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ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
UNIT : 2
1 Ozone and its reactions, effects of depletion of ozone layer 2 Green house effect and Global warming 3 pollution due to industrial wastes 4.Green chemistryas an alternative tool for reducing pollution with examples VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS : 1. A. What happens when holes are formed in ozone layer ? Due to holes in ozone layer, the U.V. radiations from the sun directly fall on the earth, causing a number of problems like skin cancer, cataract of eyes. 2. A. What is the harm caused by CFCs. When CFCs reach to the stratosphere they decompose to give Cl free radicals, which cause depletion of ozone layer. So the U.V radiations directly fall on earth causing skin cancer and damaging eyes. 3. A. In which segment of the atmosphere ozone is present ? What is the advantage of ozone layer. Ozone is present in stratosphere The O3 layer protects the fall of U.V. radiations on the earth 4. A. What is Eutrophication? Water from industry and agriculture is over nutritious with organic substances. When it is thrown in to the water resources like ponds and lakes, it supports the over growth of algae. Due to this the lake becomes marshy, filled with sediments and ultimately becomes dry. This is known as Eutrophication. SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS : 1. A. Suggest some methods to minimize pollution due to industrial wastes. Methods to minimize pollution due to industrial wastes i) Process and raw material changes : In textile industry for sizing starch is replaced with cellulose ii) Equipment modification : Traps are provided on the discharge lines to present feathers and fat entering by which water pollution is reduced iii) By product recovery : In pulp and paper industry wood chips are cooked in NaOH and Na2 SO4 to produce a black liquid called black liquor. The components of this black liquor are recovered as by product, instead of treating it to present pollution iv) Segregation of wastes : Highly toxic wasted are segregated to treat by solar evaporation or incineration 2. A. Explain the types of industrial wastes. i) Process wastes : www.sakshieducation.com

www.sakshieducation.com These are from inorganic process wastes and organic process wastes. Inorganic process wastes are present in the effluents from chemical industries, electroplating industries, metallurgical and petroleum industries, etc. These are mainly toxic but do not generally produce biological problems. Organic process wastes are from food processing industries, dairies, distilleries, paper, textile mills, etc. It is very difficult to dispose organic process wastes. ii) Chemical wastes : Industries that manufacture acids, bases, detergents, explosives, dyes, insecticides, fungicides, fertilizers, silicones, plastics, resins etc which are generally used as raw materials for further manufacturing processes, contain chemical wastes. These wastes are produced during sedimentation, flocculation, washing, filtering, evaporation, distillation, electrolysis, adsorption, crystallization, burning, centrifuging, etc. Chemical wastes are generally acidic, basic or toxic materials, coloured and inflammable. Chemical wastes require biological oxidation treatment methods like thickening filters, activated sludge or logooning. 3. A. What are the characteristics of industrial wastes ? 1) Wastes containing suspended matter in solid form but little polluting matter in solution e.g : China clay works, coal washeresis, etc 2) Wastes containing suspended solid matter and polluting matter in solution 3) Wastes containing polluting substances mainly in solution e.g : Electroplating industry 4. A. Explain the principles of industrial waste treatment. the principles of industrial waste treatment are 1) nature of industrial waste 2) BOD and COD of the effluent 3) pH value of the effluent 4) suspended solids present 5) pollutants present 6) toxic chemicals present 5. A. What is green chemistry ? Explain it with an example. The ways of using the knowledge and the principles of chemistry and other sciences to develop methods to reduce as far as possible the pollution of the environment are known as green chemistry e.g : To bleach paper and pulp earlier chlorine gas was used. Now it is bleached with suitable catalyst. By this pollution of atmosphere by chlorine is prevented 6. A Explain the effect of ozone hole. Due to depletion of ozone more UV rays enter into troposphere. Thus UV radiation leads to 1) Ageing of skin 3) Skin burns 2) Cataracts 4) Skin cancer www.sakshieducation.com

5) Damage to fish production

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7) Effect plant proteins leading to the harmful mutation of cells 8) Evaporate surface water through the stomata of the leaves 9) Decrease moisture content of the soil 10) Damage paints, fibers, by fading them faster 11) Effect on photosynthesis etc 7. A. Ozone is a pollutant and protector to the environment. Discuss. 1) Ozone is a pollutant : If the concentration of O3 gas is increased in atmosphere, the temperature of earth increases resulting in global warming 2) Ozone is a protector : Ozone layer present around the earth in the stratosphere protects the earth from the harmful ultraviolet radiations falling on it Hence, ozone is pollutant and also protector to the environment 8. A. Explain the reaction and effect of chlorolfluoro carbons with ozone. 1) Chlorofluoro carbons are stable in troposphere, if it percolates into the upper atmosphere (stratosphere) they absorb ultraviolet radiation and get photolysed to liberate chlorine atoms
h CFCl3 C FCl2 + UV Freon

Cl
Free radical

2) These chlorine atoms catalyse the decomposition of ozone resulting in the depletion of ozone layer

Cl + O3 ClO + O2

ClO* + [O ] Cl * + O2
3) In the above reaction, ozone is converted into oxygen, thereby decreasing the density of ozone in stratosphere, which results in the formation of holes in the ozone layer 4) These holes allow the harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun to fall on the earth causing skin cancer, cataract of eyes, irritation of the skin, etc 9. A. How can you prevent green house effect by growing plants ?

CO2 is a green house gas. Due to burning of fossil fuels the percentage of CO2 increases CO2 is absorbed by plants for photosynthesis. By growing plants the intake of CO2 increases, thus
the quantity of CO2 in the atmosphere decreases. Thus green house effect can be reduced by growing more and more plants.

10. A.

CFCs are a boon to industry but a curve to the environment Discuss. CFXs are synthetic compounds of chlorine, fluorine and carbon. Their trade name is Freon. They are very cheap and widely used as a refrigerant in air conditioning, as propellants, as solvents and also as foaming agents. Thus CFCs are a boon to industry. www.sakshieducation.com

www.sakshieducation.com CFCs are gaseous. They percolate into stratosphere and cause depletion of ozone layer. As a result, human life gets affected. Thus, CFCs become a curse to the environment.

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS : 1. Explain the pollution due to industrial wastes. What are processes adopted to minimize the industrial pollution ? A. Industrial activities produce different types of waste products which are generally discharged into water streams, organic compounds, the large proportion of these wastes are very slowly destroyed by bacteria and unpleasant odoum and tastes are produce. Types of industrial pollution : a) Process wastes : These are form inorganic process wastes and organic process wastes. Inorganic wastes are mainly toxic but do not produce generally biological problems. It is very difficult to dispose organic process wastes. b) Chemical wastes : These are produced during sedimentation flocculation, washing, filtering, evaporation, distillations, electrolysis, etc. Strength of wastes can be reduced by following methods : 1) Process and raw material changes : e.g : Highly polluted waste because of use of starch as a sizing agent in textile industry is modified by using cellulose as sizing agent to reduce pollution. 2) Equipment modification method : e.g : Providing traps on the discharge lines to prevent feathers and pieces of fat entering by which water pollution is reduced. 3) Equilization of wastes : It is necessary to equalize the discharge by holding the water in retaining basins and releasing it slowly it batches. 4) By product recovery : If the useful by - products from industrial wastes are recovered, it reduces pollution and it is economically profitable. 5) Segregation of wastes : Highly toxic wastes that are less in volume may be segregated from the main stream to treat by solar evaporation, incineration etc, processes. 2. A. What is green chemistry ? Explain it with suitable examples. Green chemistry involves not to produce green house gases like CH 4 , CO etc are responsible for green house effect. In many processes by products become the pollutants. Green chemistry works for not producing wasteful by products in these processes. Green chemistry is a cost effective approach that involves minimum chemical usage, minimum energy consumption are minimum waste (pollutant) generation. www.sakshieducation.com

www.sakshieducation.com e.g 1 : In the dry cleaning of clothes, earlier ( CCl2 = CCl2 ) tetrachloro ethane was used. This compound contaminates the ground water and is a suspected carcinogen. Therefore, using this compound is replaced by a process in which liquefied CO2 with a suitable detergent is used. This would not pollute ground water much. e.g 2 : Earlier pungent odoured chlorine gas was used to bleach the paper. Now it is bleached with

H 2O2 with suitable catalyst that promotes the bleaching property of hydrogen peroxide.
3. A. How is global warming takes place ? What are its effects ? Global warming : Gases like CO2 , CFC ' s, O3 , NO and water vapour absorb I.R. radiation coming to the earth and reflect them back to the earths surface. Due to this, the surface of the earth gets heated. This is called green house effect or global warming. The gases which are responsible for this effect are called green house gases. Effects of global warming : 1) For a 1C rise in temperature, the ice caps of polar regions melt and level of the sea water increases. Thereby many coastal countries gets submerged 2) Due to global warming, the rate of evaporation of water from the seas, rivers, ponds will increase. This leads to unwarranted rains, cyclones and hurricanes 3) Due to global warming, short of water supply for agriculture occurs Global warming can be prevented by growing trees, forests, stopping production of CFCs etc

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