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ch05 Solid State Physics Kittel Solutions

This document discusses the properties of phonons and lattice vibrations in solids. It contains 5 key points: 1) It derives an expression for the phonon density of states D(ω) near the minimum frequency ω0, showing it vanishes for ω above ω0. 2) It calculates the root mean square volume fluctuation in a solid due to thermal vibrations. 3) It derives expressions for the mean square displacement of atoms and strain in solids based on the phonon density of states. 4) It calculates the heat capacity of a layered solid, showing it is proportional to temperature T at low T if layers are weakly bound. 5) It relates the thermal expansion

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Sriharsha Palugulla
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2K views2 pages

ch05 Solid State Physics Kittel Solutions

This document discusses the properties of phonons and lattice vibrations in solids. It contains 5 key points: 1) It derives an expression for the phonon density of states D(ω) near the minimum frequency ω0, showing it vanishes for ω above ω0. 2) It calculates the root mean square volume fluctuation in a solid due to thermal vibrations. 3) It derives expressions for the mean square displacement of atoms and strain in solids based on the phonon density of states. 4) It calculates the heat capacity of a layered solid, showing it is proportional to temperature T at low T if layers are weakly bound. 5) It relates the thermal expansion

Uploaded by

Sriharsha Palugulla
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 5 1.

(a) The dispersion relation is

1 = m | sin Ka|. We solve this for K to obtain 2 2 1 K = (2/a) sin ( / m ) , whence dK/d = (2 / a)(m 2 ) 1/ 2 and, from (15), D()
2

= (2L/a)(m 2 ) 1/ 2 . This is singular at = m. (b) The volume of a sphere of radius K in 3 3/2 Fourier space is = 4K / 3 = (4 / 3)[(0 ) / A] , and the density of orbitals near 0 is D()= (L/2)3 | d/d |= (L/2)3 (2 / A 3/2 )(0 )1/ 2 , provided < 0. It is apparent that
D() vanishes for above the minimum 0. 2. The potential energy associated with the dilation is

1 1 1 B(V/V) 2 a 3 k BT . This is k BT and not 2 2 2

3 k BT , because the other degrees of freedom are to be associated with shear distortions of the lattice cell. 2 2 47 24 3 Thus < ( V) > = 1.5 10 ;(V) rms = 4.7 10 cm ; and ( V) rms / V = 0.125 . Now 3a/a V/V , whence (a) rms / a = 0.04 .
3. (a)

/ V) 1 , < R 2 > = (h/2


2

where

from

(20)
2

for

Debye

spectrum

/ D / 82 v3 . (b) In one dimension from = d D()1 = 3VD / 43 v3 , whence < R 2 > = 3h 1 (15) we have D() = L/v , whence d D() diverges at the lower limit. The mean square 1 2 / strain in one dimension is < (R/x) 2 > = K 2 u 0 = (h/2MNv) K 2 2 2 / / D / 4MNv3 . = (h/2MNv) (K D / 2) = h
4. (a) The motion is constrained to each layer and is therefore essentially two-dimensional. Consider one plane of area A. There is one allowed value of K per area (2/L)2 in K space, or (L/2)2 = A/42 allowed values of K per unit area of K space. The total number of modes with wavevector less than K is, with = vK,

N = (A/42 ) (K 2 ) = A2 / 4v 2 .
The density of modes of each polarization type is D() = dN/d = A/2v2. The thermal average phonon energy for the two polarization types is, for each layer,

U = 2

D() n(,) = d = 2

D A = d , 2 0 2v exp(h/) 1

where D is defined by N =

D() d . In the regime =D >> , we have

2A3 2v 2 = 2

x2 dx. ex 1

5-1

Thus the heat capacity C = k B U/ T .


2

(b) If the layers are weakly bound together, the system behaves as a linear structure with each plane as a vibrating unit. By induction from the results for 2 and 3 dimensions, we expect C T . But this only holds at extremely low temperatures such that << =D =vN layer / L , where Nlayer/L is the number of layers per unit length. 5. (a) From the Planck distribution

1 1 x 1 = (e + 1) /(e x 1) = coth (x/2) , where 2 2 2 x/2 sx x/2 x / /k BT . The partition function Z = e e = e /(1 e ) = [2sinh (x/2)]1 and the x=h <n>+

free energy is F = kBT log Z = kBT log[2 sinh(x/2)]. (b) With () = (0) (1 ), the condition

1 / coth (h / /2k BT) on direct differentiation. The energy h 2 / is just the term to the right of the summation symbol, so that B = U (T) . (c) By definition <n>h of , we have / = V/V , or d log = d log V . But D , whence d log = d log V .
F/ = 0 becomes B =

5-2

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