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    Lecture 15: Double Integrals: SF HK N L FHK N L-Fh0L

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    Omar Elshahat
    1) The document provides an overview of single and multivariable calculus concepts including definitions of Riemann integrals, derivatives, anti-derivatives, and the fundamental theorem of calculus. 2) It introduces double integrals and Fubini's theorem, describing how to evaluate double integrals over different types of regions. 3) Examples are provided of evaluating double integrals over specific regions using techniques like substitution and changing the order of integration.

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    Lecture 15: Double Integrals: SF HK N L FHK N L-Fh0L

    Uploaded by

    Omar Elshahat
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    1) The document provides an overview of single and multivariable calculus concepts including definitions of Riemann integrals, derivatives, anti-derivatives, and the fundamental theorem of calculus. 2) It introduces double integrals and Fubini's theorem, describing how to evaluate double integrals over different types of regions. 3) Examples are provided of evaluating double integrals over specific regions using techniques like substitution and changing the order of integration.

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    1) The document provides an overview of single and multivariable calculus concepts including definitions of Riemann integrals, derivatives, anti-derivatives, and the fundamental theorem of calculus. 2) It introduces double integrals and Fubini's theorem, describing how to evaluate double integrals over different types of regions. 3) Examples are provided of evaluating double integrals over specific regions using techniques like substitution and changing the order of integration.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    64 views2 pages

    Lecture 15: Double Integrals: SF HK N L FHK N L-Fh0L

    Uploaded by

    Omar Elshahat
    1) The document provides an overview of single and multivariable calculus concepts including definitions of Riemann integrals, derivatives, anti-derivatives, and the fundamental theorem of calculus. 2) It introduces double integrals and Fubini's theorem, describing how to evaluate double integrals over different types of regions. 3) Examples are provided of evaluating double integrals over specific regions using techniques like substitution and changing the order of integration.

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    Math S21a: Multivariable calculus

    Oliver Knill, Summer 2011

    The integral

    R f (x, y )

    dA divided by the area of R is the average value of f on R.

    Lecture 15: Double integrals


    Here is a one paragraph summary of single variable calculus: if f (x) is a dierentiable function, b then the Riemann integral a f (x) dx is dened as the limit of the Riemann sum Sn f (x) = 1 f ( k/n ) for n . The derivative is the limit of dierence quotients Dn f (x) = k/n [ a,b ] n b n[f (x + 1/n) f (x)] as n . The integral a f (x) dx is the signed area under the graph of f , where signed indicates that it can become negative too. The function F (x) = 0x f (y ) dy is called an anti-derivative of f and determined up a constant. The fundamental theorem of calculus states x F (x) = f (x), f (x) = F (x) F (0) .
    0

    This theorem is obtained from the quantum fundamental theorem DF (k/n) = f (k/n) f (0), Sf (k/n) = F (k/n) (which holds for all functions!) in the limit n and allows to compute integrals by inverting dierentiation. Dierentiation rules become integration rules: the product rule becomes integration by parts, the chain rule becomes partial integration.

    One can interpret R f (x, y ) dydx as the signed volume of the solid below the graph of f and above R in the x y plane. As in 1D integration, the volume of the solid below the xy-plane is counted negatively. Fubinis theorem allows to switch the order of integration over a rectangle if the b d d b function f is continuous: a c f (x, y ) dxdy = c a f (x, y ) dydx.

    Proof. We have for every n the quantum Fubini identity


    Sf k n F k n F0 f k n DF k n
    i j [a,b] n [c,d] n

    i j f( , ) = n n

    i j [a,b] [c,d] n n

    i j f( , ) n n

    k n

    k n

    which holds for all functions. Now divide both sides by n2 and take the limit n .

    Fubinis theorem only holds for rectangles. We extend the class of regions now to so called Type I and Type II regions:

    If f (x, y ) is dierentiable on a region R, the integral the limit of the Riemann sum 1 n2 when n . We write also
    R

    f (x, y ) dxdy is dened as A type I region is of the form R = {(x, y ) | a x b, c(x) y d(x) } . An integral over such a region is called a type I integral f dA =
    b a d(x) c(x)

    i j , n )R (n

    i j f( , ) n n

    d x

    f (x, y ) dA and think of dA as an area element.

    If we integrate f (x, y ) = xy over the unit square we can sum up the Riemann sum for xed y = j/n and get y/2. Now perform the integral over y to get 1/4. This example shows how we can reduce double integrals to single variable integrals. If f (x, y ) = 1, then the integral is the area of the region R. The integral is the limit L(n)/n2 , where L(n) is the number of lattice points (i/n, j/n) inside R.

    f (x, y ) dydx .
    c x a b

    8
    a y b y

    A type II region is of the form R = {(x, y ) | c y d, a(y ) x b(y ) } . An integral over such a region is called a type II integral
    R

    The area of a disc of radius R is


    R R R2 x2 R2 x2

    1 dydx =

    R R

    2 R2 x2 dx .

    f dA =

    d c

    b(y ) a(y )

    This integral can be solved with the substitution x = R sin(u), dx = R cos(u)


    /2

    f (x, y ) dxdy .
    c

    /2

    2 R2 R2 sin2 (u)R cos(u) du =

    /2 /2

    2R2 cos2 (u) du .

    Integrate f (x, y ) = x over the region bounded above by sin(x3 ) and bounded below by the graph of sin(x3 ) for 0 x . The value of this integral has a physical meaning. It is called moment of inertia.
    1/3 0 sin(x3 ) sin(x3 )

    x2 dydx = 2

    1/3 0

    sin(x3 )x2 dx

    We have now an integral, which we can solve by substitution 2 4 1/3 = cos(x3 )| = . 0 3 3

    Using a double angle formula we get /2 u) du = R2 . We will now see R2 /2 2 (1+cos(2 2 how to do that better in polar coordinates. Remark: The Riemann integral just dened works well for continuous functions. In other branches of mathematics like probability theory, a better integral is needed. The Lebesgue integral ts the bill. Its denition is close to the Riemann integral which we have given as the limit n2 (xk ,yl )R f (xk , yl ) where xk = k/n, yl = l/n. The Lebesgue integral replaces the regularly spaced (xk , yl ) grid with random points xk , yl and uses the same formula. The following Mathematica code computes the integral 01 01 x2 y using this Monte Carlo denition of the Lebesgue integral.

    M=10000; R:=Random [ ] ; f [ x , y ] : = x 2 y ; Sum [ f [ R,R] , {M} ] /M M=100; f [ x , y ] : = x2 y ; Sum [ f [ k/M, l /M] , { k ,M} , { l ,M} ] /M2 but the Lebesgue integral is usually closer to the actual answer 1/6 than the Riemann integral. Note that for all continuous functions, the Lebesgue integral gives the same results than the Riemann integral. It does not change calculus. But it is useful for example to compute nasty integrals like the area of the Mandelbrot set.

    It is as elegant than the numerical Riemann sum computation


    Integrate f (x, y ) = y over the region bound by the xaxes, the lines y = x + 1 and y = 1 x. The problem is best solved as a type I integral. As you can see from the picture, we would have to compute 2 dierent integrals as a type I integral. To do so, we have to write the bounds as a function of y : they are x = y 1 and x= 1y
    1 0 1y y 1

    Homework
    1 2
    Find the double integral
    4 2 1 0 (3x

    y 3 dx dy = 2

    1 0

    1 1 1 y 3(1 y ) dy = 2( ) = . 4 3 10

    y ) dxdy .

    Find the area of the region and use it to compute the average value region. R = {(x, y ) | 0 x 2, sin(x) 1 y cos(x) + 2}
    R

    Let R be the triangle 1 x 0, 0 y x. What is


    R

    f (x, y ) dxdy/area(R) of f (x, y ) = y over that

    x 2

    dxdy ?

    3
    2

    The type II integral 01 [ y1 ex dx]dy can not be solved 2 because ex has no anti-derivative in terms of elementary functions. 2 The type I integral 01 [ 0x ex dy ] dx however can be solved: =
    1 0

    Find the volume of the solid lying under the paraboloid z = x2 + y 2 and above the rectangle R = [2, 2] [3, 3] = {(x, y ) | 2 x 2, 3 y 3 }.
    2x 2 Calculate the iterated integral 01 x (x y ) dydx. Sketch the corresponding type I region. Write this integral as integral over a type II region and compute the integral again.

    4 5

    Evaluate the double integral


    2 0 4 x2

    xe

    x 2

    ex 1 (1 e1 ) | = = 0.316... . dx = 2 0 2

    x dydx . ey2

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