A. Kroeber - The Superorganic PDF

national academy of sciences
Alfred Kroeber
18761960
A Biographical Memoir by
Julian H. Steward
Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences.
Biographical Memoir Copyright 1962

national academy of sciences washington d.c.
ALFRED LOUIS KROEBER

June II, 1876-October 5, i960 BY JULIAN H. STEWARD
THE LAST DAY
5, i960, Alfred Kroeber died in Paris in his eightyfifth year, ending six decades of continuous and brilliant productivity. His professional reputation was second to none, and he was warmly respected by his colleagues as the dean of anthropology. Kroeber's insatiable curiosity had not been curtailed, his scientific writing had not slackened, and his zest for living was undiminished. His last illness, resulting from, a heart condition which had been incurred during the Second World War, came less than an hour before his death. The fullness of Kroeber's life was manifest in many ways.1 He
N OCTOBER For much of the personal information, I have drawn upon several unpublished manuscripts written by Kroeber in 1958 and 1959 for the Bancroft Library: "Early Anthropology at Columbia," "Teaching Staff (at California)," and the typescript of an interview. Mrs. Kroeber has rilled me in on many details of his personal life, especially before 1925 when I first knew him, and Professor Robert Heizer has helped round out the picture in many ways. Important insights into Kroeber's childhood and youth are provided by the late Dr. Carl Alsberg, his lifelong friend, in "Alfred L. Kroeber" in Essays in Anthropology Presented to A. L. Kroeber in Celebration of His Sixtieth Birthday, University of California Press, 1936, and by Kroeber's reminiscences of Alsberg in "The Making of the Man" in Carl Alsberg, Scientist at Large, edited by Joseph S. Davis, Stanford University Press, 1948. I am also indebted to members of the Department of Anthropolgy, University of California, for placing records and other materials at my disposal, and to Robert Heizer, John Rowe, Edward Bruner, Dell Hymes, Thomas Sebeok, and Rushton Colbourne for reading the manuscript. Ann Judith Gibson and John Rowe have kindly provided me with Kroeber's bibliography, which is far more complete than any previously published and which was a task of many months.
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played a major role in developing American anthropology from the rather random endeavors of amateurs and self-trained men to a coherent, scientific, and academic discipline. His contributions to knowledge included extensive ethnographic investigations in California and the Great Plains; archaeological studies in Mexico and Peru; 2 linguistic research,3 especially in California; theory of communications in the animal world generally; historical syntheses which often had world scope; and a large number of papers on the nature of culture. Kroeber developed one of the world's great research museums and teaching departments of anthropology. As the impact of his influence was felt, kudos accrued to him. He was the recipient of five honorary degrees (Yale, California, Harvard, Columbia, Chicago), two gold medals, and honorary membership in sixteen scientific societies, and he held offices in innumerable professional organizations.
FORMATIVE YEARS
Kroeber left no autobiographical materials, except occasional notes and interviews on phases of his professional career, and he made no assessment of the major factors in his life. His life is best viewed in terms of his own deep conviction that living and growing things organisms, individual persons and their minds, and culturesare indivisible wholes which must be understood in terms of developmental tendencies without dissection into components or search for particular causes. Kroeber's childhood and youth, his emergence as
The excellent photograph was taken by Paul Bishop of 2125 Durant Ave., Berkeley, California. Many appreciations will doubtless be written of Kroeber, but mention may now be made of A. L. Kroeber by Earl W. Count, an address given at Syracuse University, October 20, i960, and my own obituary, "Alfred Louis Kroeber, 1876-1960," Am. Anthropologist, 63(5)pt. 1:1038-60. 2 An account of Kroeber's archaeological work by John Howland Rowe will appear in an early edition of American Antiquity. 3 Dell H. Hymes has written on Kroeber's linguistic studies for Language, 37:128, 1961. I have felt incompetent to deal with this highly important aspect of his work.
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
a scholar, and his adult years of professional endeavor exhibit a rare continuity. There are no discernible intellectual dislocations and doubts, no dramatic discoveries, and no sharp turning points. The childhood background led naturally into the professional career, which consisted of a continuous amplification of a lifelong purpose. The background of the man and scholar was a German upper middle-class society of New York in which intellectual, aesthetic, and scientific interests and professional aspirations were a matter of course. This society of New York German families was a fairly tightly knit and extensively intermarried group, it shared a very special culture (though none of them thought of it as non-American), and it produced a disproportionate number of eminent scientists, writers, lawyers, and other professional persons. Family life and child training followed the German pattern. Kroeber's parents were both upper middle-class Protestants of German ancestry. Grandfather Kroeber had come to the United States when his son, Florence Kroeber, was ten years old. The date is unclear, but it was early enough so that the grandfather fought in the Civil War. Alfred Kroeber's mother, Johanna Muller, was Americanborn in a German family which produced many distinguished persons. Florence and Johanna had four children, all of whom acquired a scholarly interest, especially in natural history. Alfred, the oldest, was born in Hoboken, New Jersey, June n , 1876, but his family moved to New York City when he was very young. His family was bilingual, but German was the household language. During childhood he was introduced to Latin and Greek. This early experience in four languages stirred an enduring interest in linguistics. He later remarked that, as a school boy, he had been intrigued by the forms, or grammars, of languages, but had preferred Greek and Latin because English was too simple. At seven or eight, after having been taught at home, Alfred was placed under a private tutor, Dr. Bamberger, whom he shared with six other children. This vigorous German not only taught the three
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R's, but also made geography lessons vivid through views from Brooklyn Bridge, stimulated interest in natural history by means of collecting expeditions in Central Park, and so excited his students about classical history that, during summers on Long Island, they erected forts to fight ancient battles, such as the siege of Troy. Kroeber's formal schooling continued in the German pattern. He was sent to Sachs' Collegiate Institute, a grammar and high school, modeled on the French lycee or German gymnasium, which prepared boys for college. Except for a year, he continued here until he entered Columbia University in 1892 at the age of sixteen. These formative years established the fundamental characteristics of the man: a vast range of interests with special emphasis on natural history, a love of languages, an extraordinary aesthetic perceptiveness, and a strong sense of workmanship, or willingness to do thoroughly all the grubby little chores required of first-rate scholarship. Carl Alsberg described the young Kroeber as shy and reserved but always an independent thinker and a dissenter. While an undergraduate at Columbia College, he and a small circle of friends founded a magazine which, though mainly literary, barred no holds on criticism of any subject, including the university.
THE MAN
During the thirty-five years that I knew Kroeber he always seemed a miraculously well-integrated, smoothly functioning man. It is hard to imagine a person who showed fewer internal conflicts, worked with less lost motion, and managed more felicitously to combine an extremely happy family life with monumental professional accomplishments. His economy of effort was manifest in his ability to read at high speed and absorb essentials, and to write with an extraordinary cogency, conciseness, and choice of words. Kroeber's adult life was a continuation of the childhood and teenage pattern, which had created a rare singleness of purpose. He always had boundless curiosity, and would discuss new ideas for hours. He had an uncanny grasp of the essential qualities of poetry, art,
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music, and religious and philosophical ideas, which were of major importance in his characterization of cultural styles. And he had little time for the trivia of modern life. His basic interests were at once the substance and spice of life. He was always earnest and dedicated, but not solemn; intensely purposeful but not oppressively or domineeringly so. In fact, he always accepted life exuberantly, and enjoyed people and gossip enormously. Another facet of the same character was a slowness to anger.
CHOOSING A PROFESSION
When Kroeber was an undergraduate, anthropology did not exist as a distinct, unified academic discipline at Columbia University. Prior to Franz Boas' appointment to the faculty in 1896, Livingston Farrand (later to become President of Cornell University) was Lecturer in physical psychology and gave a course on primitive culture, and W. V. Ripley, a specialist on railroad economics (known for his Races of Europe), taught a course on physical geography and anthropology. Boas, trained as a physicist and later a geographer, had been employed as an anthropologist at Clark University, the Field Museum in Chicago, and at the American Museum of Natural History before his appointment to Columbia University. Columbia was not very different from other universities of that era, when anthropologywhich had earlier been represented only in museums, and largely by amateurswas being introduced into universities by diverse expediencies and had not yet achieved the unity we know today. Kroeber entered Columbia College with an interest in English and literature, and he went on to take an M.A. degree in English in 1897 (thesis: "The English Heroic Play"), served as Teaching Assistant for two years (1897-99), and taught a course in eighteenth-century English literature. His conversion to anthropology was in part a gradual intellectual seduction. He had not taken Farrand's or Ripley's courses as an undergraduate. Sheer curiosity led him to take Boas' language seminar in 1896, but this flamed into enthusiasm when
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the students worked with Eskimo and Chinook informants in New York City. Kroeber went on to take other courses in anthropology, and, in 1809 and 1900, did field work among the Arapaho, Ute, Shoshone, and Bannock tribes. In 1899-1900, he accepted a fellowship in anthropology and elected psychology as his minor. He prepared and defended his Ph.D. dissertation in the spring of 1901.4 Kroeber's gradual immersion in anthropology via his linguistic and natural history interests has something of the inevitable. But Alsberg, his closest friend at this time, discloses another motivation for his choosing anthropology and thereby an important, although largely covert, idealism. Alsberg, a chemist, argued against Kroeber's going into research in a subject so "vague, inchoate and intangible," to which Kroeber replied that "a result in chemistry or physics . . . was not likely to affect men's thinking and to make for progress in the only way that was worth while . . . to free men intellectually. The confused thinking about religion was perhaps the most important bar to man's progress and freedom." Kroeber's interest in cultural values many years later was more than a humanist's view of styles or contexts. He treated the questions of objective or scientific criteria of progress quite explicitly in several papers, and yet he eschewed programs of research aimed at social reform. Apparently he wished to create a perspective and to destroy ethnocentric thinking without committing himself to problems of human welfare.
BUILDING ANTHROPOLOGY AT CALIFORNIA
Kroeber began his professional career at the University of California in Berkeley in 1901, a time when anthropology was marked by fundamental trends to which Kroeber repeatedly called attention. Rather parallel in different institutions, it deeply affected the employment of anthropologists and the nature of their work. At first everywhere a museum subject, anthropology had acquired two compoKroeber presents some of this information in Franz Boas: The Man, Mem. Am. Anthropol. Assoc, 61:5-26, 1943. There are other reminiscences in his unpublished "Anthropology at Columbia."
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nents: one, natural science, concerned with collections, classification, and natural history; the other, humanistic, concerned especially with aesthetic features that lent themselves to exhibits. The third component, social science, was added later, after anthropology became associated with economics, sociology, political science, psychology, and geography in the universities. These three components were to make anthropology unique in its threefold affiliation with research councils: the National Research Council, owing especially to physical anthropology and archaeology; the Social Science Research Council, owing to ethnography and ethnology; and the American Council of Learned Societies, owing to its interests in linguistics, art, history, values, and other humanistic studies. Kroeber was always aware of these aspects of anthropology, and he played a major role in establishing the identity of anthropology and its foundation affiliations. At the same time, his own interests were explicitly in natural history and the humanities. He never really embraced the social science component of anthropology. The initial impetus to anthropology at California was given by Mrs. Phoebe Hearst, a regent of the university and mother of William Randolph Hearst. Interested in art and cultural objects, she planned to build a museum for the university. In 1899, she undertook to obtain collections for it through personal contracts to bring specimens from Peru (much of this material was published later by Kroeber and his students, and led to Kroeber's field trips to Peru in the 1920's), Egypt, Greece and Rome, and California. Mrs. Hearst's interest encouraged President B. I. Wheeler of the University of California to create a Museum and Department of Anthropology in
1901.
In 1901, Kroeber and P. E. Goddard were appointed university instructors, and Mrs. Hearst paid their salaries for five years at $1200 per annum. Each taught one semester, but their principal jobs were to investigate the diversified and little-known languages and cultures of native California. Some five or six years later they taught both semesters, and Kroeber was appointed Assistant Professor and paid
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from university funds. Teaching accumulated such momentum that they were able to award Samuel Barrett a Ph.D. in anthropology in 1908. An important achievement during these early years was the establishment of the University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, which issued monographs on California Indians and on a wide variety of subjects. This series is perhaps second in volume only to the publications of the Bureau of American Ethnology, which was begun some thirty years earlier. The story of the museum and departmental facilities was to be one of heartbreak and delay. Mrs. Hearst encountered financial difficulties, and the museum could not be constructed. Anthropology was housed in a "temporary" building which was a corrugated iron warehouse, constructed in 1902 to store Mrs. Hearst's collections. In 1903, the anthropology collections were moved to the unused law building of the Affiliated Colleges in San Francisco, then, in 1931, to a former engineering building on the Berkeley campus. The hope for a new building was finally realized after six decades in i960 when the departmental offices, library, teaching facilities, and museumThe Robert H. Lowie Museumwere housed in Kroeber Hall, which also included the Department of Art. Happily, Kroeber was present at the dedication on May 5 of that year. After joining the university staff in 1901, Kroeber had divided his time between Berkeley and San Francisco. He became Secretary of Anthropology and eventually Head of the Department. In 1909, he became Curator of the Museum. His principal activities, however, centered in San Francisco, where he lived until 1917. The San Francisco period was productive in research and in building museum, collections from the Indians of California, but it was a time of personal tragedy. Kroeber married Henrietta Rothschild in 1906, but she contracted tuberculosis and died in 1913 after five years of lingering illness. His meager salary had barely sufficed to meet doctors' bills. Kroeber moved to the Faculty Club on the Berkeley campus in
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1917, when the teaching department had so grown as to demand more attention. Various people came and went before the permanent staff was established. Robert H. Lowie, who had been visiting lecturer in 1917-18, was appointed permanently in 1921, the year that Kroeber sets as California's serious advent into graduate teaching. The third member of anthropology's teaching threesome throughout the 1920's was Edward W. Gifford, an ornithologist who had come to the Department and Museum in 1912. In 1925, the increasing number of graduate students included Theodora Krakow Brown, or Krakie, an attractive widow with two young sons, Clifton and Theodore. The spring semester of 1926 brought the marriage of Kroeber and Krakie. This marriage was one of the happiest I have ever seen. Krakie, whose warmth and constant good nature endears her to everyone, was the ideal anthropologist's wife and perfect complement for Kroeber. They were rarely separated, even while their four children, Karl and Ursula who were their own, together with Ted and Clifton, were growing up. Marriage in no way slowed Kroeber's professional output, nor did his productivity interfere with a warm family life or preclude a happy social life with their innumerable friends. Prior to 1926, California had given two Ph.D.'s in anthropology. During the 1930's, the number of students at Berkeley, including candidates for higher degrees, increased rapidly and the faculty expanded. Previously, the Department had taught basic fact and theory, but offered little specialized training for graduate students. Kroeber liked especially to deal with civilizations in which archaeology and ethnology were not distinguished. Despite his tremendous interest in linguistics, he offered no formal courses in the subject. His reason for not giving special courses was that of Boas, whom he quoted, "If they have shown that they are good men, they should be given their degrees, after which they will learn what they need." Despite the absence of specialized training in such subjects as archaeology, linguistics, and physical anthropology, Kroeber's students acquired a basic knowledge of culture which enabled many of them to achieve
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eminence. The need for more specialized skills was remedied in the 1930's, when the Department began to fill out with additional appointments. Its program continued to attract graduate students. Between 1926 and 1930, California awarded seven Ph.D.'s in anthropology, and between 1931 and Kroeber's retirement in 1946, it gave twenty-five. Since 1946, it has given fifty-seven. In 1936, when Kroeber's sixtieth birthday was celebrated with a festschrift volume (see footnote 1), his professional accomplishments were more than sufficient to insure a lasting reputation. But twenty-five more productive years lay ahead. During the Second World War, a heart attack was nearly fatal, but meticulous care of his health thereafter enabled him to carry on with his usual efficiency and much the same vigor. Retirement from the University of California in 1946 at the age of seventy brought teaching offers from all parts of the country. First, however, in the spring of 1946 the Kroebers went to England, where he received the Huxley Medal. After spending the next year in Berkeley, they visited Columbia University for summer school, then spent a year at Harvard in 1947-48. From 1948 to 1952, he was Visiting Professor at Columbia University, and in early summer, 1952, he organized the Wenner-Gren World Conference on Anthropology held in New York. (This was published in Anthropology Today, University of Chicago Press, 1953.) In 1954, he was Visiting Professor at Brandeis University, in 1955-56, he was a Fellow of the Center for Advanced Studies in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford, California, and in the fall of 1956 he gave the Messenger Lectures (on "Style and Civilization") at Cornell University. He visited the Center at Stanford again in the spring of 1957, was Visiting Professor at Yale University in 1958, and in the fall of 1959 had a major role in the Darwin Centennial symposium and conference at the University of Chicago. The Kroebers returned to Berkeley, and then attended the summer conference in Austria in i960. He had planned a seminar at Berkeley on the Indians of California for the fall of i960.
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BIOGRAPHICAL
MEMOIRS
THE SCHOLAR AND SCIENTIST: THEORETICAL VIEWS AND SUBSTANTIVE WORKS
If one accepts Kroeber's date of i860 for the beginning of "organized anthropology," his own professional activities covered sixtenths of the history of such anthropology. They expectably reflect trends begun a half century ago, but they were especially characterized by his bent for natural history and pervasively colored by his intuition and aesthetic perceptiveness. Kroeber insistently viewed phenomena of all kinds in contexts, matrices, or wholes. His lifelong endeavor or goal was to understand the nature of the contexts of cultural phenomena. He described himself as primarily"congenitally"a humanist and a natural historian, or natural scientist, and he expressly repudiated any contention that cultural analysis could employ the method of the physical sciences; that is, a method which isolates phenomena in order to discover particular causes and effects. Any studies he made of parts of culture always had the "adhering context" in mind. Kroeber also disclaimed a social science orientation: "It is clear that I am not by temperament a social scientist" (1952). This statement, however, seems to reflect partly a disinclination to deal with problems of human welfare, which strongly oriented much social science, and partly his own strong intellectual roots in the humanistic and natural science components of anthropology, which were put down during his youth. Kroeber's lack of social science orientation also derived from a disinclination to deal with the microscopic analyses and correlations involved in structural and functional studies. Kroeber's early interest in languages, natural history, and contexts predisposed him to accept those precepts of Boas' teaching that have become basic in American anthropology: first, unrelenting empiricism, which repudiated the earlier deductive systematizers and theoreticians who had arranged cultural data in various a priori categories and developmental schemes; second, stress upon the primary importance of intensive first-hand ethnographic field work.
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Probably no anthropologist has spent as many years as Kroeber collecting and dealing with original cultural data or furthering field research programs. Kroeber also followed Boas in the cultural relativistic view: the concept that each cultural pattern or configuration is unique, different from all others, and comprehensible only in terms of itself. This led to a lifetime of inquiry about the "nature of culture" about how to characterize cultures and diagnose their distinguishing stylistic features. A classificatory scheme which has a special category for each culture does not, of course, lend itself to generalizations, to abstractions of form and function, or to deductions or inferences concerning causality, processes, or regularities. Hence, Kroeber's repudiation of cultural laws or scientific generalizations. Kroeber differed from Boas in several crucial respects. Deeply interested from childhood in history, he added time depth to the essentially synchronic ethnology of Boas and most of Boas' students, who were less opposed to than uninterested in utilizing historical data. Kroeber observed that Americans tended to view the past "not as a receding stereoscopic continuum but as a uniform non-present" (1950). He was also uncompromising in his insistence that culture should be conceptualized in Herbert Spencer's terms as phenomena of a superorganic level: that culture derives from culture, and that conceptualizations or explanations"reductionism"which introduce psychological, organic, or environmental factors are indefensible. Kroeber's history was superorganic and supra-individual; it was deterministic and had no place for the great man theory. Kroeber's conviction that culture is superorganic influenced his views on psychology and anthropology. As an anthropologist, he was no more interested in the effect of culture upon the individual (the culture and personality approach) than in the effect of the individual upon culture (the great man theory of history). During the 1930's, the cultural and personality approach began to offer a means of placing the characterization of cultural contexts upon a psychological rather
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than stylistic basis. These studies, which at first were based strongly upon psychoanalysis, assumed that cultural personality types were formed during childhood, owing to specific socializing processes, and were later projected into cultural patterns of adult life. Despite having taken a graduate minor in psychology, having been psychoanalyzed for three months in 1920, having maintained an office and practiced psychoanalysis successfully in San Francisco between 1921 and 1923, Kroeber remained uncompromisingly opposed to reductionism. Personality problems at a psychological level, which he regarded as directed toward personality betterment (The Nature of Culture, 1952, p. 108), were a different matter from cultural problems at a superorganic or sociocultural level. One of his greatest works, Configurations of Culture Growth (1944), deals with the superorganic nature of culture, especially with respect to individual geniuses, who cluster at climaxes or culminations in human history. The book undertakes to show that individual achievements express but do not explain cultural climaxes. Inherent ability was given scope by high points of civilization, and obversely the scarcity of great men during periods of cultural decline or dark ages was the function of contexts that caused genius to remain latent. Like his studies of women's fashions, the intent was to show that culture changes according to its own tendencies. He was not concerned, as some have thought, with any inherent periodicity or regularity in rhythms of particular phenomena. Kroeber's lifelong position that cultural phenomena must be viewed in their context was clearly set forth in his doctoral dissertation on Arapaho art published in 1901. Just as any art simultaneously manifests tendencies of geometric forms to become symbols of realism and realistic forms to become conventionalized or geometric designs, so any culture consists of many interrelated and often indistinguishable tendencies. These tendencies "are both eternally living and everlastingly changing. They flow into one another; they transform themselves; they are indistinguishably combined where they coexist." Kroeber's approach to the nature of culture was twofold. On the
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one hand, he characterized cultures by means of culture element lists, that is, in terms of the minutia of their content. On the other hand, he sought major styles, philosophies, and values. The first concept is that a society, or several contiguous societies, have an agglomeration of culture elements which have no other necessary connection than the historical, or diffusional, fact of clustering territorially. Much of Kroeber's work dealt with element distributions, especially the University of California Element List Surveys during the 1930's. Areas defined by elements were given time depth by construing the distributions as historical adhesions, layered as in a cake. The most widely spread elements represented the oldest layer, which had been supplemented, or supplanted, by increments which introduced greater complexity and which modified patterns in more restricted areas, or more recent historical layers. This approach is well exemplified in The Peoples of the Philippines (1919) and The Handbook of the Indians of California (1925). Intermediate between dealing with element content at one extreme and predominant styles at the other was attention to clusters or categories of elements, such as ceremonialism in central California, which seemed to indicate cultural emphasis. Kroeber's treatment of styles, however, presented certain difficulties, because, like all relativistic approaches, it is essentially subjective and intuitive. Each scholar can devise his own terms and view culture according to his own interests. Boas had written of "style," of "fundamental psychic attitudes," and of the influence of cultural practices upon "man's mental life." All-pervasive attitudes are glimpsed in some of Boas' ethnographies, but they are far from explicit. Ruth Benedict, in Patterns of Culture, was more satisfyingly explicit in her use of analogies drawn from Greek mythology, such as using "Dionysian" for the pervading frenzy alleged to have characterized Plains Indian behavior and "Apollonian" as descriptive of the serenity of the Pueblo, and her book continues to be a best seller. Kroeber sympathized with Benedict's humanistic characterization of wholes, but denied that "pattern" so conceived was a factor that in-
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tegratedwas the binding force of-the whole culture. He not only conceived style as more than aesthetic or literary characterizations, but also eventually, if incidentally, introduced some structural characteristics. In 1951 he described style as "a self-consistent way of behaving . . . selected out from among alternatively possible ways. . . . And it is selective with reference to values"; that is, culture ascribes special value to particular themes or interests (The Nature of Culture, 1952, p. 402). He distinguished styles from "reality culture," that is, ways of living, including technology, and from "social structure and relations" (see below). "The style [also called cultural style pattern (p. 407)] successively forms, develops, matures, decays, and either dissolves or atrophies into a dead petrification" (p. 403), or it may disintegrate and reconstitute itself as a new style. Its history is irreversible. This approach to style is one of descriptive analysis. "The causes of qualities and values are . . . difficult to find. We can do little more than describe the circumstances amid which a style forms" (p. 403, italics mine). Kroeber stated that the stylespattern values or directionsof the High Middle Ages of Europe after A.D. 900 included: total commitment to Christianity, a sense of nationalism, Romanesque-Gothic architecture, stained glass, sculpture, revival of learning, Scholastic philosophy. This was followed by the beginning of the Modern Western Civilization: wider geographic knowledge, trade, civilian architecture, painting, weakening of the Church, development of science, new kinds of philosophy, and printing (pp. 4O5-7)Kroeber's conception of culture was thus inseparably part of his sense of history, and his erudition made him uniquely competent to take the grand view. He constantly saw changes in styles as flows and continua, pulses, culminations and diminutions, convergences and divergences, divisions, blends and cross-currents by which cultures develop and mutually influence one another. He dealt with culture history in all parts of the world and in all periods from the Palaeolithic to the present day.
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It is as a social scientist that Kroeber is most difficult to assess. In 1940 he explained that by "natural science," in contrast to social science, he meant an approach that was "empirical, inductive, and free of any motivation of applicability or social control." This was really a repudiation of interest in human welfare problems. He concluded that standard ethnography, archaeology, and culture history in terms both of disparate traits or culture elements and of wholes follows the methodology of language studies, whereas, "in contrast, consciously functional anthropology, social anthropology, and sociology tend to be non-historical, reductionist, and interested in cause" (The Nature of Culture, 1952, p. 107). Frequently he cited linguistic studies as the model of his superorganic and historical view of culture. Parts of speech would lose meaning if isolated from the grammars or structures of language; language forms cannot be explained by psychological processes operating through particular individuals; they are significant essentially in their historicity (see "Causes in Culture," 1952, pp. 107-9). This dichotomy between natural science and social science is more a declaration of Kroeber's personal interests than of inherent logic. A functional-historical approach is conceivable, and some of us have used it. Reductionism may be necessary if one is interested in breaking out of the culture-comes-from-culture formulation and in seeking causes or processes, such as the effects of demographic trends or ecological adaptations upon culture; but regularities may also be formulated in purely culturological terms. While I cannot agree that functionalism need be concerned with "timeless process," as Kroeber contends, it is true that process is normally an abstraction, whether of synchronic or diachronic relationships, that is derived from more than one culture and therefore partly removed from the reality of particulars. Kroeber, in short, was concerned more with style than with structure, more with the particulars of individual histories than with generalized process and more with wholes than with parts. Characterizations of culture, including Kroeber's, used ethos, styles,
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values, patterns, and other relativistic diagnostics, which were inherently ill-adapted for a comparative or developmental taxonomy that would disclose processes of change. Until the 1930's, folklore, religion, art, and other humanistic aspects of culture had, in fact, a far more central place than structure in cultural studies. Kroeber was aware that cultural taxonomy was pre-Linnaean, but this did not lead him to postulate abstract, cross-cultural categories based primarily upon structure. Characteristically, he approached problems of structures via cultural wholes, but he did suggest crucial hypotheses in several papers. These contributions have received far too little attention. Early in his career he had dealt with the problem of structure as it was then phrased: the relationship between kinship terms, marriage rules, and descent groups. This problem was derived from the nineteenth-century theories, which postulated that kinship terms reflected marriage systems that had existed in the past if not in the present. None really dealt with whole societies, such as bands, hordes, communities, tribes, or other total units of interpersonal relationships. In 1909, Kroeber's "Classificatory Systems of Relationship" had warned against regarding kinship terms as reflections of sociological systemsespecially marriage systemswhen several different relatives were designated by the same term, and suggested that the terms had linguistic rather than sociological connotation and that they were psychological extensions of terms to several categories of people. In 1917, his "Zufii Kin and Clan," one of the first major field studies directed toward kinship problems, emphasized the error of supposing that a strong clan system necessarily precluded a nuclear family system or indicated that the matrilineal clan developed before the family. He also questioned the inference that a high correlation between certain kinds of exogamous organizations and classificatory systems proved a causal connection between these isolated phenomena. Skeptical that a single sociological factor could explain a particular phenomenon, he suggested that both exogamy and kinship terms more broadly express descent systems and tendencies of the total context. He used to make a similar point in an introductory
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course when he pointed out that beer drinking, eating of sauerkraut, and love of certain kinds of music had a high correlation in Germany, but were related only within the historical context and not conceivably by direct causal effect of one upon another. His "Basic and Secondary Patterns of Social Structure" (1938, republished in The Nature of Culture, 1952) relates problems of kinship systems to the larger question of what is basic or primary and what is secondary in a total culture. It offers an hypothesis for cultural taxonomy that ascribes major importance to structural features and their transformations. Starting with Radcliffe-Brown's Australian data, he uses a distributional or age-area method to infer sequential change from distributions of marriage and kinship systems, and then postulates that, in the social organization of primitive people generally, patterns of group residence and subsistence associations may be primary, or invariant, whereas clans, moieties, marriage classes, totems, and other elaborations may be secondary or "unstable embroideries on the primary patterns" {The Nature of Culture, 1952, p. 308). The central question of what is basic and stable and what is secondary ran through several other works which bear crucially on the problem of cultural taxonomy. Earlier, he had found that so emotion-laden a custom as the method of disposing of the dead changed with surprising ease. His several studies of changes in women's fashions also had the central theme of relative changeability. He finally postulated a general dichotomy: first, "relatively primary and stable patterns and constituents of cultures"; and second, features which are "relatively secondary, unstable, within the field of innovation from internal cultural causes and perhaps more readily invested with conscious group emotions" (p. 309). This problem is amenable to scientific method rather than mere intuitive insights, but it is especially difficult because it involves whole cultures rather than social structures. "I submit," he said "that, in addition to unilateral descent reckoning, much of the formalized social organization of primitive peoples is in the nature of uncon-
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scious experiment and play of fashions rather than the core or substance of their culture. In certain cases, as in Australia, it may well represent the pinnacle of their achievement, just as experimentation and play with abstractions, words and plastic forms resulted in the pinnacles of Greek civilization, while science, technology, or exploitation of nature are those of our own. But the pinnacles are end products, not bases" (The Nature of Culture, 1952, p. 309). He came at the problem of differential stability again in "Reality Culture and Value Culture" (1951, included in The Nature of Culture) wherein he noted that at least four components of culture change in their own distinctive ways. He stated, "there seems to be a certain importance in the conceptual distinction between... reality culture" and "value culture." The former includes science, technology, and on occasion other aspects of culture. The latter includes ethos, morality, art, and other expressions of value. Reality culture is "largely diffusional and accumulative"; value culture is "ever recreative." "A third major segment, the societal, seems to be neither specifically accumulative nor specifically creative" (p. 165). Language is a fourth segment. In the 1959 Darwin Centennial he also suggested disimilarity in the history of components of culturee.g., technology which is cumulative, art which pulses, society which is somewhat indeterminant. An earlier essay, "Societies of Primitive Man" (1942, included in The Nature of Culture), had suggested causality in rather basic social transformations from the primitive emphasis upon kinship ties to the civilized emphasis upon political organization. "A rather vital nexus of political organization through economics with technological development can be inferred. Primitives, being weak in the latter, remained weak in the former" (p. 225). His essay on "Reality Culture and Value Culture," however, seems to relegate the distinction between kinship-based and politically organized societies, which are categories representing a major transformation, to minor taxonomic importance, and the question of basic and secondary features is ignored.
211
Kroeber always remained a relativist if not a holist. In the final analysis he saw in each culture an unique emphasis upon one or several bands in the total spectrum of possible human behavior, wherein kinship systems, types of sculpture, science, and philosophy could be equally important diagnostic criteria. Since different components of culture, however, changed in their own ways and emphasis on style constantly shifted, his cultures could not flow through time as integrated wholes. While Kroeber's substantive works are only partly separable from his theoretical contributions, the former are perhaps best known, though not necessarily of greatest importance. In total number, the ethnology of California naturally ranks first with more than seventy papers. The peak was in the 1920's and 1930's, but the interest continued throughout his life. Essays on languages, especially of California, are a close second, and eventually they exceeded ethnology. During his last decade he acquired a renewed interest in language. Articles and monographs essentially on theory, although always massively substantive, exceed the previous categories, and if general works are included, they number more than eighty. Interestingly, these show two peaks: one in the 1910's, with the first probings; the other, between 1940 and i960, after Kroeber was sixty-four years old. Science is clearly indebted to his longevity, for most of the incisive delineations and elaborations of his views were written after an age when most persons have passed their productive years, and many were presented after his retirement. Writings on American Indian cultures were also interpretative and theoretical, and these acquired momentum after 1920. They reached a peak in the 1930's, except that Peru, one of his special fields, was the subject of some twentyfive articles between 1920 and i960. Kroeber was never a physical anthropologist, and, although he summarized basic information in his Anthropology (1923, 1948), his publications on the subject were negligible. He was active in archaeological field work, though less so than in ethnography.
212
This distribution of effort indicates first a substantive interest directed initially toward California cultures and languages, later toward the Western Hemisphere and Peru in particular, and eventually toward world culture history and major civilizations; and second, the unfolding of a point of view, which he might express in a discussion of arrow-release distributions, changes in burial customs, practices concerning dogs, salt and tobacco in California, fashions in women's dress, the novel in Asia and Europe, or in terms of major historic trends, which dealt not only with world phenomena but with such interpreters as Spengler, Toynbee, and other historians. These bolder efforts came mainly within the last three decades of his life. One of Kroeber's greatest works was the Handboo\ of the Indians of California published in 1925. This thousand-page volume, which has long been a collector's item, is not only a compendium of everything known about the Indians at that time, but also sets forth culture areas and subareas and their historic implications. Such ordering of data had been anticipated in several previous papers. Whereas his contemporary, Clark Wissler, delineated native New World culture areas about this same time mainly in terms of technological adaptations to distinctive environments, Kroeber tended to emphasize religious organization and belief. By the 1930's Kroeber and his associates undertook a four-year Element List Survey which was carried out by thirteen field workers among 254 tribes and tribal subdivisions west of the Rocky Mountains. The lists ranged from 3000 to more than 6000 elements, the presence and absence of which were recorded for each local group. The element lists were useful for distribution studies and comparisons, but they could only suggest the cultural emphases, styles, or configurations, which interested Kroeber so much; they could not record social structures, for these had not been conceptualized or broken down into significant elements so as to be amenable to such recording. Kroeber always kept abreast of all Americanist research, but Peru
213
became his special interest. His aesthetic perceptiveness was especially important in sensing the stylistic relationships in Peruvian ceramics and other art manifestations that helped establish a stylistic chronologya skeletal framework for determining time and place relationships of associated materialsupon which other understandings, e.g., social and political, depended. Kroeber's enlarged interests in cultural areas and cultural continuities led to another of his major works, Cultural and Natural Areas in Native North America (1939). By this time, so much was known about American Indians that no one but Kroeber, now the leading Americanist, would presume to synthesize the knowledge in a single work. Moreover, when major cooperative works were written on special areas, such as Meso-America (e.g., The Maya and the Neighbors), Kroeber was usually asked to write the summary, interpretative chapter. Cultural and Natural Areas not only delineated cultural areas, but also related them to natural areas and, more important, introduced the concept of cultural climax. Earlier element distribution studies had employed the concept of culture centers within areas, which were more complex and therefore presumed to be more inventive, and of margins, which were the simple, uninventive peripheral recipients of cultural achievements. Kroeber's concept of cultural climax avoided the implication that greatest complexity meant the locus of inventiveness, and called attention instead to cultural intensification. Kroeber expanded the culture area concept to even larger territories of element distributions which were explainable by cultural diffusion. He enlarged his historical interpretations, and interpreted cultural development in the Western Hemisphere much as he had done in California. Later, in his Huxley lecture, "The Oikoumene" (1946), he delineated the cultural particulars, such as the arch, wheel, and alphabet, that distinguished the Old World from the New World. Underlying such global interpretations was vast knowledge of cultural history during all periods and a lifelong tendency to organize the data in terms of diffusion and distributions. A similar method of, organizing data was given his students, as when we made
214
distributional studies of Indian games, and it underlay the element list surveys. Finally, Kroeber's Anthropology (edition of 1948) is probably the most important single work ever written in anthropology. It was first published in 1923 as a modest introductory textbook because there had been no general summary since E. B. Tylor's Anthropology of 1881. For many years, it was the principal textbook for introductory courses in the United States. The new edition of 1948 became something else. This 850-page book gives a basic resume of nearly all recent fields of anthropology, incisive appraisals of new trends, and statements of Kroeber's own views on subjects previously published elsewhere together with many points not made before. Its notable omission is the social science and structural components of anthropology. While the 1948 edition offers freshmen and sophomores solid fodder, it is not now the principal introductory text. But, perhaps more important, it constitutes a basic survey of modern anthropology which well serves Ph.D. candidates and all others wishing a sophisticated view.
CONCLUDING COMMENTS
It is impossible in a brief memorial article to do justice to a great scientist whose works are still a very living part of anthropology and related disciplines. Kroeber's place in history will be determined more by the scholars who continue to be influenced by his writings in the future than by those of us who now undertake so myopically to assess his achievements. In histories of social science, appraisals of the great minds tend strongly to show the interests and preoccupations of the historians. The present article is a very humble attempt to suggest some of Kroeber's main achievements, but it cannot claim objectivity. The comments on Kroeber's achievements are made in the light of my own view that causes, explanations, or processes which are not peculiar to each relativistically unique culture can be identified. In spite of my differences with Kroeber, I am deeply convinced that his five-
215
hundred-odd publications are, and will be for many decades, an almost inexhaustible mine not only of information, but also of problems, concepts, and hypotheses which have not yet made sufficient impact upon the world of scholarship. I have tried to indicate that Kroeber frequently touched with deep insights many problems that searchers for causes might well heed. Some of his syntheses and interpretations could readily be classed as "hard science." For example, his unpretentious summary of the parallel developments of the early Old World and New World civilization in Anthropology (1948), comes as near to a first-level formulation of causality, or process that operated cross-culturally, as can be made even while disavowing such intent. Foremost among the basic scientific problems raised by Kroeber is that of classifying whole cultures. Parts of culture, such as social systems or categories of religious concepts, are amenable to cross-cultural classification. A taxonomy of whole cultures has proved to be extremely difficult; perhaps it is impossible. While Kroeber was not especially interested in taxonomy for its own sake, his constant preoccupation with the nature of culture took him vastly farther than anyone else attempting it.
2l6
KEY T O ABBREVIATIONS Am. Anthropologist = American Anthropologist Am. Antiquity = American Antiquity Am. J. Physical Anthropology = American Journal of Physical Anthropology Am. J. Sociology = The American Journal of Sociology Am. Mercury = The American Mercury Am. Mus. J. = The American Museum Journal Am. Mus. Natural Hist. Guide Leaflet = American Museum of Natural History Guide Leaflet Am. Mus. Natural Hist. Handbook Ser. = American Museum of Natural History Handbook Series Am. Naturalist = The American Naturalist Am. Scholar=The American Scholar Am. Sociological Rev. = American Sociological Review Anthropological Papers Am. Mus. Natural Hist. = Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History Anthropology Mem. Field Mus. Natural Hist. = Anthropology Memoirs of the Field Museum of Natural History Bull. Am. Council Learned Socs. = Bulletin of the American Council of Learned Societies Bull. Am. Mus. Natural Hist. = Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History Bull. Bur. Am. Ethnology = Bulletin of the Bureau of American Ethnology Bull. Inst. Hist. Philology = Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology Indian School J. = The Indian School Journal Internat. J. Am. Linguistics = International Journal of American Linguistics J. Abnormal and Social Psych. = Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology J. Am. Folk-Lore = Journal of American Folk-Lore J. Am. Oriental Soc. = Journal of the American Oriental Society J. Proc. Roy. Soc. New South Wales = Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales J. General Educ.=Journal of General Education J. Hist. Ideas=Journal of the History of Ideas J. Roy. Anthropological Inst. Great Britain and Ireland = Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland J. Social Phil. = Journal of Social Philosophy Mem. Am. Anthropological Assoc. = Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association Mem. Am. Folk-lore Soc. = Memoirs of the American Folk-lore Society Mem. Soc. Am. Archaeology = Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology Menorah J. = The Mcnorah Journal
217
Pop. Sci. Monthly = Popular Science Monthly Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. = Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Proc. 19th Internat. Congress Americanists = Proceedings of the Nineteenth International Congress of Americanists Pub. Field Columbian Mus. = Publication of the Field Columbian Museum Quart. Rev. Biology = The Quarterly Review of Biology PMLA = Publications of the Modern Language Association of America Sci. Am. = Scientific American Sci. Monthly = Scientific Monthly Smith. Misc. Coll. = Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections Southwestern J. Anthropology = Southwestern Journal of Anthropology Trans. Proc. Am. Philological Soc. = Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Society Trans. Commonwealth Club Calif. = Transactions of the Commonwealth Club of California Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaelogy and Ethnology = University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology Univ. Calif. Pub. Bot. = University of California Publications in Botany Univ. Calif. Pub. Linguistics = University of California Publications in Linguistics Univ. Calif. Pub. Semitic Philology = University of California Publications in Semitic Philology
BIBLIOGRAPHY*
COMPILED BY A N N JUDITH GIBSON AND JOHN HOWLAND ROWE
Kroeber maintained a partial record of his own publications which served as the basis of the two bibliographies of his work which have been published : 1936 Bibliography of Alfred L. Kroeber. In: Essays in Anthropology Presented to A. L. Kroeber in Celebration of His Sixtieth Birthday, June 11, 1936, (Berkeley, University of California Press), pp. 423-33. 1948 Bibliografias de antropologos. Alfred L. Kroeber. Boletin Bibliografico de Antropologia Americana, 10:313-21. * This bibliography has now been published by Gibson and Rowc in the Am. Anthropologist, 63(5)pt. 1:1060-87.
2l8
The 1936 bibliography comprises 175 entries and extends from 1898 (i.e., 1899) to 1935. The 1948 bibliography comprises 237 entries, the latest being for 1946. Mrs. Kroeber kindly made available to us her husband's notes for a continuation of his own listing to i960. In 1955 Cherie Ninon Gregoire prepared a bibliography of Kroeber's writings as part of a graduate research project for J. H . Rowe. It was dittoed for local circulation under the title Bibliography. A. L. Kroeber. Gregoire's list comprises 413 entries, the latest of which are for 1953. It includes some additions to the published bibliographies for the years prior to 1946. Kroeber's own record and Gregoire's bibliography are both incomplete and contain many errors. W e have, therefore, attempted to check every entry ourselves and done much searching for additional titles. The present bibliography is probably still not complete, but we hope we have not missed any major books and articles. We have probably failed to find between twenty and forty book reviews, short notes, reprintings, and translations. It is too soon, in any case, to attempt a definitive bibliography of Kroeber's writings, since he left a number of manuscripts ready or nearly ready for publication, and these will be appearing in the next few years. We have not attempted to include unpublished work in this list. We are deeply grateful to Mrs. A. L. Kroeber, Clifton B. Kroeber, Dell H . Hymes, Robert F . Heizer, and Junius B. Bird for help in finding and checking references which we might otherwise have missed. Thomas C. Patterson corrected some of our errors and omissions. 1896 Mademoiselle's Dowry. Columbia Literary Monthly,
Animal Tales of the Eskimo. J. Am. Folk-Lore, 12(44) :I7~~23Tales of the Smith Sound Eskimo. J. Am. Folk-Lore, 12(46) :i66-82.
1900
Cheyenne Tales. J. Am. Folk-Lore, 13(50) :I6I~9O. The Eskimo of Smith Sound. Bull. Am. Mus. Natural Hist., 12:265-327. Symbolism of the Arapaho Indians. Bull. Am. Mus. Natural Hist., 13:6986.
ALFRED LOUIS KROEBER I9OI
210,
Decorative Symbolism of the Arapaho. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 3(2): 308-36. Ute Tales. J. Am. Folk-Lore, 14(60) :2
1902
The Arapaho. I. General Discussion. II. Decorative Art and Symbolism. Bull. Am. Mus. Natural Hist., i8(pt. I) :i-i50. Preliminary Sketch of the Mohave Indians. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 4(2) =276-85. Review of The Decorative Art of the Amur Tribes, by Berthold Laufer. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 4(3) :532-341903 With Roland Burrage Dixon. The Native Languages of California. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 5(1) n-26. The Coast Yuki of California. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 5(4) :']2^-7>o. With George Amos Dorsey. Traditions of the Arapaho. Pub. Field Columbian Mus., no. 81, Anthropological Series, vol. V. 475 pp. Review of Zur Nephritfrage, by A. B. Meyer. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 5(4) =692-93. 1904 The Arapaho. III. Ceremonial Organization. Bull. Am. Mus. Natural Hist., i8(pt. II) :i5i-23o. Dr. Uhle's Researches in Peru. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 6(4) .'576-77. A Ghost Dance in California. J. Am. Folk-Lore, 17(64) :32-35The Languages of the Coast of California South of San Francisco. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archeology and Ethnology, 2(2) 129-80. Types of Indian Culture in California. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 2(3) 181-103. 1905 Basket Designs of the Indians of Northwestern California. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 2(4) :i05~64. With Frederic Ward Putnam. The Department of Anthropology of the University of California. Berkeley, University of California Press. 38 pp. Notes [to accompany] "The Obsidian Blades of California," by Horatio N. Rust. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 7(4) .-690-95.
220 7(3) 57-JP-
Supposed Shoshoneans in Lower California. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., Systematic Nomenclature in Ethnology. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 7(4): 579-93Wishosk Myths. J. Am. Folk-Lore, 18(69) 185-107. 1906 Berkeley Folk-Lore Club. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 8(1) :2O3. Berkeley Folk-Lore Club. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 8(2) :i\y]. Branches of the American Folk-Lore Society. California. J. Am. Folk-Lore, 10 -(73) :i65-66. California Branch of the American Folk-Lore Society. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 8(1) .-203 The Dialectic Divisions of the Moquelumnan Family in Relation to the Imperial Differentiation of Other Linguistic Families of California. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 8(4) :652-6~3. Dr. Max Uhle. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 8(1) :202. Folk-lore Meetings in California. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 8(2):435~36. Guide to the Collections of the Department of Anthropology, University of California. Berkeley, University of California Press. 15 pp. Measurements of the Igorotes. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 8(1) .-194-95. Notes [to accompany] "A Puberty Ceremony of the Mission Indians," by Horatio N . Rust. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 8(1) 131-32. Notes on California Folk-lore. Earthquakes. J. Am. Folk-Lore, 19(75): 322-23. Notes on California Folk-lore. Yokuts Names. J. Am. Folk-Lore, 19(73) : 142-43. Proceedings of the California Branch of the American Folk-Lore Society. J. Am. Folk-Lore, 19(72) :6i-6"3. Recent Progress in American Anthropology. Anthropological Societies in California. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 8(3)493-95. Recent Progress in American Anthropology. University of California. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 8(3) .-483-92. (Reprints titled: Progress in Anthropology at the University of California.) Recent Researches by the University of California. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 8(3) :6o6. Two Myths of the Mission Indians of California. J. Am. Folk-Lore, 19(75) :39-2i. The Yokuts and Yuki Languages. In: Boas Anniversary Volume. Anthro-
221
pological Papers Written in Honor of Franz Boas (N. Y., G. E. Stechert), pp. 64-79. 1907 The Arapaho. IV. Religion. Bull. Am. Mus. National Hist., i8(pt. I V ) : 279-454. The Ceremonial Organization of the Plains Indians of North America. 15 Congres Internat. Americanistes, tenue a Quebec, 2:53-63. Contributions to Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico (A-M), ed. by Frederick Webb Hodge. Bull. Bur. Am. Ethnology, no. 30, part I. Chumteya, p. 298. Aiapai, p. 31. Chunut, p. 298. Altinin, p. 47. Chupcan, p. 298. Amaikara, p. 47. Amen, p. 48. Costanos, p. 351. Apyu, p. 70. Erner, p. 432. Aranimokw, p. 72. Ertlerger, p. 432. Arekw, p. 82. Eshpeu, p. 433. Ashegen, p. 100. Gidanemuk, p. 492. Asisufuunuk, p. 101. Huititnom, p. 577. Bankalachi, p. 128. Inam, p. 604. Bidamarek, p. 146. Karakuka, p. 657. Boalkea, p. 155. Kilikunom, p. 688. Bokninuwad, p. 158. Kocheyali, p. 720. Bolbone, p. 158. Lilshiknom, p. 766. With Alexander F. Chamberlain. California, Indians of, pp. 190-91. Mahala Mats, p. 786. Chamkhai, p. 234. Merip, p. 845. Chimalakwe, pp. 269-70. Mission Indians of California, pp. Chimariko, p. 270. Chititiknewas, p. 286. With Henry W. Henshaw. MoChukchansi, p. 295. quelumnan Family, p. 941. With Henry W. Henshaw. Chumashan Family, pp. 296-97. The following unsigned articles are attributed to Kroeber in the 1935 bibliography: Esselen, p. 438. Luiseno, pp. 777-78. Gabrielefio, p. 480. Mariposan Family, pp. 807-8. Karok, p. 659. Mono-Paviotso, p. 932. Kawia, pp. 668-69.
222
Gros Ventre Myths and Tales. Anthropological Papers Am. Mus. Natural Hist., i(pt. Ill) :55-i39Horatio Nelson Rust [obituary]. J. Am. Folk-Lore, 20(77) :I53Indian Myths of South Central California. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 4(4): 167-250. With Roland Burrage Dixon. Numeral Systems of the Languages of California. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 9(4) :66^-go. The Religion of the Indians of California. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 4(6) :îg-^6. Shoshonean Dialects of California. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 4(3) .-65-165. The Washo Language of East Central California and Nevada. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 4(5) :25i-3i7. The Yokuts Language of South Central California. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 2(5) :i6^-^yy. 1908 The Anthropology of California. Science, n.s., 27(686) :28i-9O. Catchwords in American Mythology. J. Am. Folk-Lore, 21 (81-82) 1222-27. Editor's note [to] "The Culture of the Luiseno Indians," by Philip Stedman Sparkman. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 8(4) :i88. Editor's note [to] "The Religion of the Luiseno Indians of Southern California," by Constance Goddard Dubois. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 8(3) \70-71. Ethnography of the Cahuilla Indians. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 8(2) .-29-68. Ethnology of the Gros Ventre. Anthropological Papers Am. Mus. Natural Hist., i(pt. IV) :i-ii, 141-281. Local Meetings. California Branch. J. Am. Folk-Lore, 21 (81-82) :249. A Mission Record of the California Indians, from a Manuscript in the Bancroft Library. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology,
8(I):I-27.
Notes on California Folk-lore. Origin Tradition of the Chemehuevi Indians. J. Am. Folk-Lore, 21(81-82) =240-42. Notes on California Folk-lore. A Southern California Ceremony. J. Am. Folk-Lore, 21(80) 140. Notes on California Folk-lore. Wiyot Folk-lore. J. Am. Folk-Lore, 21(80): 37-39-
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Appendix II. Notes on the Luisenos. In: "The Religion of the Luiseno Indians of Southern California," by Constance Goddard Dubois. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 8(3) :i74~86. Notes on the Ute Language. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 10(1) 74-87. On Evidences of the Occupation of Certain Regions by the Miwok Indians. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 6(3)369-80. 1909 The Archaeology of California. In: Putnam Anniversary Volume. Anthropological Essays Presented to Frederic Ward Putnam in Honor of His Seventieth Birthday, April 16, igog, by His Friends and Associates (N. Y., G. E. Stechert), pp. 1-42. The Bannock and Shoshoni Languages. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 11(2): 266-77. California Basketry and the Pomo. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 11 (2) ^ 3 3 49. Classificatory Systems of Relationship. J. Roy. Anthropological Inst. Great Britain and Ireland, 39:77-84. Compound Nouns in American Languages (abstract). Trans. Proc. Am. Philological Assoc, 39:liv-lv. Measurements of Chukchis. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., n(3):53i-33Notes on Shoshonean Dialects of Southern California. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 8(5) :2
1910
At the Bedrock of History. Sunset, 25(3) :255-6o. The Chumash and Costanoan Languages. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 9(2) :2yj-yi. Contributions to Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico (N-Z), ed. by Frederick Webb Hodge. Bull. Bur. Am. Ethnology, no. 30, part II. Oketo, p. 114. Olegel, p. 118. Oler, p. 118. Olhon, pp. 118-19. Pohallintinleh, p. 272. Rekwoi, p. 365. Rumsen, p. 397. With Henry W. Henshaw. Salinan Family, p. 415. Tachi, p. 667. Tanom, p. 687. Taxlipu, p. 712. Tsahpekw, p. 821. Tsano, p. 821. Tuhukmache, p. 833. Tui, p. 833.
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Tulomos, p. 836. Tumna, p. 837. Turip, p. 840. Uchiyingich, p. 862. Ukohtontilka, p. 865. Ukomnom, p. 865.
Weitspus, pp. 930-31. Wishosk, p. 964. Yaudanchi, p. 994. Yawilchine, p. 995. Yokol, p. 999. Yukian Family, pp. 1008-9.
The following unsigned articles are attributed to Kroeber in the 1935 bibliography: Wiyat, p. 967. Yurok, pp. 1012-13. The Morals of Uncivilized People. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 12(3) 143747Noun Composition in American Languages. Anthropos, 5(1) ."204-18. Noun Incorporation in American Languages. Verhand. XVI Internat. Amerikanisten-Kongresses, Wien, Zweite Halfte, pp. 569-76.
1911
The Elusive Mill Creeks; a Band of Wild Indians Roaming in Northern California Today. Travel, 17(4) =510-13, 548,550. Incorporation as a Linguistic Process. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 13(4): 577-84. The Languages of the American Indians. Pop. Sci. Monthly, 78(5) :50O-i5. The Languages of the Coast of California North of San Francisco. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 9(3) 1273-435. Phonetic Constituents of the Native Languages of California. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, io(r) .-1-12. Phonetic Elements of the Mohave Language. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 10(3) 145-96. Phonetics of the Micronesian Language of the Marshall Islands. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 13(3) 1380-93. Shellmounds at San Francisco and San Mateo. Records of the Past, 10 (pt. IV) 327-38.
1912
The Indians of San Diego. California TopicsExposition News, 2(2) :810.
Ishi, the Last Aborigine. World's Work Magazine, 24(3) :3
225
With Roland Burrage Dixon. Relationship of the Indian Languages of California. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 14(4) :6 19*3 The California Academy of Sciences. Science, n. s., 37(961) 183335. The Determination of Linguistic Relationship. Anthropos, 8(2) .389-401. With Roland Burrage Dixon. New Linguistic Families in California. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 15(4) 1647-55. With Roland Burrage Dixon. Relationship of the Indian Languages of California. Science, n. s., 37(945) 1225. 1914 Chontal, Seri and Yuman. Science, n. s., 40(1030) 1448. With John Peabody Harrington. Phonetic Elements of the Dieguefio Language. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 11(2): 177-88. 1915 A California Indian Hunting Legend. California Fish and Game, 1 (2): 52-59Eighteen Professions. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 17(3) :283~88. Frederic Ward Putnam [obituary]. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 17(4)71218. A New Shoshonean Tribe in California. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 17(4): 773-75Serian, Tequistlatecan, and Hokan. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 11 (4) .-279-90. Visible Speech; the Eye Seeing and the Rule Measuring the Difference Between Sounds. Sci. Am., 112(21) 1471, 480-82 1916 Arapaho Dialects. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 12(3) 71-138. California Place Names of Indian Origin. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 12(2) 131-69. The Cause of the Belief in Use Inheritance. Am. Naturalist, 50(594) 367-
7Floral Relations Among the Galapagos Islands. Univ. Calif. Pub. Bot., 6(9) :i
226
Heredity without Magic. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 18(2) 1294-96. Inheritance by Magic. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 18(1) 119-40. The Oldest Town in America and Its People. Am. Mus. J., 16(2) 181-85. The Speech of a Zufii Child. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 18(4) -.^K)-^. Thoughts on Zufii Religion. In: Holmes Anniversary Volume. Anthropological Essays Presented to William Henry Holmes in Honor of His Seventieth Birthday, December 1, 1916, by His Friends and Colaborers, pp. 269-77. Washington, D. C , Smithsonian Institution. What an American Saw in Germany. The Outlook, 112(2) :92-95. Zufii Culture Sequences. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 2(1) :42~45. Zufii Potsherds. Anthropological Papers Am. Mus. Natural Hist., i8(pt. I) :i-ii, 1-37. 1917 Are the Jews a Race? Menorah J., 3(5) :29O-94. California Kinship Systems. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 12(9) 1339-96. The Matrilineate Again. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 19(4) :57i-j79> Selected Readings in Anthropology, Series A. Univ. Calif. Syllabus Series, no. 89. Berkeley, Univ. of California Press. 84 pp. Selected Readings in Anthropology, Series B. Univ. Calif. Syllabus Series, no. 77. Berkeley, Univ. of California Press. 70 pp. The Superorganic. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 19(2) :i63-2i3. The Tribes of the Pacific Coast of North America. Proc. 19th Internat. Congress Americanists, held at Washington, pp. 385-401. Zufii Kin and Clan. Anthropological Papers Am. Mus. Natural Hist., i8(pt. II) :i-ii, 39-204. Review of Prolegomena to History, by Frederick J. Teggart. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 19(1) :68~7o. 1918 Comments on the Above ["The Matrilineate Again," by E. Sidney Hartland]. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 20(2) :ir]-i(). Heredity, Environment and Civilization. Am. Mus. J., 18(5) 351-59. Reprinted in Indian School J., 19(4) =129-37, Z54The History of Philippine Civilization as Reflected in Religious Nomenclature. Anthropological Papers Am. Mus. Natural Hist., i9(pt. I I ) : i-ii, 35-67. The Possibility of a Social Psychology. Am. J. Sociology, 23(5) 1633-50.
227
Pueblo Traditions and Clans. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 20(3) :3 Review of The American Indian: an Introduction to the Anthropology of the New World, by Clark Wissler. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 20(2): 203-9. Reviews of [Collected papers in] Analytical Psychology, by C. G. Jung, authorized translation ed. by Dr. Constance E. Long; and The Psychology of the Unconscious (Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido), by C. G. Jung, translated by Dr. Beatrice M. Hinkle. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 20(3) =323-24. Review of The Ethnogeography of the Tewa Indians, by John Peabody Harrington. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 20(4) :45O-5i. Review of The Frontiers of Language and Nationality in Europe, by Leon Dominian. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 20(3) =323. Review of The Adverbial and Prepositional Prefixes in Blacltfoot, by G. D . Geers. Internat. J. Am. Linguistics, 1(2) 1184-85. Review of A Grammar of Lepanto Igorot as It Is Spo\en at Bauco, by Morice Vanoverbergh. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 20(2) 1221-22. Review of Teton Sioux Music, by Frances Densmore. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 20(4) .-446-50. Review of The Washo Indians, by S. A. Barrett. Am. Anthropologist, n. s.,
20(2)
:2
1919 California. In: Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethnics, ed., James Hastings (N. Y., Scribner's), III, 141-45. Kinship in the Philippines. Anthropological Papers Am. Mus, Natural Hist., i9(pt. Ill) :i-ii, 69-84. With Roland Burrage Dixon. Linguistic Families of California. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 16(3) 147-118. With Claude Russell Moss. Nabaloi Songs. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 15(2) :i87-2o6. On the Principle of Order in Civilization as Exemplified by Changes of Fashion. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 21 (3) :235~63. Peoples of the Philippines. Am. Mus. Natural Hist. Handbook Ser., no. 8. 224 pp. Report of the President to the Council and Members of the American Anthropological Association. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 21(1) 1102-4. Selected Readings in Anthropology, prepared by the Department of Anthropology, University of California, and the Department of Sociology,
228
University of Washington. Univ. Calif. Syllabus Scries, no. 101. Berkeley, University of California Press. 302 pp. Sinkyone Tales. J. Am. Folk-Lore, 32(124) 1346-51. Review of Anthropology Up-to-date, by George Winter Mitchell. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 21(1) 77-78. Review of The Aztec Ruin, by Earl H. Morris. Am. Anthropologist, n. s.,
21(2) :i94.
Review of The Diegueno Ceremony of the Death Images, by Edward H . Davis. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 21(2) IIO/J-O^. Review of Kutenai Tales, by Franz Boas. Together with texts collected by Alexander Francis Chamberlain. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 2i(2):io.2931920
California Culture Provinces. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 17(2) :i-ii, 151-69. Games of the California Indians. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 22(3) :i'ji-Jf]. Guide to Selected Objects of Unusual Interest. Univ. Calif. Mus. Anthropology, the Hearst Collections. Berkeley, University of California Press. 14 pp. With Catherine Holt. Masks and Moieties as a Culture Complex. J. Roy. Anthropological Inst. Great Britain and Ireland, 50:452-60. With Thomas Talbot Waterman. Source Book in Anthropology. Univ. Calif. Syllabus Series, no. 118. Berkeley, University of California Press. ii, 565 pp. Three Essays on the Antiquity and Races of Man. Univ. Calif. Syllabus Series, no. 119. Berkeley, University of California Press. 80 pp. Totem and Taboo: An Ethnologic Psychoanalysis. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 22(1) :48-55. Yuman Tribes of the Lower Colorado. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 16(8) :475-85. Review of Certain Aboriginal Pottery from Southern California, by George G. Heye. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 22(2) :i8688. Review of Preliminary Account of the Antiquities of the Region between the Mancos and ha Plata Rivers in Southwestern Colorado, by Earl H . Morris. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 22(4) :383~84. Review of Primitive Society, by Robert H . Lowie. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 22(4) :377-8i. Review of Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, by Melvin Randolph Gilmore. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 22(4) :3
ALFRED LOUIS KROEBER 1921
229
The Aboriginal Population of California. Science, n. s., 54(1391) .'162-63. Indians of Yosemite. In: Handbook of Yosemite National Par\, compiled and ed. by Ansel F. Hall (N. Y. and London, Putnam), pp. 51-73. Observation on the Anthropology of Hawaii. Am. Anthropologist, a. s., 23(2) :i29-37. Review of Alsea Texts and Myths, by Leo J. Frachtenberg. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 23(2) :22i-22. Review of Die Gliederung der Australischen Sprachen, by P. W. Schmidt. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 23(2) :224~26. Review of The Hawaiian Romance of Laiei\awai, with Introduction and Translation, by Martha Warren Beckwith. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 23(1) :8o. Review of A History of the Art of Writing, by William A. Mason. Am. Andiropologist, n. s., 23(4) 1478-79. Review of An Introduction to Anthropology, by Rev. E. O. James. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 23(2) :2i7-i8. Review of New Yor\ City in Indian Possession, by Reginald Pelham Bolton. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 23(3) :363. Review of Seneca Fiction, Legends and Myths, collected by Jeremiah Curtin and J. N . B. Hewitt, ed. by J. N . B. Hewitt. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 23(1) :78-8o. Review of To the American Indian, by Lucy Thompson. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 23(2) :220-2i. Review of Zuni Breadstuff, by Frank Hamilton Cushing. Am. Anthropologist, n. s, 23(4) =479. Review of Zusammenhdnge und Konvergenz, by Felix von Luschan. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 23(4) .-478.
1922
Basket Designs of the Mission Indians of California. Anthropological Papers Am. Mus. Natural Hist., 2o(pt. II) :i-ii, 149-83. Basketry Designs of the Mission Indians. Am. Mus. Natural Hist. Guide Leaflet, no. 55. vi -4- 10 pp. Earth-Tongue, a Mohave. In: American Indian Life by Several of Its Students, ed. by Elsie Clews Parsons (N. Y., B. W. Huebsch), pp. 189-202. Elements of Culture in Native California. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 13(8) :2
23O
Introduction. In: American Indian Life by Several of Its Students, ed. by Elsie Clews Parsons (N. Y , B. W. Huebsch), pp. 5-16. Review of Language, by Edward Sapir. The Dial, 72(3) :3i4~i7. Three Essays on the Antiquity and Races of Man. Univ. Calif. Syllabus Series, no. 119. Berkeley, University of California Press. 80 pp. Zufii. In: Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, ed., James Hastings (N. Y., Scribner's), XII, pp. 868-73. Review of The Copper and Bronze Ages in South America, by Erland Nordenskiold. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 24(4) 1469-70. Reviews of Indian Houses of Puget Sound, by T. T. Waterman and Ruth Greiner; Native Houses of Western North America, by T. T. Waterman and collaborators; Types of Canoes on Puget Sound, by T. T. Waterman and Geraldine Coffin; The Whaling Equipment of the Mdkah Indians, by T. T. Waterman. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 24(4): 466-67. Review of Instinct and the Unconscious, by W. H . R. Rivers. Am. Anthropologist, n. s,, 24(4) :465~66. Review of Is America Safe for Democracy?, by William McDougall. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 24(4) :464-65. Review of Die Kultur der Kalifornischen Indianer, by Fritz Krause. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 24(4) 1467-69. 1923 American Culture and the Northwest Coast. Am. Anthropologist, n. s.,
25(1) :i-20.
Anthropology. N . Y., Harcourt, Brace, x -f- 523 pp. Historical Introduction. Phoebe Apperson Hearst memorial volume. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 2o:ix-xiv. The History of Native Culture in California. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 20:125-42. Relationship of the Australian Languages. J. Proc. Roy. Soc. New South Wales, 57:101-17. Reviews of El grupo lingilistico Alacaluf, by R. Lehmann-Nitsche; and El grupo lingilistico "Het," by R. Lehmann-Nitsche. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 23(4) =570-71. Review of Social Change: With Respect to Culture and Original Nature, by William Fielding Ogburn. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 25(2) -.265-66.
ALFRED LOUIS KROEBER 1924
23I
Editor, Explorations at Chincha, by Max Uhle. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 21 (2) =55-94. With Thomas Talbot Waterman. Source Book in Anthropology. Univ. Calif. Syllabus Series, no. 118. Berkeley, University of California Press,
vi + 587 pp.
With William Duncan Strong. The Uhle Collections from Chincha. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 21(1) :i-ii, 1-54. With William Duncan Strong. The Uhle Pottery Collections from lea. With three appendices by Max Uhle. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 21(3) :i-ii, 95-133. Reviews of Los principios de la civilizacion en la sierra peruana, by Max Uhle; Origenes centroamericanos, by Max Uhle; Influendas mayas en el alto Ecuador, by Max Uhle; Los principios de las antiguas civilizaciones peruanas, by Max Uhle; Fundamentos etnicos y arqueologla de Arica y Tacna, by Max Uhle; and Civilizaciones mayoides de la costa padfica de SudamSrica, by Max Uhle. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 26(1) :ioo-2. Archaic Culture Horizons in the Valley of Mexico. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 17(7) rlII, 373-408. Handbook of the Indians of California. Bull. Bur. Am. Ethnology, no. 78. Washington, xviii -f- 995 pp. The Uhle Pottery Collections from Moche. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 21(5) :i-ii, 191-234. The Uhle Pottery Collections from Supe. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 21 (6) :i-ii, 235-64. Review of The Morphology and Evolution of the Apes and Man, by Charles F. Sonntag. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 27(2) .324-25. 1926 Archaeological Explorations in Peru. Part I, Ancient Pottery from Trujillo. Anthropology Mem. Field Mus. Natural Hist., 2(1) n-44. Basketry Designs of the Mission Indians, 2nd ed. Am. Mus. Natural Hist. Guide Leaflet, no. 55. New York, vi -f- 10 pp. Culture Stratifications in Peru. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 28(2):33i-5i. Indians in California. Remarks. Trans. Commonwealth Club Calif., 21(3); The Commonwealth, 2(23):i49-5O. The Uhle Pottery Collections from Chancay. With appendix by Max Uhle.
232
Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 21 (7) :i-ii, 265-304. Review of On the Cephalic Index and Stature of the Japanese and Their Local Differences, by A. Matsumura. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 28(2): 43I-3 2 1927 Arrow Release Distributions. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology 23(4) :i-ii, 283-96. Coast and Highland in Prehistoric Peru. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 29(4) : 625-53. Disposal of the Dead. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 29(3) :3o8-i5. Saxton Temple Pope [obituary]. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 29(2) :34i~42. The Superorganic. Hanover, Minneapolis, Liverpool, The Sociological Press. 37 pp. (Reprinted, with revisions, from Am. Anthropologist, 19(2), 1917.) With Anna Had wick Gay ton. The Uhle Pottery Collections from Nazca. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 24(1) :i-ii, 1-46. Review of The Classification and Distribution of the Pit River Indian Tribes of California, by C. Hart Merriam. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., Review of A Comparative Study of the Melanesian Island Languages, by Sidney Herbert Ray. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 29(4) :7O5-6. Review of Indian Sign Language, by William Tomkins. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 29(1) 1127-28. Review of The Races of Man and Their Distribution, by A. C. Haddon. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 29(1) : n 5 . Review of Rassen\unde Europas, by Hans J. Giinther. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 29(1) :i 15-16. Review of The Technique of South American Ceramics, by S. Linne. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 29(3) 1354. 1928 The Anthropological Attitude. Am. Mercury, 13(52) :4OO-96. A Kato War. In: Festschrift, publication d'hommage offerte au P. W. Schmidt, Herausgeber W. Koppers, pp. 394-400. Law of the Yurok Indians. Atti del XXII Congresso Internazionale degli Americanisti, Roma [Settembre 1926,] 2:511-16. Native Culture of the Southwest. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 23(9) :i-ii, 375-98.
233
Peoples of the Philippines, 2nd and rev. ed. Am. Mus. Natural Hist. Handbook Ser., no. 8. 244 pp. Sub-human Culture Beginnings. Quart. Rev. Biol. 3(3) .-325-42. Review of Familien-und Erbrecht im prae\olumbischen Peru, by Hermann Trimborn. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 30(2) :336-37Review of Prehistoric India, Its Place in the World's Culture, 2nd ed., by Panchanan Mitra. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 3o(i):i4O-4i. Review of Rasse und Korperbau, by Franz Weidenreich. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 30(1) :i58-6o. Review of Die Sprachjamilien und Sprachenfyeise der Erde, by P. W. Schmidt. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 30(4) 1693-96. Review of The Story of the American Indian, by Paul Radin. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 30(4) 711-14. Review of Tribes and Temples, by Frans Blom and Oliver La Farge. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 30(1) .'133-35.
1929
Archaeological Field Work in North America during 1928. California. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 31(2) 1340-41. Contributions to The Encyclopaedia Britannica; 14th ed. (London and N . Y., Encyclopaedia Britannica), 24 vols.: Algonkin, vol. 1, p. 622. Athabascan, vol. 2, pp. 596-97. Aztec, vol. 2, pp. 831-32. Chinook, vol. 5, p. 591. Cree, vol. 6, p. 656. Creek, vol. 6, p. 663. Dakota, vol. 6, p. 985. Flathead, vol. 9, p. 360. Hokan, vol. 11, p. 634. Hopi, vol. 11, pp. 736-37. Iroquois, vol. 12, pp. 683-84. Kiowa, vol. 13, p. 409. Kootenay or Kutenai, vol. 13, p. 483Kwakiutl, vol. 13, p. 526. Mandan, vol. 14, p. 789. Micmac, vol. 15, p. 426. Muskogian Indians, vol. 16, pp. 25-26. North America. Ethnology, vol. 16, pp. 503-7. North Pacific Coast Indians, vol. l6 > PP- 534-35Ojibwa, vol. 16, p. 753. Pima, vol. 17, pp. 931-32. Plains Indians, vol. 17, p. 995. Powhatan, vol. 18, p. 395. Pueblo, vol. 18, pp. 753-54. Siouan Indians, vol. 20, p. 716. Tlingit, vol. 22, p. 260. Uto-Aztecan family, vol. 22, p. 915.
Pliny Earle Goddard [obituary]. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 31(1) :i-8.
234
The Valley Nisenan. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 24(4) :i-ii, 253-90. Review of An-ni\-a-del. The History of the Universe as Told by the Modesse Indians of California, by C. Hart Merriam. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 31 (3) 1516-17. Review of Primitive Art, by Franz Boas. Am. Anthropologist, n. s,, 31(1) : 138-40. Review of Southwest Museum Papers. I. An anthropological reconnaissance in Sonora, by Monroe Amsden. II. Excavations at Casa Grande, Arizona, by Harold S. Gladwin. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 31(3) :5i3~ 16. Review of XJber die Wurzeln der Tainischen Kultur. Teil I. Materielle Kultur, by Sven Loven. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 31(3) '.517. 1930 Archaeological Explorations in Peru. Part II. The Northern Coast. Anthropology Mem. Field Mus. Natural Hist. 2(2) :45~n6. Archaeology. In: Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences, ed.-in-chief, Edwin R. A. Seligman (N. Y., Macmillan), vol. 2, pp. 163-67. Art. Primitive. In: Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences, ed.-in-chief, Edwin R. A. Seligman (N. Y., Macmillan), II, 226-29. Caste. In: Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences, ed.-in-chief, Edwin R. A. Seligman (N. Y., Macmillan), III, 254-57. Cultural Relations between North and South America. Proc. 23rd Internat. Congress Americanists, held at New York, pp. 5-22. Discussion [to accompany] "Kulturbeziehungen zwischen Siidamerika und Siidostaustralien," by Wilhelm Koppers, Proc. 23rd Internat. Congress Americanists, held at New York, pp. 685-86. With Lila Morris O'Neale. Textile Periods in Ancient Peru. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 28(2) :i-iv, 23-56. Review of L'Amerique prS-colombienne et la Conquete europeene [sic], by Louis Pierre Langlois. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 32(4) :69O-9i. Review of The Caribou Eskimos: Material and Social Life and Their Cultural Position, by Kaj Birket-Smith. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 32(4): 690. Review of La Civilisation maUrille des Tribus Tupi-Guarani, by A. Metraux. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 32(3) .-552. Review of Cultural Anthropology, by Nirmal Kumar Bose. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 32(3) 1557.
235
Review of Dress and Ornaments in Ancient Peru: Archaeological and Historic Studies, by Gosta Montell. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 32(3) : 551-52. Review of Handbuch der prd\olumbischen Kulturen in Lateinameri\a, by Th. W. Danzel. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 32(4) :6o.i. Review of Monutnentale Vorgeschichtliche Kunst: Ausgrabungen im Quellgebiet des Magdalena in Kolumbien und ihre Ausstrahlungen in America, by K. Th. Preuss. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 32(4) -.691-92. Review of Our Prehistoric Ancestors, by Herdman Fitzgerald Cleland. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 32(2) :3O5. Review of The Polish Peasant in Europe and America, by William I. Thomas and Florian Znaniecki. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 32(2) 321. Review of Tizoc, Great Lord of the Aztecs, 1481-1486, by Marshall H . Saville. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 32(3) 1549. 1931 Culture Area. In: Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences, ed.-in-chief, Edwin R. A. Seligman (N. Y., Macmillan), vol. IV, pp. 646-47. The Culture-area and Age-area Concepts of Clark Wissler. In: Methods in Social Science, a Case Boo\; compiled under the direction of the Committee on Scientific Method in the Social Sciences of the Social Science Research Council, ed. by Stuart A. Rice (Chicago, University of Chicago Press), pp. 248-65. Historical Reconstruction of Culture Growths and Organic Evolution. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 33(2) :i49-56. The Seri. Southwest Museum Papers, no. 6. 60 pp. With Thomas Talbot Waterman. Source Book in Anthropology, rev. ed., N . Y., Harcourt, Brace, x -f- 571 pp., illustrated. Review of Bulletin of the Texas Archaeological and Palaeontological Society, vol. 2. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 33(2) .'238. Review of Darien in the Past, by S. Linne. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 33(1) .-118-19. Review of Growing Up in New Guinea, by Margaret Mead. Am, Anthropologist, n. s., 33(2) :248-5o. Review of Die Indianer Nordost-Perus: Grundlegende Forschungen fur eine systematische Kultur\unde, by Giinter Tessman. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 33(1) :i20-2i. Review of An Introduction to Physical Anthropology, by E. P. Stibbe. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 33(2) 1231.
236
Review of Peruvian Textiles: Examples of the Pre-Incaic Period, with a Chronology of Early Peruvian Cultures, by Philip Ainsworth Means. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 33(2) :244. Review of Primitive Man as a Philosopher, by Paul Radin. Am. Anthropologist, n. s, 33(2) :23i-32. Review of Races of Africa, by C. G. Seligman. Am. Anthropologist, n. s.,
33(1) =112-13.
Review of Tepoztlan: A Mexican Village, by Robert Redfield. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 33(2) :2 1932 Arapaho, North American Plains Indian Elements of Beaded and Quill Work Designs. (American Indian color key chart adaptable to textile and novelty design, by Appolonia H . Cassidy.) N . Y., American Indian Art Series. Basketry Designs of the Mission Indians, 3rd ed. Am. Mus. Natural Hist. Guide Leaflet, no. 55. vi -\- 10 pp. The Patwin and Their Neighbors. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 29(4) :i-2, i-iv, 253-423. With Harold Edson Driver. Quantitative Expression of Cultural Relationships. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 31 (4) :iii, 211-56. Yuki Myths. Anthropos, 27(5, 6) =905-39. Reviews of Leitfaden der Anthropologie, by K. Sailer; and Augenfarbentafel, by K. Sailer. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 34(1) :14c Review of Ching Ho: A Sociological Analysis, by Cato Young, Leonard S. Hsu, and collaborators. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 34(1) :i6o. Review of Machu Picchu: A Citadel of the Incas, Report of explorations and excavations made in 1911,1912, and 1915 under the auspices of Yale University and the National Geographic Society, by Hiram Bingham. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 34(1) 1152-53. Review of Uncle Jeffs Story. A Tale of a San Joaquin Valley Pioneer and His Life with Yokuts Indians, ed. by F. F. Latta. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 34(1) =141-42. 1933 Anthropology. N . Y., Harcourt, Brace, x + 524 pp.; supplement, 1923-33, 3 2 PPCulture Growth. Univ. Calif. Syllabus Series, Syllabus FQ, for Anthropology 103A. 11 pp., mimeographed.
237
Process in the Chinese Kinship System. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 35(1): 151-57. A Supplement to Anthropology, 1923-33. N . Y., Harcourt, Brace. 32 pp. Reviews of Archaeological Atlas of Michigan, by Wilbert B. Hinsdale; and Distribution of the Aboriginal Population of Michigan, by W. B.
Hinsdale. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 35(1) :I8O-8I.
Review of Biene und Honig im Volkjleben der Afrikaner mit besonderer Beruc\sichtigung der Bienenzucht, ihrer Entstehung und Verbreitung, by Carl Seyffert. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 35(1) :i87Review of The Method and Theory of Ethnology: An Essay in Criticism, by Paul Radin. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 35(4) 765-66. Review of The Social Life of Monkeys and Apes, by S. Zuckerman. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 35(1) :i66.
Culture Growth. Univ. Calif. Syllabus Series, Syllabus FX, for Anthropology 103B. 12 pp., mimeographed. Blood-group Classification. Am. J. Physical Anthropology, 18(3) .377-93. Cultural Anthropology. In: The Problem of Mental Disorder; a study undertaken by the Committee on Psychiatric Investigations, National Research Council, Madison Bentley, Chairman (N. Y. and London, McGraw-Hill), pp. 346-53. Native American Population. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 36(1) :i-25. Uto-Aztecan Languages of Mexico. Ibero-Americana; 8. Berkeley, University of California Press, vi -|- 27 pp. Yurok and Neighboring Kin Term Systems. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 35(2) :i-ii, 15-22. With Thomas Talbot Waterman. Yurok Marriages. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 35(1) :i-ii, 1-14. Review of Yuman Tribes of the Gila River, by Leslie Spier. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 36(3) 1465-66. 1935 With Fred W. Kniffen and Scudder Mekeel. Appendix. Vital Statistics. In: Walapai Ethnography, by Fred Kniffen, Gordon MacGregor, Robert McKennan, Scudder Mekeel, and Maurice Mook, ed. by A. L. Kroeber. Mem. Am. Anthropological Assoc, no. 42, pp. 292-93. Editor's Preface. In: Walapai Ethnography, by Fred Kniffen, Gordon MacGregor, Robert McKennan, Scudder Mekeel, and Maurice Mook, ed.
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by A. L. Kroeber. Mem. Am. Anthropological Assoc, no. 42, pp. 7-11. History and Science in Anthropology. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 37(4): 539-69. Preface. In: Culture Element Distributions: I. The Structure of California Indian Culture, by Stanislaw Klimek. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 37(1) : I - I I . Review of Patterns of Culture, by Ruth Benedict. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 37(4) :689-9O. 1936 Culture Element Distributions: III. Area and Climax. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 37(3) zLII, 101-15. Karok Towns. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 35(4) : i-ii, 29-38. Kinship and History. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 38(2) :388-4i. Preface. In: Culture Element Distributions: II. Yana, by Edward Winslow Gifford and Stanislaw Klimek. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 37(2) 71-74. Prospects in California Prehistory. Am. Antiquity, 2(2) :IO8-I6. Roland Burrage Dixon [obituary]. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 38(2) =29497 So-called Social Science. J. Social Phil., 1(4) =317-40. With Gladys Ayer Nomland. Wiyot Towns. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 35(5) :i-ii, 39-48.
Appendix. In: Culture Element Distributions: VII. Oregon Coast, by Homer Garner Barnett. Anthropological Records, 1(3) :i99-2O3. Archaeological Explorations in Peru. Part IV. Caiiete Valley. Anthropology Mem. Field Mus. Natural Hist., 2(4) :2i9~73. Athabascan Kin Term Systems. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 39(4) :6o2-8. With Edward Winslow Gifford. Culture Element Distributions: IV. Pomo. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 37(4) :i-iv, 117-254. Preface. In: Archaeological Explorations in Peru. Part III. Textiles of the Early Nazca Period, by Lila Morris O'Neale. Anthropology Mem. Field Mus. Natural Hist., 2(3) 1127-29. Preface. In: Culture Element Distributions: V. Southern California, by Philip Drucker. Anthropological Records, 1(1) n-4.
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Publications Needs and Objectives. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 39(3) 155458. With Charles Douglas Chretien. Quantitative Classification of Indo-European Languages. Language, 13(2) 183-103. Thomas Talbot Waterman [obituary]. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 39(3): 527-29. Review of The Archaeology of the Deer Cree\-Cosumnes Area, Sacramento Co., California, by J. B. Lillard and W. K. Purves. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 39(1) :i44. Review of The Dominican Mission Frontier in Lower California, by Peveril Meigs, 3d. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 39(1) 1149-50. 1938 Culture Growth. Univ. Calif. Syllabus Series, Syllabus KL, for Anthropology 103A. 12 pp., mimeographed. Basic and Secondary Patterns of Social Structure. J. Roy. Anthropological Inst. Great Britain and Ireland, 68:290-309. With Thomas Talbot Waterman. The Kepel Fish Dam. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 35(6) :i-iv, 49-80. "Lodi Man." Science, n. s., 87(2250) :i37-38. 1939 Culture Growth, Part II. Univ. Calif. Syllabus Series, Syllabus KW, for Anthropology 103B. 11 pp., mimeographed. Appendix 1. Local Ethnographic and Methodological Inferences. In: Culture Element Distributions: X. Northwest California, by Harold Edson Driver. Anthropological Records, 1 (6) 1425-29. Cultural and Natural Areas of Native North America. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 38:xii -f- 242 pp. (Also issued in hard covers as a separate book.) Culture Element Distributions: XI. Tribes Surveyed. Anthropological Records, 1(7) :i-ii, 435-40. An Outline of the History of American Indian Linguistics. Bull. Am. Council Learned Socs., no. 29, pp. 116-20. South America. In: Pacific Cultures; Official catalog, Department of Fine Arts, Division of Pacific Cultures, pp. 133-45. Golden Gate International Exposition, San Francisco. Statistical Note. In: Culture Element Distributions: IX. Gulf of Georgia Salish, by Homer Garner Barnett. Anthropological Records, 1 (5) :226.
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With Charles Douglas Chretien. The Statistical Technique and Hittite. Language, 15(2)-.69-71. Sudamerica; Peru. Revista del Museo Nacional, 8(2) -.^2.0-7.^. Lima. (A translation by J. Eugenio Garro of pp. 133-36 of the article "South America," cited above.) Totem and Taboo in Retrospect. Am. J. Sociology, 45(3) :d 1940 Conclusions: The Present Status of Americanistic Problems. The Maya and Their Neighbors. In: Essays in Honor of Alfred Marston Tozzer, ed. by Clarence L. Hay and others (N. Y. and London, Appleton), pp. 460-89. Indians of Peru. In: Aboriginal Cultures of the Western Hemisphere. Golden Gate International Exposition, 1940, Treasure Island, San Francisco, pp. 25-32. U. S. Golden Gate International Exposition Commission, San Francisco. Psychosis or Social Sanction. Character and Personality, 8(3) 1204-15. Statistical Analysis. In: Culture Element Distributions: XII. ApachePueblo, by Edward Winslow Gifford. Anthropological Records, 4(1): 198-204. Statistical Classification. Am. Antiquity, 6(1) =29-44. Stepdaughter Marriage. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 42(4) 1562-70. Stimulus Diffusion. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 42(1) :i-20. With Jane Richardson. Three Centuries of Women's Dress Fashions; a Quantitative Analysis. Anthropological Records, 5(2):i-iv, 111-53. The Work of John R. Swanton. In: Essays in Historical Anthropology of North America, Published in Honor of John R. Swanton in Celebration of His Fortieth Year with the Smithsonian Institution. Smith. Misc. Coll., 100:1-9. Review of Archaeology of the North Coast of Peru: An Account of Exploration and Excavation in Viru and Lambayeque Valleys, by Wendell C. Bennett. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 42(3) 1508-10. Review of Die historische Richtung in der Vol\er\unde, of Der Tuntyionalismus in der "V 6l\er\unde, of Der Lehre von den Kulturstylen in der Volher\unde, by Wilhelm Milke; and TJber einige Kategorien der fun\tionellen Ethnologie, by Wilhelm Milke. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 42(3) =533-
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I941 Primitive Art. Univ. Calif. Syllabus Series, Syllabus N H , for Anthropology 127.12 pp., mimeographed. Culture Element Distributions: XV. Salt, Dogs, Tobacco. Anthropological Records, 6(1) :i-ii, 1-20. Preface. In: Culture Element Distributions: XIII. Nevada Shoshone, by Julian H. Steward. Anthropological Records, 4(2) :v. Some Relations of Linguistics and Ethnology. Language, 17(4) :287-o.r.
1942 Anthropological Research in Ibero-America and Anglo-America. Vigesimoseptimo Congreso International de Americanistas, actas de la primera sesion, celebrada en la ciudad de Mexico en 1939,1:8i-9i. Culture Growth. Univ. Calif. Syllabus Series, Syllabus OE, for Anthropology 103A-103B. 30 pp., mimeographed. With Jorge Clemente Muelle. Ceramica paleteada de Lambayeque. Revista del Museo Nacional, 11(1) a-24. Introduction. In: Archaeological Evidence of Sebastian Rodriguez Cer~ meno's California Visit in 159$, by Robert Fleming Heizer (San Francisco, California Historical Society), pp. 1-3. Introduction. In: Culture Element Distributions: XIX. Central California Coast, by John Peabody Harrington. Anthropological Records, 7(1) a-4. Los metodos de la arqueologia peruana. Letras; organo de la Facultad de Letras y Pedagogia, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, no. 22, segundo cuatrimestre, pp. 205-26. On "An Interpretation of the Prehistory of the Eastern United States." Am. Antiquity, 7(3) :326. Preface. In: Culture Element Distributions: XXI. Round Valley, by Frank Essene. Anthropological Records, 8(1) :v-vii. The Societies of Primitive Man. In: Levels of Intergration in Biological and Social Systems, ed. by Robert Redfield. Biological Symposia, 8120516. Tapajo Pottery. Am. Antiquity, 7(4) :4O3-5. With Robert Spott. Yurok Narratives. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 35(9) :i-viii, 143-256.
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943 Classification of the Yuman Languages. Univ. Calif. Pub. Linguistics, !(3) :2I "4 O Elsie Clews Parsons [obituary]. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 45(2) .-252-55. Franz Boas: The Man. Franz Boas, 1858-1942. Mem. Am. Anthropological Assoc, no. 61, pp. 5-26. Peoples of the Philippines, 2nd and rev. ed., 2nd printing. Am. Mus. Natural Hist. Handbook Ser., no. 8.244 pp. Structure, Function and Pattern in Biology and Anthropology. Sci. Monthly, 56(2) :whole no. 329,105-13. Review of A Study of History, by Arnold J. Toynbee. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 45(2) :294-99. Review of The Year of the Wild Boar, by Helen Mears. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 45(2) .-289-90. 1944 Configurations of Culture Growth. Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press, x + 882 pp. Historical Position of Chicomuceltec in Mayan. Internat. J. Am. Linguistics, 10(4) :i59~6o. Peruvian Archeology in 1942. Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology, no. 4.151 pp. Review of Archeological Studies in Peru, 194.1-1942, by William Duncan Strong, Gordon R. Willey, and John M. Corbett. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 46(2) :25O-5i. Review of Crazy Weather, by Charles L. McNichols. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 46(3) :394. Review of Philippine Indie Studies, by Fletcher Gardner. J. Am. Oriental Soc, 64(1) =34. Reviews of The Problem of the Antiquity of Man in Australia, by D. J. Mahony; The Keilor Fossil Skull: Anatomical Description, by J. Wunderly; The Keilor Fossil Skull: Palate and Upper Dental Arch, by William Adam; The Keilor Fossil Skull: Geological Evidence of Antiquity, by D . J. Mahony. Am. J. Physical Anthropology, n. s., 2(3) :3i9~2i. 1945 Antropologia general. Primera edicion espafiola, corregida por el autor. Version espafiola de Javier Romero. Fondo de Cultura Economica, Mexico. 527 pp.
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A Yurok War Reminiscence: The Use of Autobiographical Evidence. Southwestern J. Anthropology, 1(3) 1318-32. Review of The North Highlands of Peru: Excavations in the Callejdn de Huaylas and at Chavin de Hudntar, by Wendell C. Bennett. Am. Antiquity, 10(3) .314-15. Review of Vistas arqueoldgicas del noroeste del Peru", by H. Horkheimer. Am. Antiquity, 11(2) :i25~26. 1946 The Ancient Oi\oumeni as an Historic Culture Aggregate. Huxley Memorial Lecture for 1945. The Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, London. 12 pp. Preprinted edition. The Chibcha. In: Handbook of South American Indians. Vol. 2. The Andean Civilizations. Bull. Bur. Am. Ethnology, no. 143, pp. 887-909. History and Evolution. Southwestern J. Anthropology, 2(1) :i-i5. A Karok Orpheus Myth. J. Am. Folk-Lore, 59(231) :i3-i9The Range of the American Anthropologist. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 48(2) .-297-99. With Edward Winslow Gifford. University of California Museum of Anthropology. Report to President Robert Gordon Sproul for the Year Ending June 30, 1946. Berkeley, University of California Press. 18 pp. Review of Cultura Salinar: Sintesis monogrdfica, by Rafael Larco Hoyle. Am. Antiquity, 12(2) :i3i.
Culture Groupings in Asia. Southwestern J. Anthropology, 3(4) 1322-30. L. L. Loud [obituary]. Am. Antiquity, 12(3) :i8o. My Faith. The American Weekly, April 6, p. 33. A Southwestern Personality Type. Southwestern J. Anthropology, 3 (2):
108-13.
Review of The Ancient Maya, by Sylvanus Griswold Morley. Pacific Historical Review, 16(2) :I8I-83. Review of Caste in India: Its Nature, Functions, and Origins, by J. H. Hutton. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 49(4) :650~5i. Review of The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture, by Ruth Benedict. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 49(3) :469-72. Review of The Commonwealth of Art: Style in the Fine Arts, Music and the Dance, by Curt Sachs. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 49(3) :485~87. Review of The Meeting of East and West: An Inquiry Concerning World
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Understanding, by F. S. C. Northrop. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 49(2): 306-9. 1948 Anthropology; Race, Language, Culture, Psychology, Prehistory, new ed., reV. N . Y., Harcourt, Brace, xii -f- 856 +xxxix pp. Art Styles in Prehistoric Peru. Some Educational and Anthropological Aspects of Latin America. Univ. Texas, Inst. Latin American Studies, 5:56-79. The Making of the Man. In: Carl Alsberg, Scientist at Large, ed. by Joseph S. Davis. (Stanford, Stanford University Press), pp. 3-22. My Faith. In: The Faith of Great Scientists; a collection of "My Faith" articles from the American Weekly (N. Y., Hearst), pp. 22-24. Seven Mohave Myths. Anthropological Records, 11 (1) :i-viii, 1-70. Summary and Interpretations. In: A Reappraisal of Peruvian Archaeology, assembled by Wendell C. Bennett. Mem. Soc. Am. Archaeology, no. 4,
pp. 113-21.
White's View of Culture. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 50(3) :4O5-i5. Review of The American People: A Study of National Character, by Geoffrey Gorer. J. Abnormal and Social Psych., 43(4) 155355. Review of Archeologie de la province d'Esmeraldas, Equateur, by Raoul
d'Harcourt. Am. Antiquity, 14(2) :i

1949 The Ancient Oihpumene as an Historic Culture Aggregate. Huxley Memorial Lecture for 1945. J. Roy. Anthropological Inst. Great Britain and Ireland, 75(pt. I, II, 1945) =9-20. "La arqueologia peruana en 1942." Traduccion del ingles de los primeros capitulos del libro de igual titulo, hecha por el Dr. Manuel G. Suarez Polar, catedratico del curso de Arqueologia. Revista, organo de la Universidad Nacional de San Agustin de Arequipa, afio XXI, no. 29, primer semestre de 1949, pp. 48-66. Art. In: Handbook of South America Indians. Vol. 5. The Comparative Ethnology of South American Indians. Bull. Bur. Am. Ethnology, no. 143, pp. 411-92. An Authoritarian Panacea. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 51(2) 1318-20. The Concept of Culture in Science. J. General Educ, 3(3) :i82~96. Juan Dolores, 1880-1948 [obituary]. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 5i(i):9697-
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With Lea Van P. Miller, Barbara Armstrong, and Hope M. Gladding. Lila Morris O'Neale, 1886-1948 [obituary]. University of California, In Memoriam, 1948. Berkeley, University of California Press. 5 pp. Memorial address. In: Ruth Fulton Benedict, a Memorial (N. Y., Viking Fund), pp. IO-II. Preface. In: Ruth Fulton Benedict, a Memorial (N. Y., Viking Fund), p. 5Roy Franklin Barton, 1883-1947 [obituary]. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 51 (1)91-95. With Charles Douglas Chretien. Translation of The Quantitative Distribution of Cultural Similarities and Their Cartographic Representation, by Wilhelm Milke. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 51(2) .-237-52. Values as a Subject of Natural Science Inquiry. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.,
35(6) -.261-64.
With Edward Winslow Gifford. World Renewal; a Cult System of Native Northwest California. Anthropological Records, i3(i):i-iv, 1-55. Review of Personality: In Nature, Society and Culture, ed. by Clyde Kluckhohn and Henry A. Murray. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 51(1):
116-18. 1950 Anthropology. Sci. Am., 183(3) ^7~94Have Civilizations a Life History ? In: Collected Papers Presented at the Centennial Celebration, Washington, D. C, September 13-17, 1948, (Washington, American Association for the Advancement of Science), pp. 9-13. A Local Style of Lifelike Sculptured Stone Heads in Ancient Peru. Beitrage zur Gesellungs- und Volkerwissenschaft; Festschrift zum achtzigsten Geburtstag von Professor Richard Thurnwald, pp. 195-98. Review of Metaphysi\ des Untergangs: Eine Kultur\ritische Studie iiber Oswald Spengler, by Manfred Schroter. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 52(1):
102-3. 1951
:
At the Bedrock of History. Papers on California Archaeology: 10-12. Reports of the Univ. California Archaeological Survey, no. 11, pp. 5-10. Configurations, Causes and St. Augustine. Am. Anthropologist, n.s., 53(2) : 279-83. Great Art Styles of Ancient South America. In: The Civilizations of An-
dent America, selected papers of the XXIXth International Congress of Americanists, ed. by Sol Tax (Chicago, University of Chicago Press), pp. 207-15. Is Western Civilization Disintegrating or Reconstituting? Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 95(2) =100-4. A Mohave Historical Epic. Anthropological Records, 11(2) :i-vi, 71-176. The Novel in Asia and Europe. In: Semitic and Oriental Studies, a volume presented to William Popper on the occasion of his seventy-fifth birthday, October 29,1949, ed. by Walter J. Fischel. Univ. Calif. Pub. Semitic Philology, 11:233-4i. Olive Oatman's Return. Kroeber Anthropological Society Papers, no. 4, pp. 1-18. Selections in: The California Indians; a Source Boo\, compiled and ed. by R. F. Heizer and M. A. Whipple. (Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press), xiv -f- 492 pp. Elements of Culture in Native California, pp. 3-67 (1922). The Native Population of California, pp. 68-81 (Handbook, 1925, pp. 880-91). Widi R. B. Dixon. Linguistic Families of California, pp. 88-94 (I9I9> PP48-54). The History of Native Culture in California, pp. 104-20 (1923). The Food Problem in California, pp. 233-36 (Handbook, 1925, pp. 52326). California Basketry and the Porno, pp. 251-63 (1909). Mission Indian Basketry Designs, pp. 269-75 (1932). The Tribe in California, pp. 318-25 (Handbook, 1925, pp. 3,160-63,22830,234-35,474-75,727). Yurok Law and Custom, pp. 336-68 (Handbook, 1925, pp. 20-52). A Kato War, pp. 397-403 (1928). The World Renewal Cult of North West California, pp. 404-11 (1949, pp. 1-5). Principal Local Types of the Kuksu Cult, pp. 412-22 (The Patwin and their neighbors, 1932, pp. 396-402, 408, 411, 417-20). Social Anthropology: Past and Present. Man, 51 (article 33):i8. The Viking Fund and Anthropology. The First Ten Years, igî-igî, including a report on the Fund's activities for the year ending January 31,1951 (N. Y., The Viking Fund, Inc.), pp. 4-12. Review of The Alphabet: A Key to the History of Mankind, by David Diringer. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 53(2) :2
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Review of China: A Short Cultural History, by C. P. Fitzgerald. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 53(3) :4O2~3. 1952 Acculturation in the Americas (address of greeting by the President of the Congress). In: Proceedings and Selected Papers of the XXIXth International Congress of Americanists, ed. by Sol Tax (Chicago, University of Chicago Press), pp. 12-14. With Clyde Kay Maben Kluckhohn. Culture; a Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions. With the assistance of Wayne Untereiner and appendices by Alfred G. Meyer. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, 47(1) :i-viii, 224, [iv]. American Scholar Forum. The Application of Scientific Method to the Study of Human Behavior (discussion). Am. Scholar, 21 (2) 1208-25. The Study of Man and the State of the World (an NBC radio discussion, by Daryll Forde, Alfred Kroeber, and Robert Redfield). The University of Chicago Round Table, no. 742, pp. 1-10. International Symposium on Anthropology. Science, n. s., 116(3009) :2i6. The Nature of Culture. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, x -(- 438 pp. Sign and Symbol in Bee Communications. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 38(9): 753-57Review of A Bibliography of North American Folklore and Folkjong, by Charles Haywood. Internat. J. Am. Linguistics, 18(1) 151.
Le concept de culture au point de vue scientifique. Profils, no. 4, pp. 13160. Brooklyn, N . Y., Intercultural Publications, Inc. Traduction de P. N. The Concept of Culture in Science. Perspectives USA, no. 4, pp. 126-54. Brooklyn, N . Y., Intercultural Publications, Inc. (Also in British, French, German, and Italian editions.) Concluding Review. In: An Appraisal of Anthropology Today, ed. by Sol Tax, Loren C. Eiseley, Irving Rouse, and Carl F. Voegelin (Chicago, University of Chicago Press), pp. 357-76. The Delimitation of Civilizations. J. Hist. Ideas, 14(2) 1264-75. Discussion in: An Appraisal of Anthropology Today, ed. by Sol Tax, Loren C. Eiseley, Irving Rouse, and Carl F. Voegelin (Chicago, University of Chicago Press), pp. 39-40, 45, 47, 50, 60-61, 66, 118-19, 143-44, 151-52, 222, 280-81. Handbook of the Indians of California. Berkeley, California Book Com-
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pany, Ltd., [4], xviii -)- 995 pp. Photolithographic facsimile with an additional foreword by the author. Introduction. In: Anthropology Today, an encyclopedia inventory, prepared under the chairmanship of A. L. Kroeber (Chicago, University of Chicago Press), pp. xiii-xv. Introduction. In: An Appraisal of Anthropology Today, ed. by Sol Tax, Loren C. Eiseley, Irving Rouse, and Carl F. Voegelin (Chicago, University of Chicago Press), pp. 1-4. Tschopik's Aymara of Chucuito, Peru. I. Magic (letter to the editor). Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 55(4) -.613. Paracas Cavernas and Chavin. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 40(8) :i-iv, 313-48. Review of A Study of Classic Maya Sculpture, by Tatiana Proskouriakoff. J. Am. Folk-Lore, 66(260) .-181-83. 1954 Comment on "Gatherers and Farmers in the Greater Southwest: A Problem in Classification," by Paul Kirchhoff. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 56(4) =556-59. Critical Summary and Comments. In: Method and Perspective in Anthropology; Papers in Honor of Wilson D. Wallis, ed. by Robert F. Spencer (Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press), pp. 273-99. John Linton Myres: 1869-1954 [obituary]. Man, 54(article 48) :38. Law of the Yurok Indians. Reprinted from Atti del XXII Congresso Internazionale degli Americanisti, 1928. Univ. California Dept. of Anthropology. Dittoed. Letter from Kroeber to Uhle, March 6, 1903. In: Max Uhle, 18^6-ig^.; a Memoir of the Father of Peruvian Archaeology, by John Howland Rowe. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 46(1) :iO9Paracas Caverns and Chavin. Letras, Universidad National Mayor de San Marcos, no. 49, primer semestre, 1953, pp. 49-71. Lima. Spanish summary, pp. 69-71. The Place of Anthropology in Universities. Am. Anthropologist, 56(5): 764-67. Proto-Lima; a Middle Period Culture of Peru. Appendix: Cloths, by Dwight T. Wallace. Chicago Natural History Museum, Fieldiana: Anthropology, 44(1) :i-ii, 1-157. Quantitative Analyses of Ancient Peruvian Metal. Am. Antiquity, 20(2):
160-62.
Robert Spott, 1888-1953 [obituary]. Am. Anthropologist, 56(2) :282.
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1955 C. Hart Merriam as Anthropologist. In: Studies of California Indians, by C. Hart Merriam, ed. by the staff of the Department of Anthropology of the University of California (Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press), pp. vii-xiv. Foreword. In: The Mythology of the Ifugaos, by Roy Franklin Barton, ed. by A. L. Kroeber. Mem. Am. Folklore Soc, 46:v-vi. History of Anthropological Thought. In: Yearbook of Anthropology-1%5, ed. by William L. Thomas, Jr. (N. Y., Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research), pp. 293-311. Integration of the Knowledge of Man. In: The Unity of Knowledge, ed. by Lewis Leary (Garden City, N . Y., Doubleday), pp. 125-49. Linguistic Time Depth Results So Far and Their Meaning. Internat. J. Am. Linguistics, 21(2) =91-104. With Michael James Harner. Mohave Pottery. Anthropological Records, 16(1) :i-vi, 1-30. Nature of the Landholding Group. Ethnohistory, 2(4) :3O3~i4. On Human Nature. Southwestern J. Anthropology, 11(3) 1195-204. Proto-Lima; un periodo cultural intermedio del peril. Sintesis e interpretation. Revista del Museo Nacional de Antropologia y Arqueologia, 2(2) U41-45. Translated by Pedro Rojas Ponce. 1956 Las colecciones ceramicas de Uhle de la region de lea por Kroeber y Strong. Revista del Museo Regional de lea, 7(8) =10-38. Translated by Ernesto Tabio. Foreword. In: Feudalism in History, ed. by Rushton Coulborn (Princeton, N . J., Princeton University Press), pp. vii-ix. History of Anthropological Thought. In: Current Anthropology, a supplement to Anthropology Today, ed. by William L. Thomas, Jr. (Chicago, University of Chicago Press), pp. 293-311. The Place of Boas in Anthropology. Am. Anthropologist, 58(1) :i5i~59. Toward Definition of the Nazca Style. Univ. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeology and Ethnology, 43(4) :i-iv, 327-432.
The American Philosophical Society. For the Fifth International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, Philadelphia, September 4,1956. Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, 101 (1) :i~3.
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Biographical Memoir Copyright 1962

ALFRED LOUIS KROEBER

THE LAST DAY

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THE SCHOLAR AND SCIENTIST: THEORETICAL VIEWS AND SUBSTANTIVE WORKS

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220 7(3) 57-JP-

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The Indians of San Diego. California TopicsExposition News, 2(2) :810.

Ishi, the Last Aborigine. World's Work Magazine, 24(3) :3

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ALFRED LOUIS KROEBER 1921

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Pliny Earle Goddard [obituary]. Am. Anthropologist, n. s., 31(1) :i-8.

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d'Harcourt. Am. Antiquity, 14(2) :i

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Robert Spott, 1888-1953 [obituary]. Am. Anthropologist, 56(2) :282.

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