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    Mimo Introduction

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    Sohail Sardar
    The document provides an introduction to MIMO communications, including a short history of using multiple antennas, advantages of multi-antenna techniques like increased capacity and data rates, examples of adaptive antennas and beamforming, and definitions of SISO, SIMO, MISO and MIMO systems.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Mimo Introduction

    Uploaded by

    Sohail Sardar
    150 views13 pages
    The document provides an introduction to MIMO communications, including a short history of using multiple antennas, advantages of multi-antenna techniques like increased capacity and data rates, examples of adaptive antennas and beamforming, and definitions of SISO, SIMO, MISO and MIMO systems.

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    introduction to mimo

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    The document provides an introduction to MIMO communications, including a short history of using multiple antennas, advantages of multi-antenna techniques like increased capacity and data rates, examples of adaptive antennas and beamforming, and definitions of SISO, SIMO, MISO and MIMO systems.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    150 views13 pages

    Mimo Introduction

    Uploaded by

    Sohail Sardar
    The document provides an introduction to MIMO communications, including a short history of using multiple antennas, advantages of multi-antenna techniques like increased capacity and data rates, examples of adaptive antennas and beamforming, and definitions of SISO, SIMO, MISO and MIMO systems.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 13
    At a glance
    Powered by AI
    The key takeaways are that using multiple antennas can provide benefits like increased capacity, data rates and spectral efficiency for wireless communications systems.

    Some of the advantages of using multiple antennas discussed are increased coverage, resistivity to fading, increased capacity, increased data rates, improved spectral efficiency, reduced power consumption and reduced cost of wireless networks.

    The different types of adaptive antenna techniques discussed are beamforming, receive/transmit diversity, and MIMO which aims to increase spectral efficiency and data rates.

    Tutorial MIMO Communications with Applications to (B)3G and 4G Systems

    Introduction
    Juha Ylitalo

    Tutorial #2: MIMO Communications with Applications to (B)3G and 4G Systems Introduction

    J. Ylitalo & M. Juntti, University of Oulu, Dept. Electrical and Inform. Eng., Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC) 1

    Introduction
    Short historical note Advantages of multi-antenna techniques Adaptive antennas
    - Beamforming: spatial focusing of correlated signals - Rx/Tx diversity: combining of decorrelated signals - MIMO: increasing spectral efficiency/ data rates

    Simple example: SINR improvement Definition of MIMO Spatial correlation matrix Example: Diversity & MIMO in WCDMA

    Tutorial #2: MIMO Communications with Applications to (B)3G and 4G Systems Introduction

    J. Ylitalo & M. Juntti, University of Oulu, Dept. Electrical and Inform. Eng., Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC) 2

    Historical Note
    Multiple antenna transmission used by Marconi in 1901
    Four 61m high tower antennas (circular array) Morse signal for "S" from England to Signal Hill, St. John, Newfoundland, distance 3425km

    Submarine sonar during 1910's Acoustic sensor arrays 1910's RF radars 1940's Ultrasonic scanners from 1960's

    Tutorial #2: MIMO Communications with Applications to (B)3G and 4G Systems Introduction

    J. Ylitalo & M. Juntti, University of Oulu, Dept. Electrical and Inform. Eng., Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC) 3

    Advantages of Multiple Antenna Techniques


    Resistivity to fading (quality) Increased coverage Demonstration by Lucent Increased capacity with 8 Tx /12 Rx antennas: Increased data rate 1.2 Mbit/s in 30kHz Improved spectral efficiency Reduced power consumption Reduced cost of wireless network
    Some challenges: - RF: Linear power amplifiers, calibration - Complex algorithms: DSP requirements, cost - Network planning & optimisation
    Tutorial #2: MIMO Communications with Applications to (B)3G and 4G Systems Introduction
    J. Ylitalo & M. Juntti, University of Oulu, Dept. Electrical and Inform. Eng., Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC) 4

    Adaptive Antennas
    An adaptive antenna system consists of several antenna elements, whose signals are processed adaptively in order to exploit the spatial dimension of the mobile radio channel.
    Weight Adaptation

    RF

    IF

    RF

    IF

    RF

    IF

    Baseband processing

    Tutorial #2: MIMO Communications with Applications to (B)3G and 4G Systems Introduction

    J. Ylitalo & M. Juntti, University of Oulu, Dept. Electrical and Inform. Eng., Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC) 5

    Adaptive Antenna Operation


    Conventional BTS:
    radiation pattern covers the whole cell area

    Smart Antenna BTS:


    adaptive radiation pattern, "spatial filter" transmission/reception only to/from the desired user direction minimise antenna gain to direction of other users

    Conventional BTS radiation pattern


    Tutorial #2: MIMO Communications with Applications to (B)3G and 4G Systems Introduction

    Smart Antenna BTS


    J. Ylitalo & M. Juntti, University of Oulu, Dept. Electrical and Inform. Eng., Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC) 6

    Beamforming (beam steering)


    Beamforming = phasing the antenna array elements Only Direction-of-Arrival (DOA) parameter needed in both TX and RX: simple and robust Suits especially well to FDD systems
    0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 DOA = 0 deg. 1 DOA = 30 deg.
    2

    M=8

    Array Gain [dB]

    -50

    0 Azimuth [deg]

    50

    Tutorial #2: MIMO Communications with Applications to (B)3G and 4G Systems Introduction

    J. Ylitalo & M. Juntti, University of Oulu, Dept. Electrical and Inform. Eng., Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC) 7

    RX Diversity
    De-correlated (statistically independent) signals received spatial and polarisation diversity arrangements combining of fading signals:
    Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) Interference Rejection Combining (IRC)
    dB
    10 5 0 -5 -10 4MRC 2MRC -15 0 0.5

    Received signal power

    RX RX RX RX
    Tutorial #2: MIMO Communications with Applications to (B)3G and 4G Systems Introduction

    1.5 2 2.5 Seconds, 3km/h

    WCDMA WCDMA Transceiver Transceiver

    Combined received signal

    J. Ylitalo & M. Juntti, University of Oulu, Dept. Electrical and Inform. Eng., Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC) 8

    Transmission Diversity
    Multiple antennas available at the BTS Terminal: only one antenna
    -> downlink suffers from lack of diversity
    Uncorrelated fading

    Downlink: Use TX instead of RX diversity TX diversity gain:

    Signal #1

    Base station

    (1) Gain against fading

    Signal #2

    Gain against fading Feedback modes: coherent combining ("beamforming") gain

    Downlink capacity improvement RX diversity in terminal is coming soon enabling RX diversity at UE, MIMO,
    Tutorial #2: MIMO Communications with Applications to (B)3G and 4G Systems Introduction

    (2) Coherent combining gain (only feedback modes)

    J. Ylitalo & M. Juntti, University of Oulu, Dept. Electrical and Inform. Eng., Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC) 9

    SISO, SIMO, MISO, MIMO


    Single-Input, Single-Output channel suffers from fading Single-Input, Multiple-Output channel: RX diversity Multiple-Input, Single-Output channel: TX diversity, Beamforming

    SISO Data stream radio channel Data stream

    SIMO Data stream radio channel Combiner

    Data stream

    Data stream

    MISO radio channel

    Data stream
    J. Ylitalo & M. Juntti, University of Oulu, Dept. Electrical and Inform. Eng., Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC) 10

    Tutorial #2: MIMO Communications with Applications to (B)3G and 4G Systems Introduction

    Definition of MIMO
    Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output channel Mapping of a data stream to multiple parallel data streams and de-mapping multiple received data streams into a single data stream Aims at high spectral efficiency / high data rate
    M antennas N antennas

    Data stream

    Serial/ parallel mapping

    MIMO radio channel Parallel/ serial mapping

    Data stream

    Rxx

    HMN

    Ryy

    Requires rich scattering environment

    Tutorial #2: MIMO Communications with Applications to (B)3G and 4G Systems Introduction

    J. Ylitalo & M. Juntti, University of Oulu, Dept. Electrical and Inform. Eng., Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC) 11

    TX diversity& Beamforming vs. MIMO


    Maximum Gain: Transmit Diversity/ BF
    V1 V2
    s1, s2, s3, s4

    Same signal on all antennas, i.e. conventional Tx diversity/ BF

    V3 V4 a)

    Maximum Capacity: Parallel channel transmission


    s1 s2

    V1 V2

    s3

    V3 V4

    Different signals on Tx antennas. i.e. true MIMO

    s4

    b) BLAST (PARC) type of transmission scheme is considered as MIMO, whereas WCDMA STTD is a hybrid, considered as a Tx diversity scheme

    Tutorial #2: MIMO Communications with Applications to (B)3G and 4G Systems Introduction

    J. Ylitalo & M. Juntti, University of Oulu, Dept. Electrical and Inform. Eng., Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC) 12

    Channel capacity (Shannon)


    Represents the maximum error-free bit rate Capacity depends on the specific channel realization, noise, and transmitted signal power. Single-input single-output (SISO) channel

    y (t ) = x(t ) + n(t )
    Multi-input multi-output (MIMO) channel

    P 2 C = log2 1 + 2 n

    y(t ) = Hx(t ) + n(t )

    1 H C = log 2 det I + 2 HQH n

    Q is the covariance matrix of the transmitted vector


    Tutorial #2: MIMO Communications with Applications to (B)3G and 4G Systems Introduction
    J. Ylitalo & M. Juntti, University of Oulu, Dept. Electrical and Inform. Eng., Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC) 13

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