LED Characteristics: - Eye Sensitivity - Color Vision - Color Space Xy - Dom. Wavelength CCT

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LED Characteristics

Erik Swennen & Patrick van der Meulen

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LED Characteristics
Basic Optical Units Human vision Eye Sensitivity Color Vision Colorimetry Color space xy Dom. Wavelength CCT Working Principle of an LED Optical and Electrical Characteristics LED Binning
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LED Characteristics
Basic Optical Units Human vision Eye Sensitivity Color Vision Colorimetry Color space xy Dom. Wavelength CCT Working Principle of an LED Optical and Electrical Characteristics LED Binning
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Flux (units: lumen, watts)


The amount of light radiated by a light source. source.

Unit: lumen (lm - photometric) photometric) Watts (W - radiometric) radiometric)


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Luminous Flux Measurement

Baffle sphere v Electrical signal area area detector

Sphere with highly reflective white diffuse coating on inside surface

Photometrically weighted optical detector

Device under test

Defined acceptance angle

LumiLeds test method Test method measures total luminous flux emitted into a defined acceptance angle
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Intensity (unit: candela (lm/sr), W/sr)


The amount of light radiated by a light source in a given direction. direction.

1 candela = 1 lumen per steradian

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Luminous Intensity Measurement


d Iv Electrical signal Area detector Photometrically weighted optical detector
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Area detector d2

Device under test

Test method only accounts for luminous flux in a small portion of optical beam

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LED Characteristics
Basic Optical Units Human vision Eye Sensitivity Color Vision Colorimetry Color space xy Dom. Wavelength CCT Working Principle of an LED Optical and Electrical Characteristics LED Binning
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Radiometry & Photometry


Radiometric light is specified according to its radiant energy and power without regard for the visual effects of radiation. Prefix: Radiant or Radiometric Photometric light is specified as radiation in terms of human visible response according to the CIE standard observer response curve (photopic luminous efficiency function). Prefix: Luminous

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Eye Sensitivity
relative eye sensitivity 1,0

0,8

0,6

V()

0,4 555 nm 0,2

400

500

600

1 W555nm = 683 lm

700 800 wavelength (nm)

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From Watts to Lumens


Wavelength Luminous Conversion Efficiency Factor [lm/W] 400 0.004 0.3 450 0.04 26 500 0.3 221 555 1.0 683 600 0.63 431 650 0.11 73 700 0.004 2.8

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Basics of human vision


Light projected on the retina by the lens Retina contains light sensitive cells rods & cones Rods are more sensitive, no color difference (scotopic vision) Cones have color sensitive pigments red, green & blue (photopic vision)

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LED Characteristics
Basic Optical Units Human vision Eye Sensitivity Color Vision Colorimetry Color space xy Dom. Wavelength CCT Working Principle of an LED Optical and Electrical Characteristics LED Binning
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Colorimetry
Basic quantity for colorimetry is the spectrum S() standard observer CIE 1931 :color matching functions

X, Y and Z are called the tristimulus values Y represents brightness (nit, lumen, ... ) Many different spectra can yield the same color for the human eye (metamerism) there is no way back from XYZ to spectrum

color matching value color matching value

X = 683. S( ).x( ).d Y = 683. S( ).y( ).d Z = 683. S( ).z( ).d


380 380 780 380 780

780

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2

1.8 2 1.6 1.4 1.2


1

CIE x-ba r CIE x-bar CIE x-ba y-ba r r CIE y-bar CIE y-ba z -ba r

CIE z-bar

1.5

z -ba r

0.8 0.6

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2


0 400 0 300 300

0.4 0.5 0.2

400

500 400

500 600 600 wa ve le ngth (nm ) 500 600

700 700

700

800 800

800

wavelength (nm) 14
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Colorimetry
xyxy-diagram CIE1931 uvuv-diagram CIE1976

x=

X X+Y+Z

y=

Y X+Y+Z

u' =

4x 2x + 12y + 3

v' =

9y 2x + 12y + 3

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Peak or Dominant Wavelength


0.9
520

Dominant Wavelength
540

0.8 0.7 0.6


500

Relative Intensity

(x, y) Coordinate
560

1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6

CYAN BLUE GREEN RED AMBER

ROYAL BLUE

580

0.5 b 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0


480

a
600 620

CIE Illuminant E
a Color Purity = b

640

0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 400

450

500

550

600

650

700

Wavelength (nm)

460

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4 x coordinates

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

Color purity = a / b Dominant wavelength (Illuminant E)


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Peakwavelength = highest radiometric energy


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Visual perception of white light


The color impression of light is characterized by: Color temperature (Tc) Color rendition (Ri) Reflection properties of material being illuminated

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Blackbody radiators

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Color Coordinates of Blackbody (Planckian) Radiators


0.9
520

0.8
540

Tc = 5500K
560 12V Halogen Bulb 3000K Household Incandescent 2800K M.P. Tungsten 3700K 580 12V Instrument Cluster Bulb 2500K M.P. Copper 1360K M.P. Iron Warm-white 1810K Fluorescent 3000K 600 "Red-hot" Poker (1000K = 1340F) 620 640

0.7

0.6 y coordinates
500

0.5

0.4

NTSC White 6500K Blue Dwarf Star 20K-50K

Cool-white Fluorescent 5400K

0.3

0.2
480

CIE Illuminant E

Tc = 2200K

0.1
460

0 0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4 x coordinates

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

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Color Temperature in CIE1931 Diagram


0.9
520

0.8 0.7

540

560

0.6
500

3333K 3077K 2857K 2500K 2000K 580 1667K

0.5
8000K 10,000K

5714K 6667K

5000K 4444K 4000K 3636K

0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0

20,000K 50,000K

600 620 640 CIE Illuminant E

480

Planckian Locus

460

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4 x coordinates

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

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Color Rendering Index

Sunlight Has a CRI of 100. When objects are illuminated with sunlight, all the colors look good.

Low Pressure Sodium has a CRI less than 0. Objects illuminated by it all look brown.

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Color Rendering Calculation


Light Grayish Red Light Bluish Green

400

500

600700

400

500

600700

Dark Grayish Yellow

Light Blue

Spectra of 8 defined samples are combined with the spectrum of the source (e.g. White LED) The shift of the color point of every sample is calculated: R1 to R8 The average Ra shift is then calculated: Ra = 1/8 (R1 + R2 +...+ R8)

400

500

600700

400

500

600700

Strong Yellow Green

Light Violet

400

500

600700

400

500

600700

Moderate Yellowish Green

Light Reddish Purple

400

500

600700

400

500

600700

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Wavelength [nm]

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Color Rendering Index (Ra)


Ra = 90 - 100 Excellent color rendering properties Ra = 80 - 90 Good color rendering properties Ra = 60 - 80 Moderate color rendering properties Ra < 60 Poor color rendering properties

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LED Characteristics
Basic Optical Units Human vision Eye Sensitivity Color Vision Colorimetry Color space xy Dom. Wavelength CCT Working Principle of an LED Optical and Electrical Characteristics LED Binning
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Working Principle of an LED


Electrical Model

Iforward
Anode

(Electrons)

Vforward

Cathode

visible
(Photons)

Same principle for all colors PN-Junction (AlInGaP & InGaN) Power dissipation:1-5 Watt Package Extraction Efficiency: >95% Maximum Ratings Tjunction-max = 120 C / 135C Iforward-max = Product dependent
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InGaN vs AlInGaP LED Technology


InGaN
LED Junction InGaN Light Silver reflector Sapphire
LED Junction p-Al0.5In0.5P (UCL) (AlxGa1-x)0.5In0.5P Active Layer n-Al0.5In0.5P (LCL) VPE GaP Window ( ~ 50 m)

AlInGaP
AuZn Contact Pad

GaP Substrate ( ~ 200 m)

Wire bond

Silicon submount

Anode
3.4 V at 350 mA Blue

Anode
3.0 V at 350 mA Red/Amber

7 V at -100 uA

20V at -100 mA

Cathode
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Cathode
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Luxeon Slug Electrical Potential


LED Chip Plastic Lens Body Cathode Lead

Slug AlInGaP Die in 1W Batwing Package

Anode Lead

Slug

slug

+ OR InGaN Die in all Luxeon Packages


Slug
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Slug + AlInGaP Die in 1W Lambertian & Side Emitter Package

LED Characteristics
Basic Optical Units Human vision Eye Sensitivity Color Vision Colorimetry Color space xy Dom. Wavelength CCT Working Principle of an LED Optical and Electrical Characteristics LED Binning
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Light Output Characteristics


Flux with Current Tjunction = 25oC

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Light Output vs Junction Temp

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Forward Current Characteristics

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Wavelength Characteristics
1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6
CYAN BLUE GREEN RED AMBER

Relative Intensity

ROYAL BLUE

0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 400

450

500

550

600

650

700

Wavelength (nm)

Dominant Wavelength: RED=629nm AMBER=590nm GREEN=530nm CYAN=505nm BLUE=470nm ROYAL BLUE=455nm


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Spectral Halfwidth: RED=19nm AMBER=19nm GREEN=35nm CYAN=30nm BLUE=25nm ROYAL BLUE=20nm

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LED Characteristics
Basic Optical Units Human vision Eye Sensitivity Color Vision Colorimetry Color space xy Dom. Wavelength CCT Working Principle of an LED Optical and Electrical Characteristics LED Binning
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Luxeon Binning Example: Green


Number of Parts Produced Number of Parts Produced

Batch to Batch Variations

Batch to Batch Variations

Flux bins Bin Limits [lm]

Voltage bins F Bin Width [V]

13.9 18.1 23.5 30.6 Number of Parts Produced 1.3 1.3

Bin Limits [V] 2.79 3.03 3.27 3.51 0.24 0.24 0.24

Ratio Upper/Lower 1.3 Bining =

Subdividing large quantities into manageable quantities

Batch to Batch Variations

Color bins

Bin Limits[nm] 525 530 535 540


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Bin Width [nm]

5.0

5.0

5.0

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Luxeon Binning
Lumileds LEDs are 100% electrically and optically tested Each unit is binned for
Luminous Flux, Forward Voltage Dominant Wavelength or Correlated Color Temperature

All binning is done at


nominal current Junction Temperature of 25C (Flash mode)

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LED Parameter vs.Temperature


As temperature rises: Light Output decreases Wavelength gets longer (towards red), except for White Forward Voltage decreases
2 Relative Intensity

400 350 Forward Current (mA)


Royal Blue, Blue, Cyan, Green, White (InGaN) Red, Reddish Orange, Amber(AlInGaP)

Tamb = -20C
Amber

300 250 200 150 100 50

+25C +85C

Vf -2mV / C

0 570
36

580

590

peak 610 600

0
620 630

Wavelength [nm]
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0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 Forward Voltage (V)

Dominant vs. Temperature


D (nm/C) T

As LEDs get hotter, colors shift to longer wavelengths.


NOTE: This number is different for peak
Example: What is the color shift of an amber LED whose Tj is 40C? What will D be at Tj 40 C? D1 = 590 nm (@T1= 25 C) D2 = ? nm (@T2= 40 C) D T (D2-D1) (T2-T1)

Color Amber Red Blue Green Cyan


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K (nm/C) .09 .03 .04 .04 .04

D = (.09 nm/ C)* (T2-T1) = (.09 nm/ C)*(40 -25 C) = 1.35 nm Therefore, D2 = 591.35 nm

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LED Characteristics
Erik Swennen & Patrick van der Meulen

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= .09 nm/ C

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