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00 Lecture 3
Basic Java Data Types, Control Structures

Java Data Types

8 primitive or built-in data types
4 integer types (byte, short, int, long) 2 floating point types (float, double) Boolean (boolean) Character (char)

These are not objects These are defined (almost) identically on every machine on which Java runs, unlike other programming languages Java is a strongly typed language:
Every variable must have a declared type

Java Data Types

Type Size (in bits) 8 16 32 64 32 64 16 1 Range

byte short int long float double char boolean

-128 to 127 -32,768 to 32,767 -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 -9,223,372,036,854,775,808L to 9,223,372,036,854,775,807L +/- 3.4E+38F (6-7 significant digits) +/- 1.8E+308 (15 significant digits) ISO Unicode character set true or false

What data type would you use?

What would you use to store:
Speed of light Your grade in 1.00 Your grade point average this term Number of refrigerators in a room Location of a point on a screen 265 $234.77 Half of $234.77 Bits per second transmitted by modem

What data type would you use?

What would you use to store:
Speed of light double Your grade in 1.00 char Your grade point average this term double/float Number of refrigerators in a room int Location of a point on a screen float/int 65 2 BigInteger $234.77 double/int Half of $234.77 double/int Bits per second transmitted by modem int/float

Using Java Data Types

public class DataTypes { public static void main(String[] args) { boolean isReal=true; // Names are case sensitive, // start w/letter, have nos,_,$ byte d= 122; // Must be less than 127 short e= -29000; // Must be less than 32767 int f= 100000; // Must be less than 2.1 billion long g= 999999999999L; // Must put L on end float h= 234.99F; // Must be < 3E38; F on end double i= 55E100; char cvalue= '4'; // char '4' is not integer 4 // Strings are objects, not primitives. Example: String name= Claudius; } }

Arithmetic Operators
Table in precedence order, highest precedence at top

Operators ++ -+ (unary) - (unary) * / % + -

Meaning increment decrement unary + ( x = +a) unary ( x = -a) multiplication division modulo addition subtraction

Associativity Right to left

Left to right

Left to right

Using Arithmetic Operators

public class DataType2 { public static void main(String[] args) { int j, k, m; int d= 123; j= d++; // j is 122 and d is 123 System.out.println("j= " + j); k= ++d; // k is 124 and d is 124 System.out.println("k= " + k); m= --d; // m is 123 and d is 123 System.out.println("m= " + m); m= k % j; // Remainder op for int types // k=124, j=122, so m= 2 System.out.println("m= " + m); j= 5; k= 3; m= j/k; // Integer division: m= 1 System.out.println("m= " + m); System.exit(0); } }

Logical Operators
Produce results of type boolean Comparisons use 8 operators:
Equal Less than Greater than Logical and == < > && Not equal Less than or equal Greater than or equal Logical or != <= >= ||

There are also bitwise operators we use later

Example:
double c= 0.0, b= 3.0; if (c != 0.0 && b/c > 5.0) System.out.println(Boo); // Never use == with float/double (this is bad example) // Short circuit evaluation: quit after false subexpression

Assignment Operators
Assignment is not the same as equality
= is not the same as ==

Assignments are expressions:

int x, y; x= y= 5; // Same as x = (y= 5); assoc from R to L

Short cut forms exist:

int x= 5, y= 3; x += y; // Same as x= x + y;

Forms include +=, -=, *=, /=, &=, ^=, |=, %=

Exercises
Get the percent grad students in 1.00:
int students= 240; int grads= 35; _________________________;

Represent 15*i correctly:

int i= 100000000 + 100000000; _________________________;

Write expression to test if int x greater than double y and x less than y2 and x not equal x2:
_________________________; if (_____________________; // Declare x, y // Write logical expression

Increment int z by int a:

_________________________; _________________________; // Declare a, z // Increment z by a

Exercises
Get the percent grad students in 1.00:
int students= 240; int grads= 35; double pctGrad= grads/(double) students;

Represent 15*i correctly:

int i= 100000000 + 100000000; long j= 15*i;

Write expression to test if int x greater than double y and x less than y2 and x not equal x2:
int x; double y; if (x > y && x < y*y && x != x*x)

Increment int z by int a:

int a; int z += a;

Control Structures: Branch

General form
if (boolean) statement; if (x == y) a = 20; if (x ==z) { b = 10; c = 20; } if ( x == y ) { a = 10; b = 20; } else x = y; if ( x > 60) y = 20; else if (x < 30) { z += y; y = 25; } else y= 40;

Example

if (boolean) statement1; else statement2; if (boolean1) statement1; else if (booleanN) statementN; else statement;

Control Structures: Branch

A statement can be replaced by a block or set of statements enclosed in a pair of braces: { } An else clause belongs to its nearest if statement.
If you want to associate it with a farther if statement, put intervening if statements within { }
if (x > 3) { if (y < 7) z= 5; } else // This else belongs to if (x > 3) z = y;

Ternary comparison statement

(boolean ? expr_if_true : expr_if_false)
boolean isCelsius= true; double tC= 10.0; double displayTemp= (isCelsius ? tC : 1.8*tC + 32.0);

Control example
Solve ax2 + bx + c= 0
Input a, b and c discriminant = b*b - 4.0*a*c

discriminant < 0 Yes

No

discriminant 0 Yes root = - 0.5 * b / a

No

Print Sorry, no real root

root = (-b + discriminant) / 2*a root2 = (-b - discriminant) / 2*a Print root Print root2

Print root

System.exit(0)

Control example
import javax.swing.*; // To support simple input public class Control { // Quadratic formula public static void main(String[] args) { final double TOL= 1E-15; // Constant (use final) String input= JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Enter a"); double a= Double.parseDouble(input); input= JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Enter b"); double b= Double.parseDouble(input); input= JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Enter c"); double c= Double.parseDouble(input); double discriminant= b*b - 4.0*a*c; if ( discriminant < 0) System.out.println("Sorry, no real root"); else if (Math.abs(discriminant) <= TOL) { double root= -0.5 * b / a; System.out.println("Root is " + root); } else { // Redefine root; blocks have own scopes double root=(-b + Math.sqrt(discriminant))/ (2.0*a); double root2=(-b- Math.sqrt(discriminant))/ (2.0*a); System.out.println("Roots" + root + ," + root2); } System.exit(0); } }

Control example
The previous program has a deliberate, subtle bug
Can you see it? Is it likely that youd find it by testing? Is it likely youd find it by using the debugger and reading the code?

Fix the error by rearranging the order of the if-else clauses

Control exercises
Exercise 1. Write code in main()
If demand d > supply s, raise price p by a(d-s) If demand = supply, do nothing If demand d < supply s, lower price p by b(d-s)

Exercise 2. Write code in main()

If weather today cloudy, tomorrow rain If weather today warm and cloudy, tomorrow is warmer If weather today sunny, tomorrow cloudy If weather today warm and sunny, tomorrow is colder and cloudy If weather today rain, tomorrow sunny (Use strings for cloudy, warm, etc.)

Control exercise solutions

// Exercise 1. In Forte, declare, initialize all variables. if (d > s) p += a*(d-s); else if (d < s) // Can omit if (d < s) p -= a*(d-s); // Can omit == clause since (d-s)=0 // Exercise 2. In Forte, declare, initialize all variables. if (todayCloud.equals("Sunny")) { tomorrowCloud= "Cloudy"; if (todayTemp.equals("Warm")) tomorrowTemp= "Colder"; } else if (todayCloud.equals("Cloudy")) { tomorrowCloud= "Rain"; if (todayTemp.equals("Warm")) tomorrowTemp= "Warmer"; } else // Rain tomorrowCloud= "Sunny";

Control structure: Iteration

General form while (boolean) statement; Example while (x > 0) { System.out.println(x= + x); x--; } do { System.out.println(x= + x); x--; } while (x > 0) for ( x= 20; x > 0; x--) System.out.println(x= + x);

do statement; while (boolean); // Always executes stmt at least once for (start_expr; end_bool; cont_expr) statement;

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For loops
for (start_expr; end_bool; cont_expr) statement; for (j= 0; j < 20; j++) z += j;

is equivalent to:
start_expr; while (end_bool) { statement; cont_expr; } j= 0; while (j < 20) { z += j; j++; }

Iteration Example 1: Ln x
import javax.swing.*; public class Iteration { public static void main(String[] args) { String input= JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Ent x (0-2)"); double x= Double.parseDouble(input); // Compute 20 terms of // ln x= (x-1) - (x-1)^2/2 + (x-1)^3/3 - ... final int ITERATIONS= 20; // Fixed no of iterations double logx= 0.0; double x1= x-1; for (int i= 1; i <= ITERATIONS; i++) { if (i % 2 == 0) // i even logx -= Math.pow(x1, i)/i; else logx += Math.pow(x1, i)/i; } System.out.println("Ln x= " + logx); } }

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Iteration Example 2: Ln x
import javax.swing.*; // Same series as example 1 public class Iteration2 { public static void main(String[] args) { String input= JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Ent x (0-2)"); double x= Double.parseDouble(input); final double TOLERANCE= 0.00001; // Tol sets no of terms double logx= 0.0; double x1= x-1; int i= 1; double term= 0.0; // Define outside do {} do { term= Math.pow(x1, i)/i; if (i % 2 == 0) // i even logx -= term; else logx += term; i++; } while (Math.abs(term) > TOLERANCE); System.out.println("Ln x= " + logx); System.out.println("Found in " + i + " iterations"); } }

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