y,

2
f
xy
= a 2x 2y,

2
f
y
2
= 2x.
D(x, y) = 4xy (a 2x 2y)
2
.
Third Step. Since D(
a
3
,
a
3
) =
a
2
3
> 0 and

2
f
x
2
=
2a
3
< 0, it follows that
the product =
a
3
27
is maximum when x = y = z =
a
3
.
2. [10 marks] A bug moves along a path ( given by the equations x = 2t and y = t
2
. If
z = x
2
+y
2
, nd
dz
ds
along ( at the instant when the bug is at the point (2, 1), where s is
the arc length of the path in the xy-plane. [Hint: The arc length is dened as ds =
p
(dx)
2
+ (dy)
2
.]
Solution: Recall that
ds =
_
(dx)
2
+ (dy)
2
=
_
(
dx
dt
)
2
+ (
dy
dt
)
2
dt =
_
4 + 4t
2
dt.
Thus,
ds
dt
= 2
_
1 + t
2
.
Since
dz
ds
=
dz
dt
dt
ds
and
dz
dt
=
z
x
dx
dt
+
z
y
dy
dt
= 4x 4yt = 8t + 4t
3
,
we have
dz
ds
= (8t + 4t
3
)
1
2

1 + t
2
=
4t + 2t
3

1 + t
2
.
Evaluating the derivative dz/ds at the point (2, 1), (i.e., when t = 1), we have
dz
ds

t=1
=
6

2
= 3

2.
2
3. [10 marks] Find parametric equations for the line that contains the point (3, 1, 2) and intersects
the line x = 1 + t, y = 2 + t, z = 1 t at a right angle.
r
0
r
1
v
w
(3, 1, 2)
d
O
The given line
r(t) = r
0
+ tv
The required line
r(s) = r
1
+ sw
Solution: [Method 1] The given line has the vector form equation r(t) = r
0
+ tv, where
r
0
= 1, 2, 1), v = 1, 1, 1).
Let the required line have the vector form equation r(s) = r
1
+ sw, where
r
1
= 3, 1, 2), w = to be determined.
Denote d = r
1
r
0
= 4, 1, 3). Since w v we can determine w by w+proj
v
d = d, or
w = d proj
v
d = d
_
d v
v v
_
v
= 4, 1, 3)
4, 1, 3) 1, 1, 1)
3
1, 1, 1)
= 4, 1, 3) 21, 1, 1)
= 2, 3, 1).
The normal line has the parametric equations
x = 3 + 2s, y = 1 3s, z = 2 s.
3
[Method 2] Recall that
d = r
1
r
0
= 4, 1, 3) and v = 1, 1, 1).
The required line has the vector form equation r(s) = r
1
+sw, where w can be determined by
(d v) v =
_

_
i j k
4 1 3
1 1 1
_

_
v = (4i +j + 5k) v =
_

_
i j k
4 1 5
1 1 1
_

_
= 6i + 9j + 3k = 3 (2i 3j k) .
Then we take w = 2i 3j k. The required line has the parametric equations
x = 3 + 2s, y = 1 3s, z = 2 s.
[Method 3] Let r(t
1
) = r
0
+t
1
v = 1 +t
1
, 2 +t
1
, 1 t
1
) be the point on the given line that is
closest to the point (3, 1, 2) on the required line. To nd t
1
, we try to minimize the distance
function
D(t) = |r(t) 3, 1, 2)|
2
= (t 4)
2
+ (t + 1)
2
+ (3 t)
2
.
Then D

(t) = 6t 12 = 0 when t = t
1
= 2. Also, D

(t) = 6 > 0. The distance function D(t)


attains its minimum at t = t
1
= 2. Thus, r(2) = 1 + 2, 2 + 2, 1 2) = 1, 4, 1) and hence
(1, 4, 1) is the point of intersection of the two lines. Now, the required line can be determined
by the two points: (1, 4, 1) and (3, 1, 2). The direction vector is given by the dierence of the
corresponding position vectors. The required line has the parametric equations
x = 3 + 2s, y = 1 3s, z = 2 s.
4. [10 marks] Find the point(s) on the ellipsoid x
2
+ 3y
2
+ 2z
2
= 1 where the tangent plane is
parallel to the plane 3x 3y + z = 1.
Solution: Let the required point be (x
0
, y
0
, z
0
). The given ellipsoid written as F(x, y, z) =
x
2
+3y
2
+2z
2
= 1 may be regarded as a level surface in 3-space. The normal to the surface at the
point (x
0
, y
0
, z
0
) is given by the gradient of F at (x
0
, y
0
, z
0
). That is,
F(x
0
, y
0
, z
0
) = 2x
0
, 6y
0
, 4z
0
) = 2 x
0
, 3y
0
, 2z
0
).
This vector should be parallel to the given planes normal vector 3, 3, 1). This implies
x
0
, 3y
0
, 2z
0
) = k 3, 3, 1) (where k is a constant),
x
0
= 3k, y
0
= k, z
0
=
k
2
.
But x
2
0
+ 3y
2
0
+ 2z
2
0
= 1 further implies that
_
9 + 3 +
1
2
_
k
2
= 1 = k =

2
5
.
There are two such points
(x
0
, y
0
, z
0
) = (
3

2
5
,

2
5
,

2
10
), or (
3

2
5
,

2
5
,

2
10
).
4
5. [10 marks] Let T be a plane passing through the points A(1, 1, 1), B(2, 1, 1), and C(1, 2, 2).
Does the plane pass through the fourth point D(2, 7, 1) ? Explain why?
Solution: We rst nd the normal vector to the plane and hence determine the planes equation.
The vector n =

AB

AC is perpendicular to the plane because it is perpendicular to both
vectors

AB =

OB

OA = 1, 2, 2) and

AC =

OC

OA = 2, 3, 1).
Then
n =

AB

AC =
_

_
i j k
1 2 2
2 3 1
_

_
= (2 + 6) i (1 4) j + (3 + 4) k = 8i + 3j + 7k.
The equation of the plane given by n (r r
0
) = 0 (where we take r
0
=

OA) then becomes


8, 3, 7) x 1, y + 1, z 1) = 0, or 8x + 3y + 7z = 12.
Since 8(2) + 3(7) + 7(1) = 44 ,= 12, it follows that
the plane T does NOT pass through the point (2, 7, 1).
6. [10 marks] Consider the function f(x, y) = 2x
2
3y
2
2x. Find the maximum and minimum
values of f on the boundary circle x
2
+ y
2
= 1.
[Hint: The boundary circle can be represented parametrically by x = cos and y = sin for 0 < 2.]
Solution: With the parametrization the boundary circle can be represented by
f(x, y) = g() = 2 cos
2
3 sin
2
2 cos .
To nd the maximum and minimum values of the single variable function g we rst dierentiate
g with respect to , that gives
g

() = 4 cos sin 6 sin cos + 2 sin


= 2 sin (1 5 cos ).
Thus, g

() = 0 when sin = 0 or cos =


1
5
. Hence the points to be considered are
(1, 0), (1, 0), (
1
5
,
2
5

6), (
1
5
,
2
5

6).
Now,
f(1, 0) = 0, f(1, 0) = 4, f(
1
5
,
2
5

6) =
16
5
.
Thus,
the maximum value of f is 4, and the minimum value of f is
16
5
.
5
7. [10 marks] (a) Find the center and radius of the sphere x
2
+y
2
+z
2
4x +5y 6z +10 = 20.
Solution: Use the method of completing squares,
(x 2)
2
+ (y +
5
2
)
2
+ (z 3)
2
= x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
4x + 5y 6z +
77
4
=
117
4
.
Thus, the given circle has
center =
_
2,
5
2
, 3
_
, and radius =

117
2
.
(b) Match the correct equation with the given graph and circle your answer. No reason is needed.
(I)
x
2
4
+
y
2
4
+
z
2
9
= 1, (II)
y
2
9

x
2
2

z
2
4
= 1, (III)
x
2
3
+ y +
z
2
4
= 1,
(IV)
x
2
1
+
y
2
4

z
2
3
= 0, (V)
x
2
2
+ y
2

z
2
4
= 1, (VI)
x
2
9

y
2
4
+ z = 0.
x
y
z
Solution: The answer is (V).
8. [10 marks] If f(x, y) = xe
2y
, nd the rate of change of f at the point P(2, 0) in the direction
from P to Q(
1
2
, 2).
Solution: First compute
f(x, y) = f
x
(x, y), f
y
(x, y)) = e
2y
, 2xe
2y
),
f(2, 0) = 1, 4),

PQ =

OQ

OP =
3
2
, 2),
u =

PQ
|

PQ|
=
3
5
,
4
5
).
Therefore, the rate of change of f in the direction of
u =
3
5
,
4
5
)
is given by the directional derivative
D
u
f(2, 0) = u f(2, 0) =
3
5
,
4
5
) 1, 4) =
13
5
.
6
9. [10 marks] Find the following limits if they exist. If the limit does not exist, give your reasons.
(a)
lim
(x,y)(6,1)
x ln[xy[ sin(xy)
x
3
y + y
3
1
=
6 ln6 sin6
216
.
(b)
lim
(x,y)(0,0)
sin
x
3
y
x
4
+ y
4
.
Solution: First we will use the path y = x. Along this path the limit becomes
lim
(x,y)(0,0)
sin
x
3
y
x
4
+ y
4
= lim
(x,x)(0,0)
sin
x
3
(x)
x
4
+ (x)
4
= lim
x0
sin
x
4
2x
4
= lim
x0
sin
1
2
= sin
1
2
.
Now let us try another path y = 2x. Along this path the limit becomes
lim
(x,y)(0,0)
sin
x
3
y
x
4
+ y
4
= lim
(x,2x)(0,0)
sin
x
3
(2x)
x
4
+ (2x)
4
= lim
x0
sin
2x
4
17x
4
= lim
x0
sin
2
17
= sin
2
17
.
We now have two paths that give two dierent values for the limit and so
the limit lim
(x,y)(0,0)
sin
x
3
y
x
4
+ y
4
does not exist.
10. [10 marks]
(a) Find

y
_
sin(xy) + e
x+y
xy
_
.
Solution:

y
_
sin(xy) + e
x+y
xy
_
=
(xy)

y
[sin(xy) + e
x+y
] [sin(xy) + e
x+y
]

y
(xy)
(xy)
2
=
(xy) [xcos(xy) + e
x+y
] x[sin(xy) + e
x+y
]
(xy)
2
=
xy cos(xy) + (y 1) e
x+y
sin(xy)
xy
2
.
(b) Let z = sin(v + sinu), v = xy, and u = x
2
+ y
2
. Find
z
x
.
Solution: By chain rule we obtain
z
x
=
z
u
u
x
+
z
v
v
x
,
where
z
u
= [cos(v + sinu)] cos u,
u
x
= 2x,
z
v
= cos(v + sinu),
v
x
= y.

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