Petroleum Engineering Assignment 1

Due Date: 15th of April 2013

Lateef Akanji (Ph.D., D.I.C.) Petroleum and Gas Engineering University of Salford [email protected] October 14, 2012

UoS

Well Test Equations

Pskin = (Pwf )measured (Pwf )calculated Pskin s = qB

Jmeasured P Pwf + Pskin = Jcalculated P Pwf 70.6B 948ctr2 P = q1Ei kh t G = VuLcoP o

+ (q2 q1)Ei

948ctr2 (t t1)

C = VuLco Np tp = q P m = Cycle tp tpDA = ctA PDM BH = 2.3026(P P )/m qB = 0.183 mh qB = 162.6 mh (P1hr Pwf ) s = 1.1513 log + 3.2255 2 m ctrw (Pi Pwf (t1)) s = 1.1513 + logt1 + log + 0.35173 2 m ctrw

[email protected]

Page 1 of 25

UoS

Well Test Equations

qB PD = 2hP =

tL tc tL tc

2 F ig 2

qB (PD )M 2h PM tM ct = 2 r tD
2 rD

or in eld unit qB PD = 141.2 hP = 141.2

qB (PD )M h P M 4 2.64e tM ct = tD r2
2 rD

[email protected]

Page 2 of 25

UoS

Petroleum Geology :Geologic Features

Figure 1: Geologic feature

Question 1

1. Determine the relative ages in Figure 1 2. Name the features marked A, B, C and D 3. Describe the sequence of events that resulted in the formation of the geological features observed in Figure 1

[email protected]

Page 3 of 25

UoS

Petroleum Geology :Geological Map Interpretation

Question 1

Figure 2: Geological map

Question 2

1. Identify the rock types in the area shown Figure 2 2. Determine the relative ages of the rocks 3. Name the geological structures that you are able to identify (in the case of folds, draw their axes) 4. Describe the geological history of the area

[email protected]

Page 4 of 25

UoS

Exploration : Exploration techniques

Question 2

Question 3

1. State and dene the principle methods of exploration and reservoir prediction 2. What are the two methods commonly used in seismic prospecting? (a) Which is most often used? (b) Which gives the most information? 3. Describe hydrocarbon indicators on a seismic section 4. What sources of energy are most often used in seismic exploration? 5. What are the principal uses of seismic data

[email protected]

Page 5 of 25

UoS

Petroleum Geology (Case-studies GP1 ):UK North Sea

Question 3

Question 4

1. Using a simplied map, describe the major subdivisions and brief geological history of the North Sea 2. Describe the major distributions of oil and gas elds in the Southern North Sea (SNS) basin and adjacent onshore UK areas 3. Using a simplied stratigraphic column describe the oil and gas elds found in the Northern North Sea (NNS) 4. Describe the diferent kinds of sedimentary rock and uid types found in the North Sea and relate them to the depositional processes that led to their formation 5. Discuss the historical oil and gas production prole from the UK North Sea and the future direction

[email protected]

Page 6 of 25

UoS

Petroleum Geology (Case-studies GP2 ):Nigerian Niger Delta

Question 4

Question 5

1. Using a simplied map, describe the major subdivisions and brief geological history of the Nigerian Niger Delta basin 2. Describe the major distributions of oil and gas elds in the Niger Delta basin 3. Using a simplied stratigraphic column describe the oil and gas elds found in the Nigerian Niger Delta basin 4. Describe the diferent kinds of sedimentary rock and uid types found in the Niger Delta and relate them to the depositional processes that led to their formation 5. Discuss the historical oil and gas production prole from the Niger Delta and the potentials for future exploitation

[email protected]

Page 7 of 25

UoS

Petroleum Geology (Case-studies GP3 ):Arabian Gulf

Question 5

Question 6

1. Using a simplied map, describe the major subdivisions and brief geological history of the Arabian Gulf basin 2. Describe the major distributions of oil and gas elds the Arabian Gulf basin 3. Using a simplied stratigraphic column describe the oil and gas elds found in the Arabian Gulf basin 4. Describe the diferent kinds of sedimentary rock and uid types found in the Arabian Gulf and relate them to the depositional processes that led to their formation 5. Discuss the historical oil and gas production prole from the Arabian Gulf and the potentials for future exploitation

[email protected]

Page 8 of 25

UoS

Petroleum Geology (Case-studies GP4 ):Gulf of Mexico Basin

Question 6

Question 7

1. Using a simplied map, describe the major subdivisions and brief geological history of the Gulf of Mexico basin 2. Describe the major distributions of oil and gas elds in the Gulf of Mexico 3. Using a simplied stratigraphic column describe the oil and gas elds found in the Gulf of Mexico 4. Describe the diferent kinds of sedimentary rock and uid types found in the Gulf of Mexico and relate them to the depositional processes that led to their formation 5. Discuss the historical oil and gas production prole from the Gulf of Mexico and the potentials for future exploitation

[email protected]

Page 9 of 25

UoS

Drilling (Ass ): Drilling Engineering

Question 7

Question 8

1. The target and the rig coordinates of a well are given in Table 1. Determine the relative position of the rig and target (a) rectangular coordinates (b) polar coordinates
Table 1: Coordinates of rig and target T arget N S (meters) EW (meters) 964 144 Rig 1334 653

2. Using Figure 3 and the information provided in Table 2, design a build and hold trajectory
Table 2: Build and hold trajectory design Vertical depth Horizontal displacement Kick-o depth Build rate 3, 218.688 meters [10, 560 f t.] 1, 333.5 meters [4, 375 f t.] 457.2 meters [1, 500 f t.] 2o per 30.48 meters [2o per 100f t.]

3. From your design, determine the following: (a) radius of curvature of the build section (b) hold angle (c) measured depth (M D) at start of Hold section (M Dhold) (d) measured depth (M D) at total depth (M DT D )

[email protected]

Page 10 of 25

UoS

Drilling (Ass ): Drilling Engineering

Question 8

Figure 3: A build and hold trajectory

[email protected]

Page 11 of 25

UoS

Production & Well-Test :Well-Test Objectives

Question 8

Question 9

1. Explain the following production related terms, stating all related equations (a) Productivity index (b) Vertical lift performance (c) Inow performance relationship (d) Gas reservoir deliverability 2. Describe the following well-test methods and state the main objectives of conducting each (a) Injectivity test (b) Fall-o test (c) Interference test (d) Drill-stem test (e) Pulse test

[email protected]

Page 12 of 25

UoS

Production & Well-Test : Pressure Drawdown

Question 9

Question 10

Table 3 is a pressure drawdown test data from a well in an undersaturated reservoir with the following properties:

Pi = 20.7 M P a[3002.3 psi] Boi = 1.32 o = 9.2 103 P a s[9.2 cp] h = 21 m[68.9f t.] = 0.17 Swi = 0.26 ct = 1.2 109 P a1[8.27 1061/psi] rw = 0.1m [0.328 f t.] q = 17.2 m3/d[108.2 bbl/d]

1. Plot Pwf versus time on a semilog coordinate sheet (Sheet A) 2. From your plot and using appropriate equations, determine: (a) the gradient, m (b) the pressure at t = 10 hrs (c) the permeability, (d) the skin eect, s (e) whether the system is damaged or stimulated
[email protected] Page 13 of 25

UoS

Production & Well-Test : Pressure Drawdown

Question 10

Table 3: Pressure drawdown test data T ime(hours) 32 43 53 64 72 81 110 Pwf (M P a) 18.41 18.38 18.35 18.32 18.30 18.29 18.25

Figure 4: Sheet A

[email protected]

Page 14 of 25

UoS

Production & Well-Test : Build-up & reservoir pressure

Question 10

Question 11

1. Figure 5 is a pressure build-up curve from a reservoir with a limited drainage area. (a) Determine the production time tp (b) Estimate the slope, m (c) From the graph, estimate the Pws(1hour) and the corresponding Pwf (d) Why is the Pws(1hour) dierent from the corresponding Pwf ?

Figure 5: Pressure build-up curve with a limited drainage area

2. Using the Matthews-Brons-Hazenbroek (MBH) method, determine the mean pressure of the drainage area of a well in the above reservoir which is placed at the center of a square with a surface A = 0.42 106 m2 (103.8 acre). Use Figure 6 and the following additional data.
Question 11 continued on next page. . . [email protected] Page 15 of 25

UoS

Production & Well-Test : Build-up & reservoir pressure Question 11 (continued)

Figure 6: MBH dimensionless pressure for dierent well locations in a square drainage area (after MatthewsBrons-Hazenbroek)

Additional pressure build-up data Np = 21409 m3 [134648bbl], cumulative production q = 38.3 m3/d [241bbl/d], production rate before shut-in Boi = 1.52 (rb/stb) Pi = 20.7 M P a [3002.3 psi] o = 9.2 103 Pa-s [9.2 cp] h = 21 m [68.9 ft] = 0.17 [ ] Swi = 0.25 [ ] ct = 1.2 109P a1 [8.27 1061/psi] rw = 0.1 m [0.328 f t]
Question 11 continued on next page. . . [email protected] Page 16 of 25

UoS

Production & Well-Test : Interference and Diagnostics Question 11 (continued)

Question 12

1. During an interference test, water was injected in the active well for 22 days. The distance to the observation well is 112.4 m [368.8f t]. The measured pressure changes are drawn on a transparent sheet versus t (hour), and matched by parallel shifting in Figure 7 with the type curve. In the match point: (a) tM = 100hours
2 (b) (tD /rD )M = 50

(c) PM = 105 Pa [= 14.5psi] (d) PD M = 0.8 Additional data q = 300 m3/d [= 1887bbl/d] = 0.82 103 Pa-s [0.82cp] Bw = 1.0 h = 12 m [39.4f t] r = 112.4 m [368.8f t]

(a) Determine the permeability, and (b) ct

[email protected]

Page 17 of 25

UoS

Production & Well-Test : Interference and Diagnostics

Question 12

Figure 7: Illustration of type curve matching for an interference test

[email protected]

Page 18 of 25

UoS

Production & Well-Test : Interference and Diagnostics

Question 12

Question 13

Figure 8 is a well test interpretation models for wells near a single fault, channel system and wedge systems. The corresponding pressure change and derivative plots are also shown on a log-log plot. Analyze each of the plots.

Figure 8: Well test interpretation models

[email protected]

Page 19 of 25

UoS

Reservoir Performance : Reservoir Engineering

Question 13

Question 14

Consider a reservoir that is shaped like a circular disk, 10 m thick, and with a 5 km radius in the horizontal plane. The mean porosity of the reservoir is 15%, the water saturation is 0.3, and the oil saturation is 0.7. 1. Ignoring the expansion of the oil that would occur when it is produced from the reservoir, how many barrels of oil are in this reservoir? (One barrel = 0.1589 m3). 2. If the density of the oil is 900 kg/m3, how much oil (in kg) is contained in the reservoir?
Question 15

With the aid of annotated phase envelope diagrams, describe the following 1. cricondenbar and cricondentherm 2. retrograde condensation, dry-gas and wet gas 3. light, intermediate and heavy crude systems
Question 16

Given the gas production data shown in Table 4. Determine: 1. the total volume (at standard conditions) of gas initially in place (GIIP)
Question 16 continued on next page. . . [email protected] Page 20 of 25

UoS

Reservoir Performance : Reservoir Engineering

Question 16 (continued)

Table 4: Data from a gas reservoir P ressure(M P a) 25 24 23 22 21 Z 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.89 Gp (108 m3 ) 0 6.09 11.8 17.1 23.1

2. the volume of gas (Gp) that will be produced at the abandonment pressure of 3 M P a when Z = 0.95 3. Explain why the abandonment pressure is not 0.1 M P a (1 atm)

[email protected]

Page 21 of 25

UoS

Reservoir Rock : Rock properties

Question 16

Question 17

In a laboratory experiment, a pressure drop of 100 kP a is imposed along a core that has length of 10 cm, and a radius of 2 cm. The permeability of the core is 200 mD, its porosity is 15%, and the viscosity of water is 0.001 P a s. 1. What will be the volumetric owrate Q of the water, in m3/s? 2. What is the numerical value of q = Q/A, in m/s?
Question 18

Consider a layered reservoir consisting of alternating layers, 1 m thick, of rock 1, rock 2 and rock 3, where k1 = 1000 mD, k2 = 100 mD, and k3 = 10 mD. 1. What is the eective permeability of this rock, if uid is owing parallel to the layering? 2. What is the eective permeability of this rock, if uid is owing perpendicular to the layering? 3. Imagine that the reservoir consists of these three rock types, in equal volumetric proportions, but occurring in a random spatial distribution. Estimate the eective permeability in this case.

[email protected]

Page 22 of 25

UoS

Reservoir Rock : Rock properties

Question 18

Question 19

Consider a small blob of oil surrounded by water. The surface tension between the oil and water is 0.02 N m. If the radius of the blob is 0.05 mm 1. What is the value of the capillary pressure? 2. Is the pressure higher in the oil or the water?

[email protected]

Page 23 of 25

UoS

Reservoir Fluid : Fluid properties

Question 19

Question 20

Table 5 is the uid compositional data of a gas reservoir. Compute 1. the apparent molecular weight (AMW) 2. the specic gravity 3. the composition in weight fraction 4. the composition in volume fraction
Table 5: Data from a gas reservoir Component Methane Ethane Propane Isobutane n-butane Composition, mole fraction 0.820 0.059 0.046 0.035 0.030 1.000

Question 21

An oil reservoir has the compositional data given in Table 6 1. What is the API gravity of the oil? Use ideal-solution principles
Table 6: Data from a gas reservoir Component n-butane n-pentane n-hexane Mole fraction 0.29 0.40 0.31 1.00

[email protected]

Page 24 of 25

UoS

Reservoir Fluid : Fluid properties

Question 21

Question 22

1. The analysis of a formation water is given in Table 7. Convert the concentrations of solids for the brine to (a) milligrams per liter (b) percent solids (c) milliequivalents per liter 2. Draw a pattern of the brine
Table 7: Data from a gas reservoir Component Na Ca Mg S 04 Cl C 03 HC 03 Mole fraction 7, 365 1, 582 305 521 14, 162 705 0

[email protected]

Page 25 of 25