What is a Software Methodology?

A methodology is a package of methods. In simple words , its a bundle of practical ideas and proven practises which help in efficient software project management.

Waterfall model

What is it? In the waterfall model ,software development progress through various phases like Requirements Analysis , Design etc - sequentially. In this model, next phase begins only when the earlier phase is completed. What Is The Testing Approach? The first phase in waterfall model is the requirements phase in which all the project requirements are completely defined before starting the testing. During this phase , the test team brainstorms the scope of testing , test strategy and drafts a detailed test plan. Only once the design of software is complete, the team will move on to execution of the test cases to ensure that the developed software behaves as it expected. In this methodology, the testing team proceeds to the next phase only when the previous phase is completed. Advantages This model is very simple to plan and manage. Hence, projects where requirements are clearly defined and stated beforehand can be easily tested using waterfall model. Disadvantages In the waterfall model , you can begin with the next phase only once the previous phase is completed. Hence , this model cannot accommodate unplanned events and uncertainty. This methodology is not suitable for projects where the requirements change frequently.

Iterative development

What is it? In this model , a big project is divided into small parts , and each part is subjected to multiple iterations of the waterfall model. At the end of iteration, a new module is developed or an existing module is enhanced. This module is integrated into the software architecture and the entire system is tested all together What is the testing Approach? As soon as iteration is completed, the entire system is subjected to testing. Feedback from testing is immediately available and is incorporated in next cycle. The testing time required in successive iteration can be reduced based on the experience gained from past iterations. Advantages The main advantage of iterative development is the test feedback is immediately available at the end of each cycle. Disadvantages This model increases communication overheads significantly since at the end of each cycle, feedback about deliverables , effort etc must be given.

Agile methodology

What is it ? Traditional software development methodologies work on the premise that software requirements remain constant throughout the project. But with increase in complexity , the requirements undergo numerous changes and continuously evolve. At times, the customer himself is not sure what he wants. Though iterative model addresses this issue, its still based on the waterfall model. In Agile methodology , software is developed in incremental, rapid cycles. Interactions amongst customers, developers and client are emphasized rather than processes and tools. Agile methodology focuses on responding to change rather than extensive planning. What Is The Testing Approach? Incremental testing is used in agile development methods and hence, every release of the project is tested thoroughly. This ensures that any bugs in the system are fixed before the next release. Advantages It is possible to make changes in the project at any time to comply with the requirements. This incremental testing minimizes risks. Disadvantages Constant client interaction means added time pressure on all stake holders including the client themselves , software development and test teams .

Extreme programming

What is it? Extreme programming is a type of agile methodology which believes in short development cycles. A project is divided into simple engineering tasks. Programmers code a simple piece of software and get back to customer for feedback. Review points from the customer are incorporated and the developers proceed with the next task. In extreme programming developers usually work in pairs. Extreme Programming is used in places where customer requirements are constantly changing. What Is The Testing Approach? 1. 2. 3. 4. Extreme programming follows a Test-driven development which is described as follows Add a test case to the test suite to verify the new functionality which is yet to be developed Run the all tests and obviously the new test case added must fail since the functionality is not coded yet Write some code to implement the feature/functionality Run the test suite again .This time , the new test case should pass since the functionally has been coded Advantages Customers having a vague software design in mind could use extreme programming Continuous testing and continuous integration of small releases ensure software code is delivered is of high quality Disadvantages Meetings amongst the software development team and clients add to time requirements.

Which Software Methodology to choose ?

There are tons of methodologies available for software development and its corresponding testing. Each methodology is designed for a specific purpose and has its relative merits and de-merits. Selection of a particular methodologies depends on many factors such as the nature of project, client requirement, project schedule , etc. From a testing perspective, some methodologies push for testing input early in the development life cycle , while others wait until a working model of the system is ready.

How to setup software testing methodologies?

Software testing methodologies should not be setup just for the sake of testing software code. The big picture should be considered and the prime goal of the project should be satisfied by the testing methodology. Scheduling Realistic scheduling is the key to the implementation of successful testing methodology and the schedule should meet the needs of every member of the team. Defined deliverables In order to keep all the members of the team on the same page, well defined deliverables should be provided. The deliverables should contain direct content without any ambiguity. Test approach Once scheduling is complete and defined deliverables are made available, the testing team should be able to formulate the right test approach. Definition documents and developer meetings should indicate the team about the best test approach that can be used for the project. Reporting Transparent reporting is very difficult to achieve, but this step determines the effectiveness of the testing approach used in the project.

Software Testing Hierarchy

As with almost any technical process, software testing has a prescribed order in which things should be done. The following is a list of software testing categories arranged in chronological order. These are the steps taken to fully test new software in preparation for marketing it: Unit testing testing performed on each module or block of code during development. Unit testing is normally done by the programmer who writes the code. Integration testing testing done before, during and after integration of a new module into the main software package. This involves testing of each individual code module. One piece of software can contain several modules which are often created by several different programmers. It is crucial to test each modules effect on the entire program model. System testing testing done by a professional testing agent on the completed software product before it is introduced to the market. Acceptance testing beta testing of the product done by the actual end users.

What is System Testing?

system testing is the testing of a complete and fully integrated software product System testing involves testing the software code for following Testing the fully integrated applications including external peripherals in order to check how components interact with one another and with the system as a whole. This is also called End to End scenario testing.. Verify thorough testing of every input in the application to check for desired outputs. Testing of the users experience with the application. .

Types of System Testing

Usability Testing Usability testing mainly focuses on the users-ease to use the application, flexibility in handling controls and ability of the system to meet its objectives Load Testing Load testing is necessary to know that a software solution will perform under real life loads. Regression Testing Regression testing involves testing done to make sure none of the changes made over the course of the development process have caused new bugs. It also makes sure no old bugs appear from the addition of new software modules over time. Recovery Testing Recovery testing is done to demonstrate a software solution is reliable, trustworthy and can successfully recoup from possible crashes. Migration Testing Migration testing is done to ensure that the software can be moved from older system infrastructures to current system infrastructures without any issues. Functional Testing Also known as functional completeness testing, functional testing involves trying to think of any possible missing functions. Testers might make a list of additional functionalities that a product could have to improve it during functional testing. Hardware/Software Testing IBM refers to Hardware/Software testing as HW/SW Testing. This is when the tester focuses his/her attention on the interactions between the hardware and software during system testing.

What is Regression Testing?

The purpose of regression testing is to confirm that a recent program or code change has not adversely affected existing features. Regression testing is nothing but full or partial selection of already executed test cases which are reexecuted to ensure existing functionalities work fine. This testing is done to make sure that new code changes should not have side effects on the existing functionalities. It ensures that old code still works once the new code changes are done.

Need of Regression Testing

Regression Testing is required when there is a Change in requirements and code is modified according to the requirement New feature is added to the software Defect fixing Performance issue fix

Regression Testing Techniques

Retest All

This is one of the methods for regression testing in which all the tests in the existing test bucket or suite should be re-executed. This is very expensive as it requires huge time and resources.

Regression Test Selection

Instead of re-executing the entire test suite, it is better to select part of test suite to be run Test cases selected can be categorized as 1) Reusable Test Cases 2) Obsolete Test Cases. Re-usable Test cases can be used in succeeding regression cycles. Obsolete Test Cases cant be used in succeeding cycles.

Prioritization of Test Cases

Prioritize the test cases depending on business impact, critical & frequently used functionalities . Selection of test cases based on priority will greatly reduce the regression test suite.

Selecting test cases for regression testing

It was found from industry data that good number of the defects reported by customers were due to last minute bug fixes creating side effects and hence selecting the test case for regression testing is an art and not that easy. Effective Regression Tests can be done by selecting following test cases Test cases which have frequent defects Functionalities which are more visible to the users Test cases which verify core features of the product Test cases of Functionalities which has undergone more and recent changes All Integration Test Cases All Complex Test Cases Boundary value test cases Sample of Successful test cases Sample of Failure test cases

Regression Testing Tools

Quick Test Professional (QTP):HP Quick Test Professional is automated software designed to automate functional and regression test cases. It uses VbScript language for automation. It is a Data driven , Keyword based tool. Rational Functional Tester (RFT):IBMs rational functional tester is a java tool used to automate the test cases of software applications. This is primarily used for automating regression test cases and it also integrates with Rational Test Manager. Selenium:This is an open source tool used for automating web applications. Selenium can be used for browser based regression testing.

Regression Testing and Configuration Management

Configuration Management during Regression Testing becomes imperative in Agile Environments where code is being continuously modified. To ensure effective regression tests , observe the following : Code being regression tested should be under a configuration management tool No changes must be allowed to code , during the regression test phase. Regression test code must be kept immune to developer changes. The database used for regression testing must be isolated . No database changes must be allowed

Difference between Re-testing and regression testing:

Retesting means testing the functionality or bug again to ensure the code is fixed. If it is not fixed, defect needs to be re-opened. If fixed, defect is closed. Regression testing means testing your software application when it undergoes a code change to ensure that the new code has not affected other parts of the software.

Following are the major testing problems for doing regression testing:

With successive regression runs, test suites become fairly large. Due to time and budget constraints, the entire regression test suite cannot be executed Minimizing test suite while achieving maximum test coverage remains a challenge Determination of frequency of Regression Tests , i.e., after every modification or every build update or after a bunch of bug fixes, is a challenge.

Functional Testing
Functional testing verifies that each function of the software application operates in conformance with the requirement specification. This testing mainly involves black box testing and it is not concerned about the source code of the application. Each and every functionality of the system is tested by providing appropriate input, verifying the output and comparing the actual results with the expected results. This testing involves checking of User Interface, APIs, Database, security, client/ server applications and functionality of the Application Under Test. The testing can be done either manually or using automation

What do you test in Functional Testing?

The prime objective of Functional testing is checking the functionalities of the software system. It mainly concentrates on Mainline functions: Testing the main functions of an application Basic Usability: It involves basic usability testing of the system. It checks whether an user can freely navigate through the screens without any difficulties. Accessibility: Checks the accessibility of the system for the user Error Conditions: Usage of testing techniques to check for error conditions. It checks whether suitable error messages are displayed.

Functional Vs Non-Functional Testing:

Functional Testing Functional testing is performed using the functional specification provided by the client and verifies the system against the functional requirements. Functional testing is executed first Manual testing or automation tools can be used for functional testing Non-Functional Testing Non-Functional testing checks the Performance, reliability, scalability and other non-functional aspects of the software system. Non functional testing should be performed after functional testing Using tools will be effective for this testing

Business requirements are the inputs to Performance parameters like speed , scalability are inputs to non-functional testing. functional testing Functional testing describes what the product does Easy to do manual testing Types of Functional testing are Unit Testing Smoke Testing Sanity Testing Nonfunctional testing describes how good the product works Tough to do manual testing

Types of Non functional testing are Performance Testing Load Testing Volume Testing

Integration Testing White box testing Black Box testing User Acceptance testing Regression Testing

Stress Testing Security Testing Installation Testing Penetration Testing Compatibility Testing Migration Testing

Functional testing tools:

There are several tools available in the marker to perform functional testing. They are explained as follows:

JUnit Used mainly for Java applications and this can be used in Unit and system testing soapUI This is an open source functional testing tool, mainly used for Web service testing. It supports multiple protocols such HTTP, SOAP and JDBC. Watir This is functional testing tool for web applications. It supports tests executed at the web browser and uses ruby scripting language

Performance Testing
Software performance testing is a means of quality assurance (QA). It involves testing software applications to ensure they will perform well under their expected workload. Features and Functionality supported by a software system is not the only concern. A software applications performance like its response time, do matter. The goal of performance testing is not to find bugs but to eliminate performance bottlenecks

The focus of Performance testing is checking a software programs Speed Determines whether the application responds quickly Scalability Determines maximum user load the software application can handle. Stability Determines if the application is stable under varying loads

Why do performance testing?

Performance testing is done to provide stakeholders with information about their application regarding speed, stability and scalability. More importantly, performance testing uncovers what needs to be improved before the product goes to market. Without performance testing, software is likely to suffer from issues such as: running slow while several users use it simultaneously, inconsistencies across different operating systems and poor usability. Performance testing will determine whether or not their software meets speed, scalability and stability requirements under expected workloadsy. Applications sent to market with poor performance metrics due to nonexistent or poor performance testing are likely to gain a bad reputation and fail to meet expected sales goals.Also, mission critical applications like space launch programs or life saving medical equipments should be performance tested to ensure that they run for a long period of time without deviations.

Types of performance testing

Load testing checks the applications ability to perform under anticipated user loads. The objective is to identify performance bottlenecks before the software application goes live. Stress testing involves testing an application under extreme workloads to see how it handles high traffic or data processing .The objective is to identify breaking point of an application. Endurance testing is done to make sure the software can handle the expected load over a long period of time.

Spike testing tests the softwares reaction to sudden large spikes in the load generated by users. Volume testing Under Volume Testing large no. of. Data is populated in database and the overall software systems behavior is monitored. The objective is to check software applications performance under varying database volumes. Scalability testing The objective of scalability testing is to determine the software applications effectiveness in scaling up to support an increase in user load. It helps plan capacity addition to your software system.

Common Performance Problems

Most performance problems revolve around speed, response time, load time and poor scalability. Speed is often one of the most important attributes of an application. A slow running application will lose potential users. Performance testing is done to make sure an app runs fast enough to keep a users attention and interest. Take a look at the following list of common performance problems and notice how speed is a common factor in many of them:

Long Load time Load time is normally the initial time it takes an application to start. This should generally be kept to a minimum. While some applications are impossible to make load in under a minute, Load time should be kept under a few seconds if possible. Poor response time Response time is the time it takes from when a user inputs data into the application until the application outputs a response to that input. Generally this should be very quick. Again if a user has to wait too long, they lose interest. Poor scalability A software product suffers from poor scalability when it cannot handle the expected number of users or when it does not accommodate a wide enough range of users. Load testing should be done to be certain the application can handle the anticipated number of users. Bottlenecking Bottlenecks are obstructions in system which degrade overall system performance. Bottlenecking is when either coding errors or hardware issues cause a decrease of throughput under certain loads. Bottlenecking is often caused by one faulty section of code. The key to fixing a bottlenecking issue is to find the section of code that is causing the slow down and try to fix it there. Bottle necking is generally fixed by either fixing poor running processes or adding additional Hardware. Some common performance bottlenecks are CPU utilization Memory utilization Network utilization Operating System limitations Disk usage

Performance Testing Process

The methodology adopted for performance testing can vary widely but the objective for performance tests remain the same. It can help demonstrate that your software system meets certain pre-defined performance criteria. Or it can help compare performance of two software systems. It can also help identify parts of your software system which degrade its performance. Below is a generic performance testing process

1.

2.

Identify your testing environment Know your physical test environment, production environment and what testing tools are available. Understand details of the hardware, software and network configurations used during testing before you begin the testing process. It will help testers create more efficient tests. It will also help identify possible challenges that testers may encounter during the performance testing procedures. Identify the performance acceptance criteria This includes goals and constraints for throughput, response times and resource allocation. It is also necessary to identify project success criteria outside of these goals and constraints. Testers should be empowered to set performance criteria and goals because often the project specifications will not include a wide enough variety of performance benchmarks.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Sometimes there may be none at all. When possible finding a similar application to compare to is a good way to set performance goals. Plan & design performance tests Determine how usage is likely to vary amongst end users and identify key scenarios to test for all possible use cases. It is necessary to simulate a variety of end users, plan performance test data and outline what metrics will be gathered. Configuring the test environment Prepare the testing environment before execution. Also, arrange tools and other resources. Implement test design Create the performance tests according to your test design. Run the tests Execute and monitor the tests. Analyze, tune and retest Consolidate, analyze and share test results. Then fine tune and test again to see if there is an improvement or decrease in performance. Since improvements generally grow smaller with each retest, stop when bottlenecking is caused by the CPU. Then you may have the consider option of increasing CPU power.

Performance Parameters Monitored

The basic parameters monitored during performance testing include:

Processor Usage amount of time processor spends executing non-idle threads. Memory use amount of physical memory available to processes on a computer. Disk time amount of time disk is busy executing a read or write request. Bandwidth shows the bits per second used by a network interface. Private bytes number of bytes a process has allocated that cant be shared amongst other processes. These are used to measure memory leaks and usage. Committed memory amount of virtual memory used. Memory pages/second number of pages written to or read from the disk in order to resolve hard page faults. Hard page faults are when code not from the current working set is called up from elsewhere and retrieved from a disk. Page faults/second the overall rate in which fault pages are processed by the processor. This again occurs when a process requires code from outside its working set. CPU interrupts per second is the avg. number of hardware interrupts a processor is receiving and processing each second. Disk queue length is the avg. no. of read and write requests queued for the selected disk during a sample interval. Network output queue length length of the output packet queue in packets. Anything more than two means a delay and bottlenecking needs to be stopped. Network bytes total per second rate which bytes are sent and received on the interface including framing characters. Response time time from when a user enters a request until the first character of the response is received. Throughput rate a computer or network receives requests per second. Amount of connection pooling the number of user requests that are met by pooled connections. The more requests met by connections in the pool, the better the performance will be.

Maximum active sessions the maximum number of sessions that can be active at once. Hit ratios This has to do with the number of SQL statements that are handled by cached data instead of expensive I/O operations. This is a good place to start for solving bottlenecking issues. Hits per second the no. of hits on a web server during each second of a load test. Rollback segment - the amount of data that can rollback at any point in time. Database locks - locking of tables and databases needs to be monitored and carefully tuned. Top waits are monitored to determine what wait times can be cut down when dealing with the how fast data is retrieved from memory Thread counts An applications health can be measured by the no. of threads that are running and currently active. Garbage collection has to do with returning unused memory back to the system. Garbage collection needs to be monitored for efficiency.

Performance Test Tools

There are a wide variety of performance testing tools available in market. The tool you choose for testing will depend on many factors such as types of protocol supported , license cost , hardware requirements , platform support etc. Below is a list of popularly used testing tools. HP Loadrunner is the most popular performance testing tools on the market today. This tool is capable of simulating hundreds of thousands of users, putting applications under real life loads to determine their behavior under expected loads. Loadrunner features a virtual user generator which simulates the actions of live human users. HTTP Load - a throughput testing tool aimed at testing web servers by running several http or https fetches simultaneously to determine how a server handles the workload. Proxy Sniffer one of the leading tools used for load testing of web and application servers. It is a cloud based tool thats capable of simulating thousands of users. Summary

End to End Testing

Unlike System Testing, End-to-End Testing not only validates the software system under test but also checks its integration with external interfaces. Hence, the name End-to-End. The purpose of Endto-End Testing is to exercise a complete production-like scenario. Along with the software system, it also validates batch/data processing from other upstream/downstream systems. End to End Testing is usually executed after functional and system testing. It uses actual production like data and test environment to simulate real-time settings. End-to-End testing is also called Chain Testing

Why End to End Testing ?

Modern software systems are complex and are interconnected with multiple sub-systems A sub-system may be different from the current system or may be owned by another organization. If any one of the sub-system fails, the whole software system could collapse. This is major risk and can be avoided by End-to-End testing. End-to-End testing verifies the complete system flow. It increase test coverage of various sub-systems. It helps detect issues with sub-systems and increases confidence in the overall software product.

End to End testing Process:

The following diagram gives an overview of the End to End testing process.

The chief activities involved in End to End Testing are Study of end to end testing requirements Test Environment setup and hardware/software requirements Describe all the systems and its subsystems processes. Description of roles and responsibilities for all the systems Testing methodology and standards End to end requirements tracking and designing of test cases Input and output data for each system

How to create End-to-End Test Cases?

1. 2. 3.

End to End Testing Design framework consists of three parts Build user functions Build Conditions Build Test Cases Lets look at them in detail: -

Build User Functions

Following activities should be done as a part of build user functions: List down the features of the system and their interconnected components List the input data, action and the output data for each feature or function Identify the relationships between the functions Determine whether the function can be reusable or independent For example Consider a scenario where you login into your bank account and transfer some money to another account from some other bank (3rdparty sub-system)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Login into the banking system Check for the balance amount in the account Transfer some amount from your account to some other bank account (3rdparty sub-system) Check the your latest account balance Logout of the application

Build Conditions based on User Function

Following activities are performed as a part of build conditions: Building a set of conditions for each user function defined Conditions include sequence, timing and data conditions For example Checking of more conditions like Login Page Invalid User Name and Password Checking with valid user name and password Password strength checking Checking of error messages Balance Amount Check the current balance after 24 hours.(If the transfer is sent to different bank) Check for the error message if the transfer amount is greater than the current balance amount

Build Test Scenario

Building the test scenario for the user function defined In this case, Login into the system Check of bank balance amount Transfer the bank balance amount

Build Multiple Test cases

Build one or more test cases for each scenario defined .Test cases may include each condition as single test case.

Metrics for end to end testing:

Following are few of many metrics used for End to End Testing. Test Case preparation status: It gives Test Case preparation progress against planned Weekly Test Progress- Provides week-wise details of percentage test completion- Failed, not executed & executed against planned for execution tests. Defects Status & Details- It gives Percentage of open & closed defects by week. Also, week-wise defects distribution based on severity and priority Environment Availability -Total number of hours up / Total number of hours scheduled per day for testing

Difference between End to End Testing and System Testing:

End to End Testing Validates the software system as well as interconnected sub-systems All interfaces, backend systems will be considered for testing Its executed once system testing is completed. End to End testing involves checking external System Testing Validates just the software system as per the requirements specifications. Functional and Non-Functional Testing will be considered for testing Its executed after integration testing. Both Manual and Automation can be performed

It checks the complete end-to-end process flow. It checks system functionalities and features.

interfaces which can be complex to automate. Hence Manual Testing is preferred.

for system testing

Conclusion End to end testing is the process verifying a software system along with its sub-systems. The biggest challenge in this testing is to have enough knowledge of the whole system as well as interconnected subsystem.

Usability Testing
In Usability Testing, a small-set of target end-users, of a software system, use it to expose usability defects. This testing mainly focuses on the users-ease to use the application, flexibility in handling controls and ability of the system to meet its objectives. This testing is recommended during the initial design phase of SDLC, which gives more visibility on the expectations of the users.

Need for Usability Testing

Aesthetics and design are important. How well a product looks usually determines how well it works. There are many software applications / websites, which miserably fail, once launched, due to following reasons Where do I click next? Which page needs to be navigated? Which Icon or Jargon represents what? Error messages are not consistent or effectively displayed Session time not sufficient. Usability Testing identifies usability errors in the system early in development cycle and can save a product from failure.

Goals of Usability Testing

Goal of this testing is to satisfy users and it mainly concentrates on the following parameters of a system: Effectiveness of the system Is the system is easy to learn? Is the system useful and adds value to the target audience? Is Content, Color, Icons, Images used are aesthetically pleasing ? Efficiency Navigation required to reach desired screen/webpage should be very less. Scroll bars shouldnt be used frequently. Uniformity in the format of screen/pages in your application/website. Provision to search within your software application or website Accuracy No outdated or incorrect data like contact information/address should be present. No broken links should be present. User Friendliness Controls used should be self-explanatory and must not require training to operate Help should be provided for the users to understand the application / website Alignment with above goals helps in effective usability testing

Usability Testing Process

Usability testing process consists of the following phases

Planning:- During this phase the goals of usability test are determined. Having volunteers sit in front of your application and recording their actions is not a goal. You need to determine critical functionalities and objectives of system. You need to assign tasks to your testers, which exercise these critical functionalities. During this phase , usability testing method, number & demographics of usability testers , test report formats are also determined Recruiting: During this phase, you recruit the desired number of testers as per your usability test plan. Finding testers who match your demographic (age , sex etc ) and professional ( education , job etc .) profile can take time. Usability Testing: During this phase, usability tests are actually executed. Data Analysis: Data from usability tests is thoroughly analyzed to derive meaningful inferences and give actionable recommendations to improve overall usability of your product. Reporting: Findings of the usability test is shared with all concerned stakeholders which can include designer, developer, client, and CEO

Methods of Usability Testing

1. 2. There are two methods available to do usability testing Laboratory Usability Testing Remote Usability Testing Laboratory Usability Testing:. This testing is conducted in a separate lab room in presence of the observers. The testers are assigned tasks to execute. The role of the observer is to monitor behavior of the testers and report outcome of testing. The observer remains silent during the course of testing. In this testing both observers and testers are present in same physical location. Remote Usability Testing : Under this testing observers and testers are remotely located. Testers access the System Under Test, remotely and perform assigned tasks. Testers voice , screen activity , testers facial expressions are recorded by an automated software. Observers analyze this data and report findings of the test. Example of such a software -http://silverbackapp.com/

How many users do you need ?

Research ( Virzi, 1992 and Neilsen & Landauer , 1993) indicates that 5 users are enough to uncover 80% of usability problems. Some researchers suggest other numbers. The truth is , the actual number of user required depends on the complexity of the given application and your usability goals. Increase in usability participants results into increased cost , planning , participant management and data analysis.

But as a general guideline , if you on a small budget and interested in DIY usability testing 5 is a good number to start with. If budget is not a constraint its best consult experienced professionals to determine number of users.

Bestpractices- Usability testing

The primary goal of this testing is to find crucial usability problems before the product is launched . Following things have to be considered to make testing success: Start the testing during the early stage of design and development Its a good practice to conduct usability testing on your competitors product before you begin development. This will help you determine usability standards for your target audience Select the appropriate users to test the system(Can be experts/non-experts users/50-50 of Experts and Non-Experts users) Use a bandwidth shaper . For instance , your target audience has poor network connectivity , limit network bandwidth to say 56 Kbps for your usability testers. Testers need to concentrate on critical & frequently used functionalities of the system. Assign a single observer to each tester. This helps observer to accurately note testers behavior. If an observer is assigned to multiple testers, results may be compromised Educate Designers and Developers that this testing outcomes is not a sign of failure but its a sign of Improvement

Pros and Cons of Usability testing:

As with anything in life, usability testing has its merits and de-merits. Lets look at them Pros: It helps uncover usability issues before the product is marketed. It helps improve end user satisfaction It makes your system highly effective and efficient It helps gather true feedback from your target audience who actually use your system during usability test. You do not need to rely on opinions from random people. Cons:Cost is a major consideration in usability testing. It takes lots of resources to set up a Usability Test Lab. Recruiting and management of usability testers can also be expensive However, these costs pay themselves up in form of higher customer satisfaction, retention and repeat business. Usability testing is therefore highly recommended.

Manual Testing
In Manual Testing , Testers manually execute test cases without using any automation tools. Manual testing is the most primitive of all testing types and helps find bugs in the software system. Any new application must be manually tested before its testing can be automated. Manual testing requires more effort, but is necessary to check automation feasibility. Manual Testing does not require knowledge of any testing tool. One of the Software Testing Fundamental is "100% Automation is not possible". This makes Manual Testing imperative.

Goal of Manual Testing

The goal of Manual Testing is to ensure that the application is error free and it is working in conformance to the specified functional requirements. Test Suites or cases ,are designed during the testing phase and should have 100% test coverage. It also makes sure that reported defects are fixed by developers and retesting has been performed by testers on the fixed defects. Basically, this testing checks the quality of the system and delivers bug-free product to the customer.

Manual Testing types:

Below given diagram depicts Manual Testing Types. In fact any type of software testing type can be executed both manually as well using an automation tool.

Myths of Manual Testing

Following are few common myths and facts related to testing: Myth: Anyone can do manual testing Fact: Testing requires many skill sets Myth: Testing ensures 100% defect free product Fact: Testing attempts to find as many defects as possible. Identifying all possible defects is impossible. Myth: Automated testing is more powerful than manual testing Fact: 100% test automation cannot be done. Manual Testing is also essential. Myth: Testing is easy Fact: Testing can be extremely challenging .Testing an application for possible use cases with minimum test cases requires high analytical skills.

Comparison of Manual and Automated Testing

Automation Testing is use of tools to execute test cases whereas manual testing requires human intervention for test execution. Automation Testing saves time, cost and manpower. Once recorded, its easier to run an automated test suite when compared to manual testing which will require skilled labor.

Any type of application can be tested manually but automated testing is recommended only for stable systems and is mostly used for regression testing. Also, certain testing types like ad-hoc and monkey testing are more suited for manual execution. Manual testing can be become repetitive and boring. On the contrary, the boring part of executing same test cases time and again, is handled by automation software in automation testing. Conclusion Manual testing is an activity where the tester needs to be very patient, creative & open minded.They need to think and act with an End User perspective.