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STOICHIOMETRY UNIT: 2
1 2 3 Chemical reactions and equations Oxidation number Concept Balancing of Redox reactions by ion electron method and oxidation number method

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 1. Alimunothermit process is an example for which type of redox change ? Which substance is the reducing agent here? A. Aluminothermit process is an example for metal displacement redox reaction. In this process Al acts as reducing agent.

reduction

2 Al + Fe2O3 2 Fe + Al2O3
oxidation

2. A.

What are disproportionation reactions? Give an example. Chemical reactions in which the same element undergoes both oxidation and reduction simultaneously are known as disproportionation reactions.
(0)
3Cl2( g )

(-1) + 60 H ( aq ) ClO 3( aq ) + 5Cl ( aq ) +3H 2O ( l )

(+5)

Oxidation
Ex:

Reduction

3. A.

What are comproportionation reactions? Give example. Comproportionation reactions: The inverse of disproportionation is comproportionation

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www.sakshieducation.com In comproportionation reactions, two species with the same element in two different oxidation states form a single product in which the element is in an intermediate oxidation state. Ex: Ag 2+ ( aq ) + Ag ( s ) 2 Ag + ( aq )

4.

Now a days it is thought that oxidation is simply decrease in electron density and reduction is increase in electron density. How would you justify this?

A.

The decrease in electron density means loss of electrons. The loss of electrons is called oxidation. The increase in electron density means a gain of electrons. . The gain of electrons is called reduction.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS: 1. Balance the following equations and write down the stoichiometric proportions. a) C + O2 CO2 c) N 2 + H 2 NH 3 b) H 2 + Cl2 HCl d) Fe + O2 Fe2O3

e) CaCO3 + HCl CaCl2 + H 2O + CO2 f) MnO2 + HCl MnCl2 + H 2O + Cl2 g) Mg ( OH )2 + HCl MnCl2 + H 2O + Cl2 h) KI + H 2 SO4 KHSO4 + I 2 + SO2 A. a) Given equation: C + O2 CO2 Balanced equation: C + O2 CO2 Stoichiometric ratios = 1: 1: 1 b) Given equation: H 2 + Cl2 HCl Balanced equation: H 2 + Cl2 2 HCl (or)

1 1 H 2 + Cl2 HCl 2 2

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Stoichiometric ratios = 1: 1: 2 (or)

1 1 : :1 2 2

c) Given equation: N 2 + H 2 NH 3 Balanced equation: N 2 + 3H 2 2 NH 3 Stoichiometric ratios = 1: 3: 2 d) Given equation: Fe + O2 Fe2O3 Balanced equation: 4 Fe + 3O2 2 Fe2O3 Stoichiometric ratios = 4: 3: 2 e) Given equation: CaCO3 + HCl CaCl2 + H 2O + CO2 Balanced equation:

CaCO3 + 2 HCl CaCl2 + H 2O + CO2

Stoichiometric ratios = 1: 2: 1: 1: 1 f) Given equation: MnO2 + HCl MnCl2 + H 2O + Cl2 Balanced equation: MnO2 + 4 HCl MnCl2 + 2 H 2O + Cl2 Stoichiometric ratios = 1: 4: 1: 2: 1 g) Given equation: Mg ( OH )2 + HCl MgCl2 + H 2O Balanced equation: Mg ( OH )2 + 2 HCl MgCl2 + H 2O Stoichiometric ratios = 1: 2: 1: 2 h) Given equation: KI + H 2 SO4 KHSO4 + I 2 + SO2 Balanced equation: 2 KI + 3H 2 SO4 2 KHSO4 + I 2 + SO2 + 2 H 2O Stoichiometric ratios = 2: 3: 2: 1: 1: 2

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www.sakshieducation.com 2. A. What is the oxidation number of manganese in KMnO4 ? K Mn O4

+1 x -2

1( +1) + 1( x ) + 4 ( 2 ) = 0 x = +7
2 ? Calculate the oxidation number of Sulphur in SO4 2 S O4

3. A.

x -2

1( x ) + 4 ( 2 ) = 2 x = +6
4. A. What is the oxidation number of manganese in MnSO4 ?

Mn ( SO4 )
x
-2

1( x ) + 1( 2 ) = 0
x = +2
5. Calculate the oxidation numbers of hydrogen to different states making use of following formulae.

H , HCl , H 2O2 , NaH

A. Oxidation state of H in uncombined state is 0

Oxidation state of H is 0
Hydrogen common oxidation state (with non metals) = +1

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www.sakshieducation.com In HCl, H oxidation state = +1 In H 2O2 , H oxidation state = +1 Hydrogen exhibit -1 oxidation state with metals In NaH, H oxidation state is -1

6.

Calculate the oxidation number of oxygen in the following.

O2 , KO2 , H 2O2 , MgO, Cl2O, OF2

A. Oxidation number of oxygen is -2, in its compounds. In peroxides it is -1 and +1 and +2 in oxygen fluorides O2 F2 and OF2 respectively. In super oxides like KO2 it is 1 2 Oxidation state of oxygen in O2 = '0' Oxidation state of oxygen in potassium superoxide ( KO2 ) is = 1 2 Oxidation state of oxygen in Hydrogen peroxide ( H 2O2 ) = -1 In Mg O

+2

1( +2 ) + 1( x ) = 0 x = 2
In oxygen fluoride OF2

O F2 x -1 1( x ) + 2 ( 1) = 0 x = +2
7. Calculate the oxidation numbers of hydrogen in different states making use of following formulae.

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www.sakshieducation.com a) C6 H12O6 A. a) C6 H12 O6 b) C12 H 22O11

6 ( x ) + 2 ( +1) + 6 ( 2 ) = 0 x=0
b) C12 H 22 O11

x +1 +2 12 ( x ) + 22 ( +1) + 11( 2 ) = 0 x=0

8. A. Calculate the oxidation number of iron in Fe3O4 ?

Fe3 O4 x -2

3 ( x ) + 4 ( 2 ) = 0
x = +8 3

9.

Calculate the oxidation number of sulphur in H 2 S 2O8 ? (Hint: Two of the oxygen form peroxide bond)

A.

H 2 S2O8 : H 2 S2 O6 ( O2 )

+1 x -2 -1

2 ( +1) + 2 ( x ) + 6 ( 2 ) + 2 ( 1) = 0 x = +6

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www.sakshieducation.com 10. What is the common oxidation number of halogens, when they are in combined state with metals? A. The common oxidation state of halogens when they combine with metals is -1

BALANCING EQUATIONS

1.

Balance the following half reaction by ion electron method.

NO2 NO ( acidic solution )

(g)

A)

Sep-1 Write down the oxidation number of each atom N O2 NO

+3

+2

Step 2: a) Balance the atoms other than oxygen and hydrogen

NO2 NO (N is already balanced)

b) Balance oxygen atoms by adding H 2O molecules to the suitable side

NO2 NO + H 2O (O is balanced)

c) Balance hydrogen by adding H + ions to the suitable side

NO2 + 2 H + NO + H 2O

d) Balance charges by adding electrons to the suitable side

NO2 + 2 H + + e NO + H 2O

(Charges balanced) Hence, the balanced half-reaction is

NO2 + 2 H + + e NO + H 2O

2.

Balance the following half reaction by ion-electron method

CN CNO (Basic medium)

( aq ) ( aq )

A.

Step 1 Write the oxidation numbers of each atom +2 3 C + 4 -3 -2

N ( ) C NO ( )

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www.sakshieducation.com Step 2: a) Balance the atoms other than oxygen and hydrogen
CN ( ) CNO ( ) (bothC, N are already balanced)

b) Balance oxygen atoms by adding H 2O molecule to the suitable side

CN ( ) + H 2O CNO ( ) ( O is balanced )

c) Balance hydrogen atoms by adding H 2O at deficent side of hydrogen and add same number of OH ions in opposite side.
CN ( ) + H 2O + 2OH ( ) CNO 2 H 2O

(H is balanced in basic medium) d) Balanced charges by adding electrons to the suitable side

CN + H 2O + 2OH CNO 2 H 2O + 2e
Hence the balanced half- reaction is

CN = 2OH CNO H 2O + 2e
3. Balance of the following redox-reaction by ion electron method.
C2 H 2 + MnO4 Mn + CO2 (Acidic sol) +2

(g)

( aq )

( aq )

(g)

Step 1: Write the oxidation number of each atom -1 + 1 + 7 - 2 +2 + 4 -2

( ) C2 H 2 + MnO4 Mn +2 + CO2

Step -2: Divide the reaction into two half- reactions.

Oxidation half reaction

Reduction half reaction

MnO4 Mn +2

C2 H 2 CO2
a) Balance atoms otherthan oxygen and hydrogen C2 H 2 2CO2

MnO4 Mn +2

(C is balanced)

(Mn is already balanced)

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b) Balance oxygen atoms

C2 H 2 + 4 H 2O 2CO2

MnO4 Mn +2 + 4 H 2O

( O is balanced)
MnO4 + 8 H Mn +2 + 4 H 2O

(O is balanced) c) Balanced hydrogen

C2 H 2 + 4 H 2O 2CO2 + 10 H + (H is balanced in acidic medium) d) Balance charges C2 H 2 + 4 H 2O 2CO2 + 10 H + + 10e ) e) Balance electrons
1( C2 H 2 + 4 H 2O 2CO2 + 10 H + + 10e )
2 ( MnO4 + 8 H + + 5e Mn +2 + 4 H 2O ) MnO4 + 8 H + + 5e Mn +2 + 4 H 2O

( H is balanced in acidic medium)

Step 3 Add both the half- reaction and cancel the electrons and other similar species on both sides. C2 H 2 + 4 H 2O 2CO2 + 10 H + + 10e
2 MnO4 + 16 H + + 10e 2Mn +2 + 8 H 2O

C2 H 2 + 2 MnO4 + 6 H + 2 Mn +2 + 2CO2 + 4 H 2O

Hence, the balanced redox reaction is

C2 H 2 + 2 MnO4 + 6 H + 2 Mn +2 + 2CO2 + 4 H 2O

4.

Balance the following redox reaction by ion electron method.

Br2 BrO3 + Br (Basic medium)

( aq ) ( aq )

A)

Step 1: Write the oxidation numbers of each atom 0 +5 2 -1

BrO3 + Br (basic medium)

Br2

Step 2: Divide the reaction into two half-reactions.

Oxidation half-reaction

Reduction half reaction

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1 Br2 BrO3 2 a) Balance atoms otherthan oxygen and

hydrogen

1 Br2 Br 2

1 Br2 BrO3 2 (Br is already balance) b) Balanced oxygen atoms

1 Br2 Br 2 (Br is already balanced)

1 Br2 + 3H 2O BrO3 2
c) Balance hydrogen

1 Br2 Br ( ) 2

1 Br2 + 3H 2O + 6OH 2
BrO3 + 6 H 2O

1 Br2 Br ( ) 2

(hydrogen balanced in basic medium) d) balance charges

1 Br2 + 3H 2O + 6OH 2
BrO3 + 6 H 2O + 5e

e) Balance electrons both sides

1 Br2 3H 2O + 6OH 2
BrO3 + 6 H 2O + 5e

1 Br2 + e Br 2

1 5 Br2 + e Br 2

Step -3: Add both the half reactions and cancel the electrons and other similar species on both sides.

1 Br2 + 3H 2 d O + 6OH BrO3 + 6 H 2O + 5e 2

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5 Br2 + 5e 5 Br 2
3Br2 + 6OH BrO3 + 5 Br + 3H 2O

Hence, the balanced redox- reaction is

3Br2 + 6OH BrO3 + 5 Br + 3H 2O

5.

Balance the following equations by oxidation number method.

HNO( aq ) + C( s ) NO2( g ) + H 2O( l ) + CO2( g )

A.
Step 1 Skeleton equation is

HNO3 + C NO2 + H 2O + CO2

Step -2: Assign oxidation numbers of the elements particularly in the reaction

+1 + 5 2 0 + 4 2 + 1 2 + 4 2
H N O3 + C NO2 + H 2O + CO2
Step 3: Identify atoms whose oxidation states have changed

Decrease in O.X. no.by 1 unit +5 +4

HNO3 + C NO2 + H 2O + CO2 + 4

Increase in O.X. no. by 4 units

Step 4: Balance the no. of electrons lost and gained by adjusting the co-efficients of

the molecules containing the atoms that undergo changes in oxidation number.

4 HNO3 + C NO2 + H 2O + CO2

Step 5: Supply proper coefficient for the rest of the reaction

4 HNO3 + C 4 NO2 + 2 H 2O + CO2

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