Gep 974G

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GE Capacitor
Low-Voltage Power Factor Correction Capacitors
GEP-974-G
GE Capacitor
Table of Contents
Page GE Capacitor Technology ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 Facts About GE Low Voltage Capacitors ---------------------------------------------------------------- 7 GEM Single-Unit Assemblies ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 240 Volt 1 - 50 kVAR 480 Volt 1 - 100 kVAR 600 Volt 1 - 50 kVAR GEM Multi-Unit Assemblies ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 240 Volt 55 - 250 kVAR 480 Volt 110 - 500 kVAR 600 Volt 55 - 500 kVAR GEMATIC Select 240 Volt 480 Volt 600 Volt GEMATIC Compact 240 Volt 480 Volt 600 Volt GEMATIC Custom 240 Volt 480 Volt 600 Volt GEMTRAP 240 Volt 480 Volt 600 Volt GEM/ OFW HWT Automatic Power Factor Correction Equipment ----------------------- 12 50 - 300 kVAR 100 - 600 kVAR 100 - 600 kVAR Automatic Power Factor Correction Equipment ----------------------- 14 40 - 120 kVAR 100 - 300 kVAR 100 - 300 kVAR Custom Configured Automatic Power Factor Correction Equipment with Harmonic Suppresion Reactors ---------------------- 16 100 - 300 kVAR 200 - 1400 kVAR 200 - 1400 kVAR Fixed Low Voltage Power Factor Correction Equipment with Harmonic Suppresion Reactors -------------------------------------- 18 25 - 50 kVAR 25 - 200 kVAR 25 - 200 kVAR Fixed Low Voltage Power Factor Correction Equipment for Outdoor Pumping Installations ---------------------------------------- 20 Medium Voltage Assemblies ------------------------------------------------- 22 25 - 825 kVAR 25 - 900 kVAR 25 - 900 kVAR
2400 Volt 4160 Volt 4800 Volt
For additional information on these and other products, please go online to www.GEIndustrial.com the GE Industrial Systems home page. Select PRODUCTS and then select CAPACITORS. From there, continue to the desired product(s) and information.
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Table of Contents AIDS FOR APPLICATION OF POWER FACTOR CORRECTION CAPACITORS
GE Capacitor
Page Capacitor Function ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26 Equipment Causing Poor Power Factor ---------------------------------------------------------------- 26 How Capacitors Save Money ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26 Benefits of Power Factor Improvement ----------------------------------------------------------------- 27 Facts and Formulas ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 30 Degree of Power Factor Improvement ------------------------------------------------------------------- 31 Size of Capacitor Bank ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31 Determining Your Capacitor Requirements ----------------------------------------------------------- 32 Sizing Capacitors for Electrical Systems --------------------------------------------------------------- 33 Power Bill Savings and Factors That Affect Your Electrical Bill --------------------------------34
Location of Power Capacitors ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35 Suggested Maximum Capacitor Ratings for T-Frame Motors When Switched with Capacitors ----------------------------------------------- 36 Switching Capacitors --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37 Guide for Cable and Switch Selection ------------------------------------------------------------------- 38 Understanding Harmonics --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39 Applying Power Factor Correction in a Harmonic Environment ---------------------------------- 40 Harmonic Survey Data Form ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 42
For additional information on these and other products, please go online to www.GEIndustrial.com the GE Industrial Systems home page. Select PRODUCTS and then select CAPACITORS. From there, continue to the desired product(s) and information.
GE Capacitor
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GEM Capacitors
GE Capacitor Technology
GEs GEM capacitors are manufactured with high-grade metallized polypropylene film. Low loss polypropylene film with metallized electrode provides smaller, lighter units. Dielectric self-healing characteristics, plus internal Pressure Sensitive Interrupters, result in a double assurance of safety. Multiple cell construction allows for complete flexibility in capacitor selection.
Instant Self-healing Feature

During a dielectric breakdown an arc occurs across the dielectric at the puncture. The thin metallized electrode will vaporize away from the puncture, then the arc selfextinguishes and bare polypropylene film remains, leaving the capacitor intact. This self-healing process is instantaneous - only 0.5 microseconds from initial fault current flow until clearing is complete.
Nuisance Fault and Cell Rupture Protected

The patented GE Pressure Sensitive Interrupter (PSI - Fig. 1), in conjunction with the self-clearing feature, helps protect against nuisance faults and cell rupture. This field proven feature interrupts capacitor current when internal pressure forces the cover up and breaks an under cover contact (see Fig. 2).
GE Film/Foil Capacitors
GEs Film/Foil capacitors offer an energy efficient polypropylene film dielectric. This heavy duty Film/Foil dielectric system is designed to handle unusual overvoltages and overcurrents without reducing capacitor life. The Film/Foil dielectric results in low watts per kVAR power consumption during capacitor operation. The 0.5 watts per kVAR losses and corresponding low internal heat generation mean low operating temperatures for the Film/Foil capacitor, a significant factor in extending capacitor life. This dielectric system can be found in the low voltage EDT/EWT and medium voltage HWT product lines.
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Facts About GE Low Voltage Capacitors
GE Capacitor
GE - YOUR COMPLETE CAPACITOR SUPPLIER with a full line of low & medium voltage capacitors for power factor correction: Where to Use
GE offers designs that are suitable for either indoor or outdoor use. Connection of the capacitors to the terminals of motors or other loads permits switching the load and capacitors as a unit, automatically keeping kilovar supply in step with kilovar requirement. Capacitors tied to a feeder or bus generally require a switching device. Individual units or groups of units in locations with restricted ventilation, are suitable for operation in maximum ambients of 46C(115F). The capacitors are suitable for energizing in temperatures as low as -40C.
Line Fuses
Line fuses are available on both low voltage and medium voltage equipments. Customers should note NEC Article 460-8B to decide if fuses are required for a specific low voltage application.
Discharge Resistors
Each low voltage capacitor includes discharge resistors to drain residual capacitor voltage to 50 volts or less within one minute of de-energization. The 2400, 4160 and 4800 volt units have discharge resistors that reduce the voltage to 50 volts or less within five minutes.
Environmental Compatibility of Liquid

GE dielectric systems use the proprietary Dielektrol family of proven non-PCB biodegradable capacitor fluids specially blended to provide optimum performance. Dielektrol fluids are NGPA rated Class IIIB combustible.
Long Life
Proven field service has confirmed long life demonstrated in comprehensive accelerated life tests, greater than 95 percent survival, 20 years.
National Electrical Code

The NEC, prepared by the National Fire Protection Association, is widely used as the basis for determining the adequacy of electrical installations in the United States. The Code specifically deals with the fusing of capacitors under Article 460-8B. this Article requires low voltage capacitors to have over-current protection in all ungrounded conductors (except if connected on the load side of a motor overload protective device). Three phase capacitors fused only on two phases will not provide adequate protection if a line-to-ground fault should occur in the unfused phase. NEC Article 460 in paragraph 460-2 references capacitors containing flammable liquids, Enclosing and Guarding. This states that capacitors containing more than three gallons of flammable liquid shall be enclosed in vaults or outdoor fenced enclosures . . . . The code, therefore, permits indoor installation of capacitor cells containing less than three gallons of combustible liquid. All capacitors listed in this catalog contain less than three gallons of liquid. Capacitor assemblies made up of several units may be installed indoors and, since no single unit contains more than three gallons of the liquid, the installations will be in compliance with the requirements of the NEC.
GE Capacitor
Type GEM Low Voltage Power Factor Correction Capacitors

GEM Series Single-Unit Indoor/Outdoor Assemblies Available Ratings: Not for harmonic applications
240 volt, 1-40 kVAR, single and 3-phase, 60 Hz To determine kVAR at 208 volts, multiply 240 volts kVAR by .75 480 volt, 1-100 kVAR, single and 3-phase, 60 Hz 600 volt, 1-60 kVAR, 3-phase, 60 Hz UL Listed & CSA labeled Discharge resistors reduce voltage to 50 volts or less within one minute Enclosure NEMA 3 & 12 Factory installed fuses and blown fuse indicating lights(Optional) Pressure Sensitive Interrupter (PSI) in each cell GEM assemblies feature multiple capacitor cells with metallized polypropylene film dielectric which provides instantaneous selfhealing action and reduced energy losses. Safety is provided with the patented GE internal Pressure Sensitive Interrupter (PSI) designed to sense the buildup of pressure if a fault occurs and to interrupt the internal electrical connections before the capacitor cell can rupture. GEM cells feature time-proven Dielektrol, a biodegradable NFPA Class IIIB dielectric fluid. GEM offers high reliability and long life and is suitable for operation over a temperature range of -40C to 46C.
Note: NEC Article 460-8B requires capacitors to have overcurrent protection in all ungrounded conductors (except if connected on the load side of a motor overload protective device). Three-phase capacitors fused only on two phases will not provide adequate protection if a line-to-ground fault should occur in the unfused phase.
Mounting
GEM 65L800 series units are designed to be mounted upright on any level surface, such as a floor, top of a motor control center, or directly to any wall with brackets provided.
Line Fuse/Blown Fuse Indicating Lights

When fuses are specified, GE provides 100 KAIC and 200 KAIC interrupting capacity fuses for up to 12.5 kVAR and larger ratings respectively. Blown fuse indicating lights are also an option. Order by appropriate BASIC CATALOG number plus the appropriate accessory SUFFIX for a complete catalog number.
Line Connection and Cable Entrance

Entrance on Size Code 4 units must be made through the right end panel. For all other sizes the entrance may be made through either end panel (after first punching out the appropriate size hole). Solderless connectors are provided on each phase.
Size Code 4 5 6
A Inches 8.00 14.12 23.30 mm 205.2 358.7 593.9 Inches 1.88 7.50 12.38
B mm 47.8 191.5 314.5

Data subject to Change Without Notice
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G E M S i n g l e - U n i t S e le c ti o n T a b l e :
kV AR B a s ic C a t. N o . + --> 3 Fuses S u ffix 2 4 0 V o lt, 3 P h a s e (1 ) TN1 TL1 65L800 TN1 TL1 65L801 TN1 TL1 65L802 TN1 TL1 65L803 TN1 TL1 65L804 TN1 TL1 65L805 TN1 TL1 65L806 TN1 TL1 65L807 TN1 TL1 65L808 TN1 TL1 65L809 TN2 TL2 65L810 TN2 TL2 65L811 TN2 TL2 65L812 TN2 TL2 65L813 TN2 TL2 65L814 TN2 TL2 65L815 TN2 TL2 65L816 TN2 TL2 65L817 TN2 TL2 65L818 TN2 TL2 65L819 TN2 TL2 65L820 TN2 TL2 65L821 TN2 TL2 65L822 TN2 TL2 65L823 TN2 TL2 65L824 TN2 TL2 65L825 4 8 0 V o l t , 3 -P h a s e ( 1 ) TC1 TA1 65L800 TC1 TA1 65L801 TC1 TA1 65L802 TC1 TA1 65L803 TC1 TA1 65L804 TC1 TA1 65L805 TC1 TA1 65L806 TC1 TA1 65L807 TC1 TA1 65L808 TC1 TA1 65L809 TC1 TA1 65L810 TC1 TA1 65L811 TC1 TA1 65L812 TC1 TA1 65L813 TC1 TA1 65L814 TC1 TA1 65L815 TC1 TA1 65L816 TC1 TA1 65L817 TC1 TA1 65L818 TC1 TA1 65L819 TC1 TA1 65L820 TC1 TA1 65L821 TC1 TA1 65L822 TC1 TA1 65L823 TC1 TA1 65L824 TC1 TA1 65L825 TC1 TA1 65L826 TC1 TA1 65L827 TC1 TA1 65L828 TC1 TA1 65L829 TC1 TA1 65L830 TC1 TA1 65L831 TC1 TA1 65L832 TC1 TA1 65L833 TC1 TA1 65L834 TC1 TA1 65L835 No Fuses S u ffix 3 Fuses S iz e 3 L ig h ts C o d e A p p ro x . S u ffix (F ig . 3 ) Lbs. TQ 1 TQ 1 TQ 1 TQ 1 TQ 1 TQ 1 TQ 1 TQ 1 TQ 1 TQ 1 TQ 2 TQ 2 TQ 2 TQ 2 TQ 2 TQ 2 TQ 2 TQ 2 TQ 2 TQ 2 TQ 2 TQ 2 TQ 2 TQ 2 TQ 2 TQ 2 TE1 TE1 TE1 TE1 TE1 TE1 TE1 TE1 TE1 TE1 TE1 TE1 TE1 TE1 TE1 TE1 TE1 TE1 TE1 TE1 TE1 TE1 TE1 TE1 TE1 TE1 TE1 TE1 TE1 TE1 TE1 TE1 TE1 TE1 TE1 TE1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 11 15 15 19 19 22 22 32 32 32 32 36 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 13 13 13 13 13 19 19 19 19 19 22 22 22 22 22 32 32 32 33 33 38 38 38 38 38 W e ig h t Kg 4 .1 4 .1 4 .1 4 .1 4 .1 4 .5 4 .5 5 .0 6 .8 6 .8 8 .6 8 .6 1 0 .0 1 0 .0 1 4 .5 1 4 .5 1 4 .5 1 4 .5 1 6 .4 1 7 .3 1 7 .3 1 7 .3 1 7 .3 1 7 .3 1 7 .3 1 7 .3 4 .1 4 .1 4 .1 4 .1 4 .1 4 .1 4 .1 4 .1 4 .5 4 .5 4 .5 5 .9 5 .9 5 .9 5 .9 5 .9 8 .6 8 .6 8 .6 8 .6 8 .6 1 0 .0 1 0 .0 1 0 .0 1 0 .0 1 0 .0 1 4 .5 1 4 .5 1 4 .5 1 5 .0 1 5 .0 1 7 .2 1 7 .2 1 7 .2 1 7 .2 1 7 .2
GE Capacitor
Basic Cat. No. + -->
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 27.5 30.0 32.5 35.0 37.5 40.0 42.5 45.0 47.5 50.0 65L800 65L801 65L802 65L803 65L804 65L805 65L806 65L807 65L808 65L809 65L810 65L811 65L812 65L813 65L814 65L815 65L816 65L817 65L818 65L819 65L820 65L821 65L822 65L823 65L824 65L825
kVAR
No Fuses Suffix
TF1 TF1 TF1 TF1 TF1 TF1 TF1 TF1 TF1 TF2 TF2 TF1 TF2 TF2 TF2 TF2 TF2 TF2 TF2 TF2 TF2 TF2 TF2 TF2 TF2 TF2
3 3 Fuses Fuses 3 Lights Suffix Suffix 600 Volt, 3-phase TK 1 TH1 TK 1 TH1 TK 1 TH1 TK 1 TH1 TK 1 TH1 TK 1 TH1 TK 1 TH1 TK 1 TH1 TK 1 TH1 TK 2 TH2 TK 2 TH2 TK 1 TH1 TH2 TK 2 TH2 TK 2 TH2 TK 2 TH2 TK 2 TH2 TK 2 TH2 TK 2 TK 2 TH2 TK 2 TH2 TK 2 TH2 TK 2 TH2 TK 2 TH2 TK 2 TH2 TK 2 TH2 TK 2 TH2
Size Code (Fig. 3)

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Approx. W eight Lbs.

9 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 13 13 13 13 13 19 19 19 19 19 22 22 22 22 22
Kg
4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.5 4.5 4.5 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0
1 .0 1 .5 2 .0 2 .5 3 .0 4 .0 5 .0 6 .0 7 .5 1 0 .0 1 2 .5 1 5 .0 1 7 .5 2 0 .0 2 2 .5 2 5 .0 2 7 .5 3 0 .0 3 2 .5 3 5 .0 3 7 .5 4 0 .0 4 2 .5 4 5 .0 4 7 .5 5 0 .0 1 .0 1 .5 2 .0 2 .5 3 .0 4 .0 5 .0 6 .0 7 .5 1 0 .0 1 2 .5 1 5 .0 1 7 .5 2 0 .0 2 2 .5 2 5 .0 2 7 .5 3 0 .0 3 2 .5 3 5 .0 3 7 .5 4 0 .0 4 2 .5 4 5 .0 4 7 .5 5 0 .0 5 5 .0 6 0 .0 6 5 .0 7 0 .0 7 5 .0 8 0 .0 8 5 .0 9 0 .0 9 5 .0 1 0 0 .0
Note 1: Consult Factory for Single Phase Product
GE Capacitor

GEM Series Multi-Unit Indoor/Outdoor Assemblies
240 volt, 42.5 - 200 kVAR, single and 3-phase, 60 Hz To determine kVAR at 208 volts, multiply 240 volt kVAR by .75 480 volt, 110 - 500 kVAR, single and 3-phase, 60 Hz 600 volt, 65 - 300 kVAR, 3-phase, 60 Hz UL Listed, CSA Labeled Discharge resistors reduce voltage to 50 volts or less within one minute Enclosure NEMA 3 & 12 Factory installed fuses and blown fuse indicating lights (Optional) Pressure Sensitive Interrupter (PSI) in each cell GEM assemblies feature multiple capacitor cells with metallized polypropylene film dielectric which provides instantaneous self-healing action and reduced energy losses. Safety is provided with the patented GE internal Pressure Sensitive Interrupter (PSI) designed to sense the buildup of pressure if a fault occurs and to interrupt the internal electrical connections before the capacitor cell can rupture. GEM cells feature time proven Dielektrol, a biodegradable NFPA Class IIIB dielectric fluid. GEM offers high reliability and long life and is suitable for operation over a temperature range of -40C to 46C.
Available Ratings: Not for harmonic applications
Mounting
GEM series equipments are designed to be mounted upright on any level surface. An adapter kit is required for wall mounting. Order the wall mounting kit by Cat. No. 186C323600005.
Line Fuse/Blown Fuse Indicating Lights

When fuses are specified, GE provides 100 KAIC and 200 KAIC interrupting capacity fuses for up to 12.5 kVAR and larger ratings respectively. Blown fuse indicating lights are also an option. Order by appropriate BASIC CATALOG number plus the appropriate accessory SUFFIX for a complete catalog number.

Entrance may be made through either end panel (after first punching out the appropriate size hole). Solderless connectors are provided on each phase.
SIZE CODE 7 8 9 10
# OF UNITS INCLUDED 2 3 4 5
A Inch 17 27 37 47 mm 431.8 685.8 939.8 1193.8 Inch 21 31 41 51
B mm 533.4 787.4 1041.4 1295.4 Inch 23.5 33.5 43.5 53.5
C mm 596.9 850.9 1104.9 1358.9 Inch 25 35 45 55
D mm 635 889 1143 1397
10
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GEM M u lti-U n it S e le c tio n T a b le :
B a s ic No C a t. N o . F u s e s + --> S u ffix 2 4 0 V o lt, 3 -p h a s e (1 ) 5 5 .0 65L904 TL3 6 0 .0 65L905 TL3 6 5 .0 65L906 TL3 7 0 .0 65L907 TL3 7 5 .0 65L908 TL3 8 0 .0 65L909 TL3 8 5 .0 65L910 TL3 9 0 .0 65L911 TL3 9 5 .0 65L912 TL3 1 0 0 .0 65L913 TL3 1 1 0 .0 65L914 TL3 1 2 0 .0 65L915 TL3 1 2 5 .0 65L916 TL3 1 3 0 .0 65L917 TL3 1 4 0 .0 65L918 TL3 1 5 0 .0 65L919 TL3 1 6 0 .0 65L920 TL3 1 7 0 .0 65L921 TL3 1 7 5 .0 65L922 TL3 1 8 0 .0 65L923 TL3 1 9 0 .0 65L924 TL3 2 0 0 .0 65L925 TL3 kV AR 2 1 0 .0 2 2 0 .0 2 3 0 .0 2 4 0 .0 2 5 0 .0 4 8 0 V o lt, 1 1 0 .0 1 2 0 .0 1 2 5 .0 1 3 0 .0 1 4 0 .0 1 5 0 .0 1 6 0 .0 1 7 0 .0 1 7 5 .0 1 8 0 .0 1 9 0 .0 2 0 0 .0 2 1 0 .0 2 2 0 .0 2 3 0 .0 2 4 0 .0 2 5 0 .0 2 6 0 .0 2 7 0 .0 2 8 0 .0 2 9 0 .0 3 0 0 .0 3 2 5 .0 3 5 0 .0 3 7 5 .0 4 0 0 .0 4 2 5 .0 4 5 0 .0 4 7 5 .0 5 0 0 .0 65L926 65L927 65L928 65L929 65L930 3 -p h a s e (1 ) 65L914 65L915 65L916 65L917 65L918 65L919 65L920 65L921 65L922 65L923 65L924 65L925 65L926 65L927 65L928 65L929 65L930 65L931 65L932 65L933 65L934 65L935 65L936 65L937 65L338 65L939 65L940 65L941 65L942 65L943 TL3 TL3 TL3 TL3 TL3 3 Fuses S u ffix TN3 TN3 TN3 TN3 TN3 TN3 TN3 TN3 TN3 TN3 TN3 TN3 TN3 TN3 TN3 TN3 TN3 TN3 TN3 TN3 TN3 TN3 TN3 TN3 TN3 TN3 TN3 3 Fuses 3 L ig h ts S u ffix TQ3 TQ3 TQ3 TQ3 TQ3 TQ3 TQ3 TQ3 TQ3 TQ3 TQ3 TQ3 TQ3 TQ3 TQ3 TQ3 TQ3 TQ3 TQ3 TQ3 TQ3 TQ3 TQ3 TQ3 TQ3 TQ3 TQ3 S iz e Code (F ig . 4 ) 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 A p p r o x . W e ig h t Lbs. Kg 87 87 87 89 89 99 99 99 99 99 136 136 136 142 148 148 181 181 186 186 191 196 230 230 235 240 245 3 9 .5 3 9 .5 3 9 .5 4 0 .5 4 0 .5 4 5 .0 4 5 .0 4 5 .0 4 5 .0 4 5 .0 6 1 .8 6 1 .8 6 1 .8 6 4 .5 6 7 .3 6 7 .3 8 2 .3 8 2 .3 8 4 .5 8 4 .5 8 6 .8 8 9 .1 1 0 4 .5 1 0 4 .5 1 0 6 .8 1 0 9 .1 1 1 1 .4
GE Capacitor
Basic Cat. No. +--> No Fuses Suffix
TF2 TF2 TF2 TF2 TF2 TF2 TF2 TF2 TF2 TF2 TF3 TF3 TF3 TF3 TF3 TF3 TF3 TF3 TF3 TF3 TF3 TF3 TF3 TF3 TF3 TF3 TF3 TF3 TF3 TF3 TF3 TF3 TF3 TF3 TF3 TF3 TF3 TF3 TF3 TF3
kVAR
3 3 Fuses Size Approx Fuses 3 Lights Code Weight Suffix Suffix (Fig. 4) Lbs. Kg
TH2 TH2 TH2 TH2 TH2 TH2 TH2 TH2 TH2 TH2 TH3 TH3 TH3 TH3 TH3 TH3 TH3 TH3 TH3 TH3 TH3 TH3 TH3 TH3 TH3 TH3 TH3 TH3 TH3 TH3 TH3 TH3 TH3 TH3 TH3 TH3 TH3 TH3 TH3 TH3 TK2 TK2 TK2 TK2 TK2 TK2 TK2 TK2 TK2 TK2 TK3 TK3 TK3 TK3 TK3 TK3 TK3 TK3 TK3 TK3 TK3 TK3 TK3 TK3 TK3 TK3 TK3 TK3 TK3 TK3 TK3 TK3 TK3 TK3 TK3 TK3 TK3 TK3 TK3 TK3 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 32 32 32 33 33 38 38 38 38 38 87 87 87 87 89 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 136 136 136 138 138 142 143 148 148 148 181 186 191 196 230 235 240 245 1 4 .5 1 4 .5 1 4 .5 1 5 .0 1 5 .0 1 7 .3 1 7 .3 1 7 .3 1 7 .3 1 7 .3 3 9 .5 3 9 .5 3 9 .5 3 9 .5 4 0 .5 4 0 .5 4 5 .0 4 5 .0 4 5 .0 4 5 .0 4 5 .0 4 5 .0 6 1 .8 6 1 .8 6 1 .8 6 2 .7 6 2 .7 6 4 .5 6 5 .0 6 7 .3 6 7 .3 6 7 .3 8 2 .3 8 4 .5 8 6 .8 8 9 .1 1 0 4 .5 1 0 6 .8 1 0 9 .1 1 1 1 .4
TA2 TA2 TA2 TA2 TA2 TA2 TA2 TA2 TA2 TA2 TA2 TA2 TA2 TA2 TA2 TA2 TA2 TA2 TA2 TA2 TA2 TA2 TA2 TA2 TA2 TA2 TA2 TA2 TA2 TA2
TC2 TC2 TC2 TC2 TC2 TC2 TC2 TC2 TC2 TC2 TC2 TC2 TC2 TC2 TC2 TC2 TC2 TC2 TC2 TC2 TC2 TC2 TC2 TC2 TC2 TC2 TC2 TC2 TC2 TC2
TE2 TE2 TE2 TE2 TE2 TE2 TE2 TE2 TE2 TE2 TE2 TE2 TE2 TE2 TE2 TE2 TE2 TE2 TE2 TE2 TE2 TE2 TE2 TE2 TE2 TE2 TE2 TE2 TE2 TE2
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10
87 87 87 87 89 89 99 99 99 99 99 99 136 136 136 138 138 142 143 148 148 148 181 186 191 196 230 235 240 245
3 9 .5 3 9 .5 3 9 .5 3 9 .5 4 0 .8 4 0 .8 4 4 .9 4 4 .9 4 4 .9 4 4 .9 4 4 .9 4 4 .9 6 1 .7 6 1 .7 6 1 .7 6 2 .6 6 2 .6 6 4 .4 6 4 .9 6 7 .1 6 7 .1 6 7 .1 8 2 .1 8 4 .4 8 6 .6 8 8 .9 1 0 4 .3 1 0 6 .6 1 0 8 .9 1 1 1 .1
6 0 0 V o lt, 3 -p h a s e 5 5 .0 65L826 6 0 .0 65L827 6 5 .0 65L828 7 0 .0 65L829 7 5 .0 65L830 8 0 .0 65L831 8 5 .0 65L832 9 0 .0 65L833 9 5 .0 65L834 1 0 0 .0 65L835 1 1 0 .0 65L914 1 2 0 .0 65L915 1 2 5 .0 65L916 1 3 0 .0 65L917 1 4 0 .0 65L918 1 5 0 .0 65L919 1 6 0 .0 65L920 1 7 0 .0 65L921 1 7 5 .0 65L922 1 8 0 .0 65L923 1 9 0 .0 65L924 2 0 0 .0 65L925 2 1 0 .0 65L326 2 2 0 .0 65L927 2 3 0 .0 65L928 2 4 0 .0 65L929 2 5 0 .0 65L930 2 6 0 .0 65L931 2 7 0 .0 65L932 2 8 0 .0 65L933 2 9 0 .0 65L934 3 0 0 .0 65L935 3 2 5 .0 65L936 3 5 0 .0 65L937 3 7 5 .0 65L938 4 0 0 .0 65L939 4 2 5 .0 65L940 4 5 0 .0 65L941 4 7 5 .0 65L942 5 0 0 .0 65L943
Note 1: Consult Factory for Single Phase Product
11
GE Capacitor
GEMATIC Select
Automatic system 240 - 480 - 600 volts 3 phase 60 Hz
Standard Equipment Features Correction to unity power factor, if desired. UL and cUL listed. NEMA 1 steel cabinet enclosure with ANSI #70 light grey paint. Top entry, right side. Dust-tight electrical compartment. Dimensions are 48 W x 24D x 90H Removable lifting eyes. Safety door interlock to prevent door from being opened while equipment is energized. Microprocessor-based controller with built-in voltage and harmonic alarms provides safe and rapid indication of potential or real failure. Digital display of power factor, current and capacitor step status. Manual switching capability. External current transformer connections provided. 75 KAIC bracing. Capacitor stage display. Air core inductors to limit inrush currents and transients. Industrial duty, metallized electrode capacitors, employing 200 KAIC current-limiting fuses in all 3 phases. Plated copper bus. Lockable door handle. Designed to minimize installation time and costs. Convection cooling - no fans required. Ratings: 300 KVAR maximum at 240 volts 600 KVAR maximum at 480 and 600 volts
Optional Equipment Features Blown fuse indicator lights Outdoor NEMA 4/12 enclosure Split core current transformer Molded-case circuit breaker internally mounted with external operator UL listed service entrance Hand-off auto switches 100 KAIC bracing Power on/off switch Bottom entry (Entry location right side of enclosure)
12
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GEMATIC Select
240 480 600 Volts 3 Phase 60Hz Volts KVAR 50 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 300 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 425 450 475 500 525 550 575 600 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 425 450 475 500 525 550 575 600 3 Phase Catalog No. 37FC3050D10 37FC4100D25 37FC5125D25 37FC6150D25 37FC7175D25 37FC8200D25 37FC9225D25 37FC10250D25 37FC12300D25 37FC3100F25 37FC3125F25 37FC3150F50 37FC4175F25 37FC4200F50 37FC5225F25 37FC5250F50 37FC6275F25 37FC6300F50 37FC7325F25 37FC7350F50 37FC8375F25 37FC8400F50 37FC9425F25 37FC9450F50 37FC10475F25 37FC10500F50 37FC11525F25 37FC11550F50 37FC12575F25 37FC12600F50 37FC3100H25 37FC3125H25 37FC3150H50 37FC4175H25 37FC4200H50 37FC5225H25 37FC5250H50 37FC6275H25 37FC6300H50 37FC7325H25 37FC7350H50 37FC8375H25 37FC8400H50 37FC9425H25 37FC9450H50 37FC10475H25 37FC10500H50 37FC11525H25 37FC11550H50 37FC12575H25 37FC12600H50 KVAR Weight Per Step Lbs 10 928 25 1050 25 1099 25 1149 25 1198 25 1248 25 1298 25 1347 25 1446 25 976 25 988 50 1000 25 1038 50 1050 25 1085 50 1099 25 1136 50 1149 25 1186 50 1198 25 1235 50 1248 25 1285 50 1298 25 1334 50 1347 25 1384 50 1397 25 1433 50 1446 25 976 25 988 50 1000 25 1038 50 1050 25 1085 50 1099 25 1136 50 1149 25 1186 50 1198 25 1235 50 1248 25 1285 50 1298 25 1334 50 1347 25 1384 50 1397 25 1433 50 1446 Outline Dimensions (inches)
GE Capacitor
3 16
TOP
14 3
240
48
FRONT
480
90
3 10
24
2 MIN. OUTDOOR
3 16
SIDE
600
9 x 1/2 HOLE
BOTTOM
10 10
1/2
SCREEN
47
NOTE: For blown fuse indicator lights add L to Catalog Number. Refer to Savings & Applications Guide for sizing cables and switches.
13
GE Capacitor
GEMATIC Compact
Standard Equipment Features

Correction to unity power factor, if desired. UL and cUL listed. NEMA 1 12-gauge steel cabinet enclosure with ANSI #70 light grey paint. Dimensions are 33 W x 16.25D x 90H. Removable lifting eyes. Safety door interlock to prevent door from being opened while equipment is energized. Microprocessor-based controller with built-in voltage and harmonic alarms provides safe and rapid indication of potential or real failure. Digital display of power factor, current, and capacitor step status. Manual switching capability. External current transformer connections provided. 50 KAIC bracing. Plated copper bus. LED capacitor stage display. Air core inductors to limit inrush currents and transients. Industrial duty, UL recognized safety disconnect, metallized dielectric capacitors, less than 0.2 watts per KVAR losses employing 200 kAIC current limiting fuses in all 3 phases. Designed to minimize installation time and costs. Top entry only. Convection cooling - no fans required. Ratings:120 KVAR maximum at 240 volts 300 KVAR maximum at 480 and 600 volts
Optional Equipment Features

Blown fuse indicator lights Split core current transformer Hand-off auto switches Molded case circuit breaker internally mounted with external operator 60 high model also available - 200 KVAR maximum at 480 volts - breaker not available Power on/off switch
14
g
GEMATIC Compact
240 480 600 Volts 3 Phase 60Hz 3 Phase KVAR Weight Catalog No. Per Step (Lbs) 37FJ2040D20 20 499 37FJ3060D20 20 572 37FJ4080D20 20 602 37FJ5100D20 20 630 37FJ6120D20 20 662 37FJ2100F50 50 499 37FJ3100F25 25 542 37FJ3125F25 25 565 37FJ3150F50 50 572 37FJ4175F25 25 595 37FJ4200F50 50 602 37FJ5225F25 25 625 37FJ5250F50 50 630 37FJ6275F25 25 655 37FJ6300F50 50 662 37FJ2100H50 50 499 37FJ3100H25 25 542 37FJ3125H25 25 565 37FJ3150H50 50 572 37FJ4175H25 25 595 37FJ4200H50 50 602 37FJ5225H25 25 625 37FJ5250H50 50 630 37FJ6275H25 25 655 37FJ6300H50 50 662 Outline Dimensions (inches)
33.00
GE Capacitor
Volts 240
480
600
KVAR 40 60 80 100 120 100 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 100 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
16.25
90.0
18
7.5
Consult factory for other sizes.
1 1/2 4 PCLS 13.00 1.00 3 1 . 2 5
15
GE Capacitor
GEMATIC Custom
Optional Equipment Features

Blown fuse indicator lights Outdoor NEMA 3R enclosure. Split core current transformer. Molded case circuit breaker internally mounted with external operator or system breaker. Stainless steel enclosure. UL listed service entrance. Hand-off auto switches. Reverse layout. (Left hand feed.) Bottom entry. (May impact cabinet size) Harmonic suppression, tuned 4.7th reactors. 72 high enclosure. Power on/off switch
GEMATIC Custom
Designed for systems that require KVAR ratings with and without harmonic suppression reactors. Readily adapted to meet specific requirements. Easily expanded and easy to retrofit with harmonic suppression reactors.
GEMATIC Custom Features

Designed and built to match and line up with motor control centers and switchgear. Industrial rated design and specifications. Dimensions are 90 H x 36 D. Each modular section is 24 W, designed to hold up to 400 kVAR, 480/600 volts. Modular design permits sizing of cabinet to allow for future expansion requirements. Correction to unity power factor, if desired. NEMA 1 steel cabinet enclosure with ANSI #70 light grey paint, 12-gauge frame and 14-gauge panels. Removable lifting eyes. UL and cUL listed. Microprocessor-based controller with built-in voltage, temperature, and harmonic alarms provides safe and rapid indication of potential or real failure. Digital display of power factor, current, and capacitor step status. Manual switching capability. External current transformer connections provided. 75 KAIC bracing. Plated copper bus. Top entry, right hand feed. Capacitor stage display. Industrial duty, metallized electrode capacitors, employing 200 KAIC current-limiting fuses in all 3 phases. Air core inductors to limit inrush currents and transients. (Not required when tuned reactors are utilized.) Designed to minimize installation time and costs. Door interlock to prevent entry while system is energized. Lockable door handle. Convection cooling - no fans required.
GEMATIC Custom System with Harmonic Suppression Reactors

Many of todays power systems require modern solutions to power factor correction. The rapid increase in non-linear load devices, such as variable speed drives, AC/DC drives, arc-furnaces, and welders, has resulted in severe harmonic loads on power systems. GE has more than ten years of experience in preventing the occurrence of non-sinusoidal resonance. Successful integration in tuned L-C networks solves the problem of parallel resonance. The GEMATIC Custom automatic power factor correction systems with 3-phase harmonic suppression reactors are application-specific. Accordingly, each installation requires specific information to aid GE Application Engineers in designing a system to meet your requirements. This information should include, but not be limited to, KVAR requirements, transformer size and impedance, KVAsc of the transformer, and a harmonic profile of your system. Load characteristics at the time of the survey and worst case should also be included. The GEMATIC Custom systems may be configured for the addition of harmonic suppression reactors in the future to meet the imminent needs of your system. This reduces initial investment and provides a ready made retrofit package. The GEMATIC Custom system provides total flexibility in achieving maximum automatic power factor correction. Please contact GE for any assistance with your particular power factor correction and harmonic suppression needs.
16
g
GEMATIC Custom
GEMATIC Custom Volts KVAR 100 150 200 225 250 300 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 KVAR Catalog No. Per Step 38FP4100D255 25 38FP6150D255 25 38FP8200D255 25 38FP9225D255 25 38FP10250D255 25 38FP12300D255 25 38FP3200F505 50 38FP3250F505 50 38FP3300FA05 100 38FP4350F505 50 38FP4400FA05 100 38FP5450F505 50 38FP5500FA05 100 38FP6550F505 50 38FP6600FA05 100 38FP7650F505 50 38FP7700FA05 100 38FP8750F505 50 38FP8800FA05 100 38FP9850F505 50 38FP9900FA05 100 38FP10950F505 50 38FP10A00FA05 100 38FP11B00FA05 100 38FP12C00FA05 100 38FP13D00FA05 100 38FP14E00FA05 100 Weight (lbs)
without reactors with reactors
GE Capacitor
Enclosure
Width (in/mm)
240
* * * * *
480/ 600
* * * * *
1094 1223 1352 1417 1481 1610 686 713 740 1067 1094 1132 1159 1196 1223 1261 1288 1615 1642 1680 1707 1744 1771 1836 2190 2255 2319
1634 2033 2432 2632 2831 3230 997 1071 1145 1560 1634 1760 1834 1959 2033 2159 2233 2648 2722 2848 2922 3047 3121 3321 3810 4010 4209
48/1219mm 48/1219mm 72/1829mm 72/1829mm1 72/1829mm1 96/2438mm 24/609mm1 24/609mm1 24/609mm1 48/1219mm 48/1219mm 48/1219mm 48/1219mm 48/1219mm 48/1219mm 48/1219mm1 48/1219mm1 72/1829mm 72/1829mm 72/1829mm 72/1829mm1 72/1829mm1 72/1829mm1 72/1829mm2 96/2438mm3 96/2438mm2 96/2438mm2
1 2 3
- Enclosure width increases 24/609mm w/breaker. - Enclosure width increases 32/813mm w/breaker. - Enclosure width increases 8/203mm w/breaker.
* Top entry only; consult factory for bottom entry. Notes: Banks larger than 2400 kVAR available. 50 KVAR steps available 200 to 2400 KVAR - contact factory for part numbers and sizes.
Larger kVAR sizes available; contact factory for sizes.
Outline Dimensions (inches)
17
GE Capacitor
Fixed - Low Voltage Capacitor Equipment

GEMTRAP
Application The proliferation of electronic equipment used to improve efficiencies and provide more reliable performance causes harmonics on power systems. Equipment such as variable speed AC and DC drives, uninterruptible power supplies, switching power supplies and other solid state controls or devices inject non-linear components into what was a linear system. The application of power factor correction capacitor systems can create unwanted increases in harmonic voltage and current unless the capacitors are properly applied with reactors, in series with the capacitor, to suppress harmful harmonics. GEs line of fixed harmonic suppression capacitors permits the installation of power factor correction capacitors on systems with nonlinear components. The GEMTRAP system can be tuned to any desired frequency but is normally tuned to the fifth harmonic. Design The installation of this system is application specific. Contact the GE Sales office or the factory to ensure that the proper combination of capacitors and reactors is used. Misapplication may result without proper guidance.
Engineering Specifications Fixed PowerFactor Capacitor Equipment

Applicable Standards:
NEMA, IEEE/ANSI, NEC
Ratings: 240V, 5 to 60 WAR-3 ph 480 V. 5 to 200 WAR-3 ph 600 V; 10 to 200 kVAR-3ph Capacitor Cell: Industrial Rated Capacitors. Equipment Construction: Enclosure and wiring hood: Indoor/outdoor gasketed heavy gauge steel. Finished with a zinc rich primer and an ANSI #70, enamel overcoat. Louvered panels around reactors for protection and cooling. Mounting: Floor mounting. Capacitor Fuses: UL recognized, designed specifically for capacitor applications. Rated 600 VAC; 200kAIC. Fast acting and current limiting; provide protection from catastrophic failures. Three phase fusing standard. Aluminum Connecting Bus for Parallel Cells Input Connections: Listed Cu/AI Mechanical wire connectors, sized for KVAR requirements, mounted on top of bus for easy access. Harmonic Reactor Options: Blown fuse lights. Consult factory for larger kVAR requirements. Consult factory for custom applications
System Analysis Requirements:

Primary:____________________Volts Transformer: L-L_____________ kVA Secondary: Volts kVA Transformer: Transformer impedance: % Fundamental Freq: Total System Load: Power Factor: Hz KW Existing:_________% Desired:_________%
Include One-Line diagram, if available. Harmonic Analysis: Voltage/Current Spectrum
18
g
Note: Do not apply Harmonic Filters without a detailed analysis of the power system. Basic Part No. Volts 240 240 240 240 240 480 480 480 480 480 480 480 480 480 480 480 480 480 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 kVAR 25 35 40 45 50 25 30 40 50 75 80 100 120 125 140 150 175 200 25 30 40 50 75 80 100 120 125 140 150 175 200 Caps with Reactors Incl. (3) Fuses Fig. 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 Approx. WT
GE Capacitor
Fixed - Low Voltage Harmonic Capacitor Equipment

GEMTRAP
Lbs(kg) 195(88) 341(155) 346(157) 351 (160) 356(162) 159(72) 191(87) 197(90) 202(92) 235 (107) 263 (120) 279(127) 424(195) 447(203) 500(227) 514(234) 524(238) 568(258) 159 (72) 191(87) 196 (89) 196(89) 245(111) 248 (113) 271(123) 484(220) 487(221) 495(225) 500(227) 526(239) 552(251)
38FH1025D333F 38FH2035D333F 38FH2040D333F 38FH2045D333F 38FH2050D333F 38FH1025F333F 38FH1030F333F 38FH1040F333F 38FH1050F333F 38FH7075F333F 38FH1080F333F 38FH1100F333F 38FH2120F333F 38FH2125F333F 38FH2140F333F 38FH2150F333F 38FH2175F333F 38FH2200F333F 38FH1025H333F 38FH1030H333F 38FH1040H333F 38FH1050H333F 38FH1075H333F 38FH1080H333F 38FH1100H333F 38FH2120H333F 38FH2125H333F 38FH2140H333F 38FH2150H333F 38FH2175H333F 38FH2200H333F
(Ref. only)
Three-phase, 60Hz 240, 480, 600 Volts NEMA 1 Enclosure Normally tuned for the 5th Harmonic. Can be tuned to any desired frequency.
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
19
GE Capacitor

OFW Series for Outdoor Pumping Installations
Available Ratings: Not for harmonic applications
240 volt, 1-15 kVAR, 3-phase, 60 Hz To determine kVAR at 208 volts, multiply 240 volt kVAR by .75 480 volt, 1-30 kVAR, 3-phase, 60 Hz 4-ft., 4-conductor flexible cable Watertight connector UL Recognized Pressure Sensitive Interrupter (PSI) in each cell Discharge resistors reduce voltage to 50 volts or less within 1 minute Enclosure NEMA 3
GEM assemblies feature multiple capacitor cells with metallized polypropylene film dielectric which provides instantaneous self-healing action and reduced energy losses. Safety is provided with the patented GE internal Pressure Sensitive Interrupter (PSI) designed to sense the buildup of pressure if a fault occurs and to interrupt the internal electrical connections before the capacitor cell can rupture. GEM cells feature time-proven Dielektrol, a biodegradable NFPA Class IIIB dielectric fluid. GEM offers high reliability and long life and is suitable for operation over a temperature range of -40C to +46C.
Mounting
GEM OFW series units are designed for outdoor pole or wall mounting. Their application, however, may be extended to other motor applications installed indoor or outdoor.

A 4 ft. 4-conductor flexible cable with watertight connector is provided for easy installation.
20
g
OFW Selection Table:
Dimensions (Fig. 6) Catalog Number 65L550TL1 65L551TL1 65L552TL1 65L553TL1 65L554TL1 65L555TL1 65L556TL1 65L557TL1 65L558TL1 65L559TL1 65L560TL1 65L561TL1 65L550TA1 65L551TA1 65L552TA1 65L553TA1 65L554TA1 65L555TA1 65L556TA1 65L557TA1 65L558TA1 65L559TA1 65L560TA1 65L561TA1 65L562TA1 65L563TA1 65L564TA1 65L565TA1 65L566TA1 65L567TA1 Cable Size 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 8 8 8 8 8 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 A Inch 5.90 5.90 5.90 5.90 5.90 5.90 5.90 5.94 5.94 5.94 5.94 5.94 5.90 5.90 5.90 5.90 5.90 5.90 5.90 5.90 5.90 5.90 5.90 5.94 5.94 5.94 5.94 5.94 5.94 5.94 mm 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 151 151 151 151 151 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 Inch 3.18 3.18 3.18 3.18 3.18 3.18 3.18 5.54 5.54 5.54 8.15 8.15 3.18 3.18 3.18 3.18 3.18 3.18 3.18 3.18 3.18 3.18 3.18 5.54 5.54 5.54 5.54 5.54 8.15 8.15 B mm 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 141 141 141 207 207 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 141 141 141 141 141 207 207 Approx. Weight Lbs Kg 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.8 7.8 8.5 8.5 10.2 11.7 11.7 14.9 14.9 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.8 8.5 8.5 8.5 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 14.9 14.9 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.9 3.9 4.6 5.3 5.3 6.8 6.8 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.9 3.9 3.9 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 6.8 6.8 kVAR 240 Volt 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 5 6 7.5 10 12.5 15 480 Volt 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 5 6 7.5 10 12.5 15 17.5 20 22.5 25 27.5 30
GE Capacitor
Fig. 6
21
GE Capacitor
Type HWT Medium Voltage Power Factor Correction Capacitors

HWT Indoor/Outdoor Equipments These medium voltage capacitor equipments are suitable for use on primary circuits where small amounts of kVAR are required. They may be installed at various load centers or directly at the terminals of 2300 and 4000 volt motors. Available Ratings: Not for harmonic applications
2400V, 25 - 825 kVAR, 3-phase, Delta, 60 Hz 4160V, 25 - 900 kVAR, 3-phase, Delta, 60 Hz 4800V, 25 - 900 kVAR, 3-phase, Delta, 60 Hz NEMA three terminal compartment Two of three phases are fused, optional third fuse available Discharge resistors reduce residual voltage to 50 volts or less within 5 minutes of de-energization HWTs Film/Foil capacitors offer an energy efficient polypropylene film dielectric. This heavy duty conventional film dielectric system is designed to handle unusual overvoltages and overcurrents without reducing capacitor life. The Film/Foil dielectric results in low watts per kVAR power consumption during capacitor operation. The less than 0.2 watts per kVAR losses and corresponding low internal heat generation mean low operating temperatures for the Film/Foil capacitor, a significant factor in extending capacitor life. Film/Foil designs feature time-proven Dielektrol, a biodegradable NFPA Class IIIB dielectric fluid. This design offers high reliability and long life and is suitable for operation over a temperature range of -40C to +46C.
Mounting
HWT equipments are designed to be mounted upright on any level surface.

Entrance may be made through either end panel of the terminal compartment (after first punching out the appropriate size hole). Solderless connectors are provided on each phase.
Assembly one unit two unit three unit
Connector Size #10-#4 #14-1/0 #6 - 250 MCM
Blown Fuse Lights

Blown fuse lights provide a positive external indication of an operated fuse. A glowing light makes inspection of capacitors easy, effective and safe. A 120 VAC source must be supplied externally. When ordered with this option, the HWT assembly is supplied with one light per capacitor. Note: To order Blown Fuse Light option add 100 to the last 3 digits of the standard part number. Ex: 37F0524436 becomes 37F0524536. For CSA tested and labeled equipment and units add 037 suffix to catalog number.
Line Fuses
GE provides 50,000 amp interrupting capacity current limiting fuses. A pop-up button gives visual indication of blown fuse. Note: NEC Article 460-8B requires capacitors to have overcurrent protection in all ungrounded conductors (except if connected on the load side of a motor overload protective device). Three-phase capacitors fused only on two phases will not provide adequate protection if a lineto-ground faults should occur in the unfused phase.
22
g
HWT Selection Table:
D im ension s
kV A R 2400-volt A ssem blies C atalog N um ber 37F0520411 37F0520412 37F0520413 37F0520414 37F0520415 37F0520416 37F0520418 37F0520417 37F0520419 37F0520420 37F0520421 4160-volt A ssem blies C atalog N um ber 37F0523411 37F0523412 37F0523413 37F0523414 37F0523415 37F0523416 37F0523418 37F0523417 37F0523419 37F0523420 37F0523421 37F0523422 4800-volt A ssem blies C atalog N um ber 37F0526411 37F0526412 37F0526413 37F0526414 37F0526415 37F0526423 37F0526425 37F0526424 37F0526426 37F0526427 37F0526428 37F0526429 Fig. N o. A pprox. W eight Lb 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 54 59 64 69 76 81 86 92 103 103 114 114 Kg 25 27 29 31 35 37 39 42 47 47 52 52 Inch 24.44 26.06 27.68 29.44 30.18 32.68 33.35 33.35 36.06 36.06 39.06 39.06 C mm 621 662 703 748 767 830 847 847 916 916 992 992 Inch 3.71 5.34 6.96 8.71 9.46 11.96 12.63 12.63 18.33 18.33 18.33 18.33 E mm 94 136 177 221 240 304 321 321 466 466 466 466
GE Capacitor
C o m plete A ssem blie s In clud in g Te rm inal B o x, F uses and M o un tin g Fram e

F Inch mm
In divid ual U nits - W ith Term inal B oxes and 2 Fu ses per unit
25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
---0.75 0.50 0.17 0.17 0.88 0.88 ---
---19 13 4 4 22 22 ---
Tw o U nits Interconn ected-W ith T erm inal B o x, 2 Fu ses per unit and M oun ting Fram e
300 325 350 375 400 425 450 475 500 525 550 575 600 575 600 625 650 675 700 725 750 775 800 825 850 875 900 37F0521415 37F0521416 37F0521417 37F0521419 37F0521418 37F0521420 37F0521421 37F0521422 37F0521423 37F0521424 37F0521425 37F0524416 37F0524417 37F0524419 37F0524418 37F0524420 37F0524421 37F0524422 37F0524423 37F0524424 37F0524425 37F0524426 37F0524427 37F0527420 37F0527417 37F0527421 37F0527418 37F0527422 37F0527423 37F0527424 37F0527425 37F0527426 37F0527427 37F0527428 37F0527429 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 149 154 159 165 171 181 192 192 192 203 214 214 214 248 254 265 276 287 298 298 298 309 320 331 331 331 331 68 70 72 75 78 82 87 87 87 92 97 97 97 113 115 120 125 130 130 130 130 135 140 145 145 145 145
33.43 33.43 33.43 33.43 33.43 39.18 39.18 39.18 39.18 39.18 39.18 39.18 33.43 33.43 39.18 39.18 39.18 39.18 39.18 39.18 39.18 39.18 39.18 39.18 39.18
849 849 849 849 849 995 995 995 995 995 995 995 849 849 995 995 995 995 995 995 995 995 995 995 995
12.70 12.70 12.70 12.70 12.70 18.45 18.45 18.45 18.45 18.45 18.45 18.45 12.70 12.70 18.45 18.45 18.45 18.45 18.45 18.45 18.45 18.45 18.45 18.45 18.45
323 323 323 323 323 469 469 469 469 469 469 469 323 323 469 469 469 469 469 469 469 469 469 469 469
Three U nits Interco nnected-W ith Term inal B ox, 2 Fuses p er u nit and M ou ntin g Fram e
37F0522422 37F0522421 37F0522423 37F0522424 37F0522425 37F0522426 37F0522427 37F0522428 37F0522429 37F0522430 37F0522430 37F0525423 37F0525424 37F0525425 37F0525426 37F0525427 37F0525428 37F0525429 37F0525430 37F0525431 37F0525432 37F0525433 37F0525434 37F0528422 37F0528423 37F0528424 37F0528425 37F0528426 37F0528427 37F0528428 37F0528429 37F0528430 37F0528431 37F0528432 37F0528433
23
GE Capacitor
Individual Units With Terminal Box and 3 Fuses Per Unit
Dimensions kVAr 2400 volt Assemblies Catalog Number 37F0520431 37F0520432 37F0520433 37F0520434 37F0520435 37F0520436 37F0520438 37F0520437 37F0520439 37F0520440 37F0520441 4160 volt Assemblies Catalog Number 37F0523431 37F0523432 37F0523433 37F0523434 37F0523435 37F0523436 37F0523438 37F0523437 37F0523439 37F0523440 37F0523441 37F0523442 4800 volt Fig Approx. Assemblies . Weight Catalog No. Lb kg Number 37F0526431 4 64 29 4 64 37F0526432 29 37F0526433 4 64 29 4 69 37F0526434 31 4 76 37F0526435 35 37F0526443 4 81 37 4 86 37F0526445 39 37F0526444 4 92 42 4 103 47 37F0526446 4 103 47 37F0526447 37F0526448 4 114 52 4 114 52 37F0526449 C in. 27.68 27.68 27.68 29.44 30.18 32.68 33.35 33.35 36.06 36.06 39.06 39.06 mm 703 703 703 748 767 830 847 847 916 916 992 992 in. 6.96 6.96 6.96 8.71 9.46 11.96 12.63 12.63 18.33 18.33 18.33 18.33 E mm 177 177 177 221 240 304 321 321 466 466 466 466 in. --------0.75 0.50 0.17 0.17 0.88 0.88 ----F mm --------19 13 4 4 22 22 -----
25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Two Units Interconnected Frame With Terminal Box, 3 Fuses Per Unit and Mounting Frame
Dimensions kVAr 2400 volt Assemblies Catalog Number 37F0521435 37F0521436 37F0521437 37F0521439 37F0521438 37F0521440 37F0521441 37F0521442 37F0521443 37F0521444 37F0521445 4160 volt Assemblies Catalog Number 37F0524436 37F0524437 37F0524439 37F0524438 37F0524440 37F0524441 37F0524442 37F0524443 37F0524444 37F0524445 37F0524446 37F0524447 4800 volt Assemblies Catalog Number 37F0527440 37F0527437 37F0527441 37F0527438 37F0527442 37F0527443 37F0527444 37F0527445 37F0527446 37F0527447 37F0527448 37F0527449 Fig. No. Approx. Weight Lb 149 154 159 165 171 181 192 192 192 203 214 214 214 kg 68 70 72 75 78 82 87 87 87 92 97 97 97 in. 33.43 33.43 33.43 33.43 33.43 39.18 39.18 39.18 39.18 39.18 39.18 39.18 39.18 C mm 849 849 849 849 849 995 995 995 995 995 995 995 995 in. 12.70 12.70 12.70 12.70 12.70 18.45 18.45 18.45 18.45 18.45 18.45 18.45 18.45 E mm 323 323 323 323 323 469 469 469 469 469 469 469 469 F in. mm -----------------------------------------------------
300 325 350 375 400 425 450 475 500 525 550 575 600
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Three Units interconnectedIncluding Terminal Box, 3 Fuses Per Unit and Mounting Frame
Dimensions KvAr 2400 volt Assemblies Catalog Number 37F0522442 37F0522441 37F0522443 37F0522444 37F0522445 37F0522446 37F0522447 37F0522448 37F0522449 37F0522450 37F0522451 37F0525443 37F0525444 37F0525445 37F0525446 37F0525447 37F0525448 37F0525449 37F0525450 37F0525451 37F0525452 37F0525453 37F0525454 37F0528442 37F0528443 37F0528444 37F0528445 37F0528446 37F0528447 37F0528448 37F0528449 37F0528450 37F0528451 37F0528452 37F0528453 4160 volt Assemblies Catalog Number 4800 volt Assemblies Catalog Number Fig. No. 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Approx. Weight Lb 248 254 265 276 287 298 298 298 309 320 331 331 331 331 kg 113 115 120 125 130 130 130 130 135 140 145 145 145 145 in. 33.43 33.43 39.18 39.18 39.18 39.18 39.18 39.18 39.18 39.18 39.18 39.18 39.18 39.18 C mm 849 849 995 995 995 995 995 995 995 995 995 995 995 995 in. 12.70 12.70 18.45 18.45 18.45 18.45 18.45 18.45 18.45 18.45 18.45 18.45 18.45 18.45 E mm 323 323 469 469 469 469 469 469 469 469 469 469 469 469 in. ----------------------------F mm -----------------------------
575 600 625 650 675 700 725 750 775 800 825 850 875 900
24
g
Capacitor Cell Dimensions
3 Phase 1
GE Capacitor
Outline Dimensions (inches)
NOTE 1: Omit center terminal for 1 Phase capacitors
Applicable standards: NEMA standards publication CP 1-1988 (Shunt Capacitor) or latest revision. IEEE Standard for Shunt Power Capacitors, Std 18-1992, or latest revision. IEC Publication 871-1 (1987) or latest revision. Capacitor Construction Capacitor case material is type ANSI 409 stainless steel suitable for outdoor service. Capacitor bushings utilize a gasket sealing assembly to provide a mechanical and electrical seal to the capacitor cover. The bushing terminals are 0.500-13 thread tin plated copper. The capacitor case is ANSI #70 grey. The paint system is a durable Epoxy/Urethane composition which meets the requirements of ANSI C57.12.31 (Pole Mounted Transformer Enclosure Coating Integrity). A portion of the bottom of the mounting bracket will be left unpainted to allow proper grounding of unit to the capacitor bank. Internal Contruction Capacitor units are of the "all film" design using multiple sheets of Hazy TM Polypropylene Film as the solid dielectric material. Each capacitor is provided with an internal discharge resistor assembly to reduce the residual voltage to 50 volts or less within 5 minutes after the capacitor is disconnected from rated voltage. The insulating liquid is a Non-PCB Synthetic Aromatic Hydrocarbon suitable for use in outdoor shunt capacitors and complies with all the current environmental standards.
25
GE Capacitor
g
Function of Capacitors
Electric power has two components: Active power, which produces work. Reactive power, which is needed to generate magnetic fields required for operation of inductive electrical equipment, but performs no useful work. Active power is measured in KW (1000 Watts) Reactive power is measured in KVAR (1000 Volt-Amperes Reactive) Total power is measured in KVA (1000 Volts-Amperes) The ratio of working power to total power is called Power Factor. The function of Power Factor Correction Capacitors is to increase the power factor by supplying the reactive power when installed at or near inductive electrical equipment.
The figure above shows an induction motor operating under partially loaded conditions without Power Factor Correction. Here the feeder line must supply BOTH magnetizing (reactive) and active power.
Equipment Causing Poor Power Factor
The figure above shows the result of installing a capacitor near the same motor to supply the reactive power required to operate it. The total current requirement has been reduced to the value of the active power only, thus either reducing power cost or permitting the use of more electrical equipment on the same circuit.
A great deal of equipment causes poor power factor. One of the worst offenders is lightly loaded induction equipment. Examples of this type of equipment, and their approximate power factors follow: 80% power factor or better: Air conditioners (correctly sized),pumps, centerless grinders, cold headers, upsetters, fans or blowers. 60% to 80% power factor: Induction furnaces, standard stamping machines, and weaving machines. 60% power factor and below: Single-stroke presses, automated machine tools, finish grinders, welders. When the above equipment functions within a facility, savings can be achieved by utilizing GE industrial capacitors.
How Capacitors Save Money
Capacitors lower electrical costs two ways: In many areas, the electrical rate includes a penalty charge for low power factor. Installation of power capacitors on the electrical distribution system within a facility makes it unnecessary for the utility to supply the reactive power required by inductive electrical equipment. The savings the utility realizes in reduced generation, transmission, and distribution costs are passed on to the customer in the form of lower electrical bills. The second source of savings derived through the use of power factor correction capacitors is in the form of increased KVA capacity in the electrical distribution system. Installation of capacitors to furnish the non-productive current requirements of the facility makes it possible to increase the connected load by as much as 20 percent without a corresponding increase in the size of the transformers, conductors, and protective devices making up the distribution system which services the load.
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GE Capacitor
Benefits of Power Factor Improvement
Power factor (PF) is the ratio of useful current to total current. It is also the ratio of useful power expressed in kilowatts (KW) to total power expressed in kilowatt-amperes (KVA). Power factor is usually expressed as a decimal or as a percentage.
PF =
Example: Kilowatts = 60 KW, KVA = 100 KVA
Useful Power Total Power
PF =
60 KWk = .60 = 60% 100 KVA
The significant effect of improving the power factor of a circuit is to reduce the current flowing through that circuit which in turn results in the following benefits:
Benefit No. 1 KVA = 3 x KV x I
Less Total Plant KVA for the Same KW Working Power.
Dollar savings are very significant in areas where utility billing is affected by KVA usage. Example: 600 KW working power vs KVA required
POWER FACTOR ACTIVE POWER REACTIVE POWER TOTAL POWER
60% 600 KW 800 KVAR 1000 KVA
70% 600 KW 612 KVAR 857 KVA
80% 600 KW 450 KVAR 750 KVA
90% 600 KW 291 KVR 667 KVA
100% 600 KW 0 KVAR 600 KVA
This allows for more efficient operation of plant transformers and frees up KVA for additional load. Cost avoidance can be significant.
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Benefit No. 2
More KW Working Power for the Same KVA Demand Released system capacity allows for additional motors, lighting, etc. to be added without overloading existing distribution equipment. Example: 600 KVA demand vs available KW
KW = KVA x PF
POWER FACTOR ACTIVE POWER REACTIVE POWER TOTAL POWER
60% 360 KW 480 KVAR 600 KVA
70% 420 KW 428 KVAR 600 KVA
80% 480 KW 360 KVAR 600 KVA
90% 540 KW 262 KVR 600 KVA
100% 600 KW 0 KVAR 600 KVA
% voltage rise* = KVAR x %ZL KVA of transformer

* with capacitor at the transformer ZL = transformer impedance % from nameplate
Benefit No. 3
Improved Voltage Regulation Due to Reduced Line Voltage Drop This benefit will result in more efficient performance of motors and other electrical equipment. Example: The graphs below depict what happens to the full load speed and starting torque of a motor at various levels of rated voltage.
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Benefit No. 4 I = KVA x 10 3 3V
GE Capacitor
Reduction in Size of Transformers, Cables and Switchgear in New Installations Thus Less Investment Example: The figure below represents the increasing size of conductors required to carry the same 100 KW at various power factors.
KVA - 100 KVA - 111 PF - 100% PF - 90%
KVA - 125 PF - 80%
KVA - 141 PF - 70%
KVA - 167 PF - 60%
Benefit No. 5 % reduction of power losses = 100 100
Reduced Power Losses in Distribution Systems Since the losses are proportionate to the square of the current, the formula at left applies.
original PF new PF
Example: Improve power factor from 65 percent to 90 percent
Reduction of power losses = 100 - 100 x
( )
.65 .90
2
= 48%
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Facts and Formulas
KW KVA
(motor input)
1.
PF = cos q =
Derating for V &

KVARE = KVARR
2. fA
KW (motor input) =
hp x .746 % Eff.
( )( )
VA
2
VR
fR
3.
KVA =
3 x V x I
103 V x I. 1000 KW
(three phase)
KVARE = Effective KVAR KVARR = Rated KVAR V = Applied Voltage A VR = Rated Voltage A = Applied frequency R = Rated frequency 6. 4. KVA =
(single phase)
5.
KVA =
PF
= (KW)2 + (KVAR)2
I=
KVA x 103
3 V
KVA x 103 V 2pC (KV)2 103
(three phase)
7.
I=
(single phase)
Examples: Reduced KVAR when operating 60 Hz unit @ 50 Hz

Actual KVAR = Rated KVAR
8..
KVAR =
( )
50 60
= 83% rated KVAR
9.
C=
KVAR x 103 (2p)(KV)2
Reduced KVAR when operating @ below rated voltage

Actual KVAR = rated KVAR
10.
Xc =
...10 6.....
(2p)C
operating voltage rated voltage
i.e.: 240 V @ 208 V = .75 rated KVAR
Legend:
K = 1000 W = watts V= volts A = amperes I = line current (amperes) Ic = capacitor current (amperes) C = capacitance (microfarads) hp = horsepower = frequency PF = power factor Xc= capacitive reactance
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Degree of Power Factor Improvement
GE Capacitor
As noted on page 26, power capacitors lower costs two ways. To determine how much improvement should be made to the existing power factor, one must analyze the potential benefits to be gained in each situation. If utility bill savings are a factor, it is recommended that the past 12 months billings be reviewed and compared to potential billings at improved power factor levels. Since there are a variety of rate structures in existence, each case must be investigated separately. In general, where penalty clauses exist, the power factor should be raised to at least 95 percent. Where relief of an overloaded distribution system is the major consideration, the degree of correction will depend upon the amount of relief required. In some instances, correction to unity may be economical.
Size of Capacitor Bank
Where the size of the capacitor bank needed to improve power factor to the desired level (usually 95%) is not readily available from Motor Tables or by graphic determination, it can be calculated as shown on page 32 or by these formulae. TO FIND Watts input to anything Watts input to a motor Horsepower (Output) Kilovoltamperes Kilowatts Amperes WHEN YOU KNOW Output, efficiency Horsepower, efficiency Current, voltage efficiency, power factor Current, voltage Current, voltage, power factor THREE-PHASE Watts output % efficiency hp x .746 x LF % efficiency
1.73 x E x I x %eff. x PF .746 1.73 x E x I 1000 1.73 x E x I x PF 1000
Horsepower, voltage, hp x .746 x LF efficiency, 1.73 x E x %eff. x PF power factor Kilowatts, voltage, power factor Kilovolt-amperes, voltage Watts, voltage, current Kilowatts, voltage, current
E = volts LF = load factor
Amperes Amperes Power factor Power factor

PF = power factor
kw x 1000 1.73 x E x PF kva x 1000 1.73 x E Watts 1.73 x E x I kw x 1000 1.73 x E x I

I = current in amperes
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Determining Your Capacitor Requirements
The total KVAR rating of capacitors required to improve a facilitys power factor to any desired value may be calculated very easily by using several basic formulas and by applying the appropriate multiplier selected from Table 1 on page 33.
Examples: 1. A plant with a metered demand of 600 KW is operating at a 75% power factor. What capacitor KVAR is required to correct the present power factor to 95%? a. From Table 1, Multiplier to improve PF from 75% to 95% is .553 b. Capacitor KVAR = KW x Table 1 Multiplier Capacitor KVAR = 600 x .553 = 331.8 say 330 2. A plant load of 425 KW has a total power requirement of 670 KVA. What size capacitor is required to improve the factor to 90%? a. Present PF = KW = 425 = .634 = 63.4% say 63% KVA 670 b. From Table 1, Multiplier to improve PF from 63% to 90% is .748 c. Capacitor KVAR = KW x Table 1 Multiplier = 425 x .748 = 317.9 say 320 KVAR 3. A plant operating from a 480 volt system has a metered demand of 258 KW. The line current read by a clip-on ammeter is 420 amperes. What amount of capacitors are required to correct the present power factor to 90%? a. KVA = 1.73 x KV x I = 1.73 x .480 x 420 = 349 KVA b. Present PF = KW = 258 = 73.9 say 74% KVA 349 c. From Table 1, Multiplier to improve PF from 74% to 90% is .425 d. Capacitor KVAR = KW x Table 1 Multiplier = 258 x .425 = 109.6 say 110 KVAR
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Table 1 - Sizing Capacitors for Electrical Systems
This table gives multipliers for KW to get the capacitor KVAR needed to increase from original to desired corrected power factor. Use the multipliers to size auto-switched or fixed capacitors for large loads.
DESIRED CORRECTED POWER FACTOR (%) 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93
1.139 1.093 1.049 1.007 0.965 0.925 0.886 0.848 0.811 0.775 0.740 0.706 0.672 0.639 0.607 0.576 0.545 0.515 0.485 0.456 0.427 0.398 0.370 0.343 0.316 0.289 0.262 0.235 0.209 0.183 0.157 0.131 0.105 0.079 0.053 1.165 1.120 1.076 1.033 0.992 0.952 0.913 0.875 0.838 0.802 0.767 0.732 0.699 0.666 0.634 0.602 0.572 0.541 0.512 0.482 0.453 0.425 0.397 0.370 0.342 0.315 0.288 0.262 0.236 0.209 0.183 0.157 0.131 0.105 0.079 1.192 1.147 1.103 1.060 1.019 0.979 0.940 0.902 0.865 0.829 0.794 0.759 0.726 0.693 0.661 0.629 0.599 0.568 0.539 0.509 0.480 0.452 0.424 0.396 0.369 0.342 0.315 0.289 0.263 0.236 0.210 0.184 0.158 0.132 0.106 1.220 1.174 1.130 1.088 1.046 1.006 0.967 0.929 0.892 0.856 0.821 0.787 0.753 0.720 0.688 0.657 0.626 0.596 0.566 0.537 0.508 0.480 0.452 0.424 0.397 0.370 0.343 0.316 0.290 0.264 0.238 0.212 0.186 0.160 0.134 0.107 0.081 0.054 0.027 0.000 1.248 1.202 1.158 1.116 1.074 1.034 0.995 0.957 0.920 0.884 0.849 0.815 0.781 0.748 0.716 0.685 0.654 0.624 0.594 0.565 0.536 0.508 0.480 0.452 0.425 0.398 0.371 0.344 0.318 0.292 0.266 0.240 0.214 0.188 0.162 0.135 0.109 0.082 0.055 0.028 1.276 1.231 1.187 1.144 1.103 1.063 1.024 0.986 0.949 0.913 0.878 0.843 0.810 0.777 0.745 0.714 0.683 0.652 0.623 0.593 0.565 0.536 0.508 0.481 0.453 0.426 0.400 0.373 0.347 0.320 0.294 0.268 0.242 0.216 0.190 0.164 0.138 0.111 0.084 0.057 1.306 1.261 1.217 1.174 1.133 1.092 1.053 1.015 0.979 0.942 0.907 0.873 0.839 0.807 0.775 0.743 0.712 0.682 0.652 0.623 0.594 0.566 0.538 0.510 0.483 0.456 0.429 0.403 0.376 0.350 0.324 0.298 0.272 0.246 0.220 0.194 0.167 0.141 0.114 0.086 1.337 1.291 1.247 1.205 1.163 1.123 1.084 1.046 1.009 0.973 0.938 0.904 0.870 0.837 0.805 0.774 0.743 0.713 0.683 0.654 0.625 0.597 0.569 0.541 0.514 0.487 0.460 0.433 0.407 0.381 0.355 0.329 0.303 0.277 0.251 0.225 0.198 0.172 0.145 0.117
80
50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 0.982 0.937 0.893 0.850 0.809 0.768 0.729 0.691 0.655 0.618 0.583 0.549 0.515 0.483 0.451 0.419 0.388 0.358 0.328 0.299 0.270 0.242 0.214 0.186 0.159 0.132 0.105 0.079 0.052 0.026
81
1.008 0.963 0.919 0.876 0.835 0.794 0.755 0.717 0.681 0.644 0.609 0.575 0.541 0.509 0.477 0.445 0.414 0.384 0.354 0.325 0.296 0.268 0.240 0.212 0.185 0.158 0.131 0.105 0.078 0.052
82
1.034 0.989 0.945 0.902 0.861 0.820 0.781 0.743 0.707 0.670 0.635 0.601 0.567 0.535 0.503 0.471 0.440 0.410 0.380 0.351 0.322 0.294 0.266 0.238 0.211 0.184 0.157 0.131 0.104 0.078
83
1.060 1.015 0.971 0.928 0.887 0.846 0.807 0.769 0.733 0.696 0.661 0.627 0.593 0.561 0.529 0.497 0.466 0.436 0.406 0.377 0.348 0.320 0.292 0.264 0.237 0.210 0.183 0.157 0.130 0.104
84
1.086 1.041 0.997 0.954 0.913 0.873 0.834 0.796 0.759 0.723 0.687 0.653 0.620 0.587 0.555 0.523 0.492 0.462 0.432 0.403 0.374 0.346 0.318 0.290 0.263 0.236 0.209 0.183 0.156 0.130 0.104 0.078 0.052 0.026 0.000
85
1.112 1.067 1.023 0.980 0.939 0.899 0.860 0.822 0.785 0.749 0.714 0.679 0.646 0.613 0.581 0.549 0.519 0.488 0.459 0.429 0.400 0.372 0.344 0.316 0.289 0.262 0.235 0.209 0.183 0.156 0.130 0.104 0.078 0.052 0.026
94
1.369 1.324 1.280 1.237 1.196 1.156 1.116 1.079 1.042 1.006 0.970 0.936 0.903 0.870 0.838 0.806 0.775 0.745 0.715 0.686 0.657 0.629 0.601 0.573 0.546 0.519 0.492 0.466 0.439 0.413 0.387 0.361 0.335 0.309 0.283 0.257 0.230 0.204 0.177 0.149 0.121 0.093 0.063 0.032 0.000
95
1.403 1.358 1.314 1.271 1.230 1.190 1.151 1.113 1.076 1.040 1.005 0.970 0.937 0.904 0.872 0.840 0.810 0.779 0.750 0.720 0.692 0.663 0.635 0.608 0.580 0.553 0.526 0.500 0.474 0.447 0.421 0.395 0.369 0.343 0.317 0.291 0.265 0.238 0.211 0.184 0.156 0.127 0.097 0.067 0.034
96
1.440 1.395 1.351 1.308 1.267 1.227 1.188 1.150 1.113 1.077 1.042 1.007 0.974 0.941 0.909 0.877 0.847 0.816 0.787 0.757 0.729 0.700 0.672 0.645 0.617 0.590 0.563 0.537 0.511 0.484 0.458 0.432 0.406 0.380 0.354 0.328 0.302 0.275 0.248 0.221 0.193 0.164 0.134 0.104 0.071
97
1.481 1.436 1.392 1.349 1.308 1.268 1.229 1.191 1.154 1.118 1.083 1.048 1.015 0.982 0.950 0.919 0.888 0.857 0.828 0.798 0.770 0.741 0.713 0.686 0.658 0.631 0.605 0.578 0.552 0.525 0.499 0.473 0.447 0.421 0.395 0.369 0.343 0.316 0.289 0.262 0.234 0.205 0.175 0.145 0.112
98
1.529 1.484 1.440 1.397 1.356 1.315 1.276 1.238 1.201 1.165 1.130 1.096 1.062 1.030 0.998 0.966 0.935 0.905 0.875 0.846 0.817 0.789 0.761 0.733 0.706 0.679 0.652 0.626 0.599 0.573 0.547 0.521 0.495 0.469 0.443 0.417 0.390 0.364 0.337 0.309 0.281 0.253 0.223 0.192 0.160
99
1.590 1.544 1.500 1.458 1.416 1.376 1.337 1.299 1.262 1.226 1.191 1.157 1.123 1.090 1.058 1.027 0.996 0.966 0.936 0.907 0.878 0.849 0.821 0.794 0.766 0.739 0.713 0.686 0.660 0.634 0.608 0.581 0.556 0.530 0.503 0.477 0.451 0.424 0.397 0.370 0.342 0.313 0.284 0.253 0.220 0.186 0.149 0.108 0.061 0.000
100
1.732 1.687 1.643 1.600 1.559 1.518 1.479 1.441 1.405 1.368 1.333 1.299 1.265 1.233 1.201 1.169 1.138 1.108 1.078 1.049 1.020 0.992 0.964 0.936 0.909 0.882 0.855 0.829 0.802 0.776 0.750 0.724 0.698 0.672 0.646 0.620 0.593 0.567 0.540 0.512 0.484 0.456 0.426 0.395 0.363 0.329 0.292 0.251 0.203 0.142 0.000
ORIGINAL POWER FACTOR (%)
0.000 0.026 0.052 0.078 0.000 0.026 0.052 0.000 0.026 0.000
0.000 0.026 0.053 0.080 0.000 0.027 0.054 0.000 0.027 0.000
0.000 0.029 0.058 0.089 0.000 0.030 0.060 0.000 0.031 0.000
0.000 0.037 0.078 0.126 0.000 0.041 0.089 0.000 0.048 0.000
Example: Total KW input of load from wattmeter reading 100 KW at a power factor of 60%. The leading reactive KVAR necessary to raise the power factor to 90% is found by multiplying the 100 KW by the factor found in the table, which is .849. Then 100 KW x 0.849 = 84.9 KVAR. Use 85 KVAR
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Factors That Affect Your Electric Bill
Power Bill Savings
Poor power factor necessitates increased generation and transmission costs to provide the required amount of real power (KW). In order to equitably distribute these costs to the end user, many utilities utilize a rate structure that penalizes poor power factor. To illustrate the power bill savings that can be obtained through capacitor installation, it is assumed that the utility serving a facility has the following rate schedule:
Sample Rate Schedule: The billing demand is calculated such that a penalty is incurred for power factors below 90%. Billing Demand = KW demand x .90 Actual PF Demand Charge per Month: First 10 KW .......................................... $5.25/KW Next 40 KW ........................................... $4.00/KW Next 100 KW ......................................... $3.50/KW Excess KW ............................................ $2.75/KW Utility Demand Charges Before Improvement: see page 33, example 2 Billing Demand = 425 KW x .90 = 607.1 KW .63 Therefore our KW demand charges would be: 10 x $5.25 ....................................... 40 x $4.00 ....................................... 100 x $3.50 ....................................... 457.1 x $2.75 ....................................... Utility Demand Charges After Improvement: Billing Demand = 425 KW x .90 = 425 KW .90 10 x $5.25 ....................................... 40 x $4.00 ....................................... 100 x $3.50 ....................................... 275 x $2.75 ....................................... $ 52.50 $ 160.00 $ 350.00 $ 756.25 $1,318.75 Savings per month = $1,819.53 $1,318.75 = $500.78 Annual savings = $6,009.36 Payback Analysis: Automatic Correction: 325 kvar, 480 volts, 25 kvar per step = 37FC7325F25 list price = $13,034 $6,009.36 = 2.2 year payback (based on list price) Fixed Correction: 325 kvar, 480 volts = 65L936TC2 list price = $3,009 $6,009.36 = approximately a 6 month payback (based on list price) NOTES: 1. KWH charges are not shown since the significant dollar savings in this example are in the demand rate structure. 2. Due to variations in rate schedules throughout the country, it is impossible to provide an example of each schedule. Please check with your power company and local representative to determine your potential savings through power factor correction. $ 52.50 $ 160.00 $ 350.00 $1,257.03 $1,819.53
1. Energy Charge Number of kilowatt-hours used during the billing period. Number of kilovolt amperes (KVA) used during the billing period 2. Demand Charge This charge compensates the utility for the capital investment required to serve the facilitys peak load. Demand charges may be a large portion of the total electric bill, sometimes as high as 75%. Demand charges can be reduced by reducing energy peaks, reducing KVA, and improving power factor.
1 - Uncorrected KVA 2 - Corrected KVA
3. Power Factor Penalty Charge A penalty imposed to encourage the user to improve power factor. Power companies usually impose a billing penalty when power factor (P.F.) drops below 90% - although this figure could be as high as 95%. In nearly all cases, the least expensive and most efficient method to reduce this charge is by adding capacitors.
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Location of Power Capacitors
GE Capacitor
Methods of Wiring to Induction Motor Circuits
Capacitors may be connected to each motor and switched with it, as in Figures 1 and 2, in which case they are energized only when the motor is in operation, or they may be permanently connected to the line ahead of the motor starters as in Figure 3.
Power Capacitors afford Kilovar relief from their point of installation toward the power source.
Figure 1: For new motor installations Capacitors are connected on motor side of thermal-overloaded relay. Relay should be selected with rating less than motor nameplate full-load current, commensurate with reduced line current effected by the capacitors. This reduction in line current, if not available from tables, may be determined by measuring line current with and without capacitors, or by calculation.
1. The most economical location is directly across the terminals of larger motors thereby eliminating the cost of a separate switch. The capacitor ratings may be selected directly from Table 2 or Table 3, which require knowing only the type, horsepower rating, and speed of the motor. Reference to Figure 1 or 2 indicates the recommended location for new and existing motors. These capacitor ratings normally correct the motor no-load power factor to unity which in turn generally results in a full-load power factor of 94%-96%. 2. Where there are multiple motors with low horsepower ratings, or motors which do not run continuously, the capacitors should be connected directly to feeders in the facility through an appropriate switching device to serve as a disconnect for servicing, or light loads. Locations should be as far downstream in the facility as possible for maximum benefit. 3. Installations may be made at load centers when it is difficult to connect the capacitors directly across motor terminals or to feeders. Again, switching is a recommended practice. 4. If only power bill penalties are to be offset, the total capacitor requirement can be installed on the load side of metering equipment. Such a location does not increase the capacity of the facility distribution system.
Figure 2: For existing motor installations Capacitors are connected to line side of thermal-overload relay. In this case the overload relay does not have to be resized.
Table 2 - Suggested Maximum Capacitor Ratings for U-Frame NEMA Class B. Motors
(Use for high efficiency motors)
NEMA Motor Design A or B, Normal Starting Torque, Normal Running Current

Figure 3: Capacitors are permanently connected to line, but with protection of a fusible safety switch or circuit breaker which eliminates separate capacitor switch. To avoid nuisance blowing of the capacitor fuses, install the capacitors at this location when the motors are multiple speed, reversing, jogging, inching, or reduced voltage start.
1200 RPM 900 RPM 720 RPM 600 RPM H.P. 3600 RPM 1800 RPM Rating KVAR %AR KVAR %AR KVAR %AR KVAR %AR KVAR %AR KVAR %AR
Legend: SW Fusible safety switch or breaker. MS Motor Starter. OR Motor thermaloverload relay. C Dust-tight capacitor unit. M Motor. F Removable, high IC, one-time current limiting indicating fuses.
R Discharge resistors.
Note: In Figures 2 and 3, the thermal-overload relay does not require replacement since full motor current continues to flow through it.
3 5 7.5 10 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 75 100 125 150 200 250 300
1.5 2 2.5 3 4 5 5 5 7.5 10 10 15 20 20 30 40 45 50
14 12 11 10 9 9 6 5 8 7 6 7 8 6 6 6 5 5
1.5 2 2.5 3 4 5 5 5 10 10 10 15 20 25 30 40 45 50
15 13 12 11 10 10 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 6 6
1.5 2 3 3.5 5 5 7.5 7.5 10 10 15 15 25 30 35 45 60 75
20 17 15 14 13 11 11 11 10 9 10 9 9 9 9 8 9 9
2 3 4 5 6.5 7.5 7.5 10 15 15 15 20 30 30 40 55 70 75
27 25 22 21 18 18 13 15 16 12 11 11 11 10 10 11 10 9
2.5 4 5.5 6.5 8 10 10 15 15 20 20 30 40 45 50 60 75 80
35 32 30 27 23 20 20 22 18 15 15 15 14 14 17 12 12 12
3.5 4.5 6 7.5 9.5 10 10 15 15 25 25 40 45 50 60 75 100 105
41 37 34 31 27 25 21 25 20 22 20 20 18 17 17 17 17 17
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Suggested Maximum Capacitor Ratings for T-Frame Motors When Switched with Capacitors
Table 3: Suggested Maximum Capacitor Ratings for T-Frame NEMA Class B. Motors
Applies to three-phase, 60 HZ motors when switched with capacitors as a single unit.
NOMINAL MOTOR SPEED
Induction Motor Rating (HP)
3 5 7.5 10 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 75 100 125 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
3600 RPM 1800 RPM 1200 RPM 900 RPM 720 RPM 600 RPM Capacitor (%) Line Capacitor (%) Line Capacitor (%) Line Capacitor (%) Line Capacitor (%) Line Capacitor (%) Line Rating Current Rating Current Rating Current Rating Current Rating Current Rating Current (kVAR) Reduction (kVAR) Reduction (kVAR) Reduction (kVAR) Reduction (kVAR) Reduction (kVAR) Reduction 1.5 14 1.5 23 2.5 28 3 38 3 40 4 40 2 14 2.5 22 3 26 4 31 4 40 5 40 2.5 14 3 20 4 21 5 28 5 38 6 45 4 14 4 18 5 21 6 27 7.5 36 8 38 5 12 5 18 6 20 7.5 24 8 32 10 34 6 12 6 17 7.5 19 9 23 10 29 12 30 7.5 12 7.5 17 8 19 10 23 12 25 18 30 8 11 8 16 10 19 14 22 15 24 22.5 30 12 12 13 15 16 19 18 21 22.5 24 25 30 15 12 18 15 20 19 22.5 21 24 24 30 30 18 12 21 14 22.5 17 26 20 30 22 35 28 20 12 23 14 25 15 28 17 33 14 40 19 22.5 11 30 14 30 12 35 16 40 15 45 17 25 10 36 12 35 12 42 14 45 15 50 17 30 10 42 12 40 12 52.5 14 52.5 14 60 17 35 10 50 11 50 10 65 13 68 13 90 17 40 11 60 10 62.5 10 82 13 87.5 13 100 17 45 11 68 10 75 12 100 14 100 13 120 17 50 12 75 8 90 12 120 13 120 13 135 15 75 10 80 8 100 12 130 13 140 13 150 15 80 8 90 8 120 10 140 12 160 14 160 15 100 8 120 9 150 12 160 12 180 13 180 15
Percent AR is the percent reduction in full-load line current due to capacitors. A capacitor located on the motor side of the overload relay reduces current through the relay. Therefore, a smaller relay may be necessary. The motor-overload relay should be selected on the basis of the motor full-load nameplate current reduced by the percent reduction in line current (percent AR) due to capacitors. The capacitor size specified in the above table will increase the full load power factor to 95% and larger sizes should not be used without consulting GE.
To calculate required kvar for energy efficient motors (or any motor) use the following formula: kvar = H.P. x .746 % efficiency PF0 PF1 H.P. % efficiency
1 PF02 PF02
1 PF12 PF12
Original Power Factor (supplied by manufacturer) Target Power Factor Motor Horsepower from nameplate Motor manufacturer nameplate
Points to Consider when Sizing Capacitors
Two limiting factors must be considered when capacitors are to be switched with a motor as a unit. The first is overvoltage due to self-excitation, and the second is transient torques. Self-excitation voltage: When a motor is disconnected from the line, it will normally rotate for a short time before coming to rest. A capacitor connected to this motor will still be supplying magnetizing current, which will excite the motor. Under these conditions, the motor and capacitor act like a generator and produce a certain voltage because of this self-excitation. The magnitude of the voltage that can be produced is determined by two thingsthe rating of the capacitor being used and the speed of the motor involved. It is not uncommon for this self-excitation voltage to reach 150% of rated voltage if too large a capacitor is being used.
Transient torques: Perhaps even more important than
overvoltage is the transient torques that can occur if the motor happens to close back into the line before coming to a complete rest. If the motor is still rotating and acting as a generator, the resulting transient torque may be as much as 20 times the full load torque.Because of transient torque and overload considerations, most motor manufacturers provide recommendations concerning the maximum capacitor KVAR that should be switched with a given motor. These recommendations are conservative enough to avoid endangering the motor, and will ordinarily result in a corrected power factor of approximately 95-98% at full load. To avoid nuisance blowing of fuses when capacitors are connected directly across the motor terminals:
1. Motors should not be subject to plugging or reversing duty. 2. Motors should not be operated such that rapid restarting occurs
36
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Switching Capacitors
GE Capacitor
The National Electrical Code requires that power capacitors, other than those directly connected across motor terminals, have separate disconnecting means to permit their removal from the circuit as a regular operating procedure, or for maintenance purposes. The Code also requires that the continuous current carrying capacity of the disconnecting device and of the capacitor circuit conductors shall be not less than 135 percent of the rated current of the capacitor.Since power capacitors for industrial service are designed for use in an ambient temperature of 46C (115F) maximum, the cables and disconnecting devices should also be selected for this ambient operation. The data in Table 4 on page 38 is predicated on these conditions.
FIXED OR AUTOMATIC BANK
37
GE Capacitor
g
Suggested Wire Sizes for Capacitor Installations Table 4
The cable sizes indicated in this table are based on 135% of rated current in accordance with NEC 460.
240 Volt, 3 Phase 480 Volt, 3 Phase 600 Volt, 3 Phase
75C 90C Safety Switch 75C 90C Safety Switch 90C Safety Switch 75C Cap. Min.Cable Min.Cable Cap. Min.Cable Min.Cable Cap. Min.Cable Min.Cable Rating Sizes Rating Fuse Rating Sizes Sizes Rating Fuse Sizes Sizes Rating Fuse Rating Sizes AMPS AMPS AMPS AMPS AMPS KVAR AMPS KVAR KVAR * * * * * *
0.5 1 2 2.5 3 4 5 6 7.5 8 10 12.5 15 17.5 20 22.5 25 27.5 30 35 40 45 50 60 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 14 14 14 14 14 12 12 10 10 8 8 8 6 4 4 3 3 1 1 1/0 2/0 3/0 3/0 250 350 2x3/0 2x250 2x350 2x500 2x600 3x350 3x350 4x300 4x350 14 14 14 14 14 12 12 10 10 8 8 8 6 6 4 4 3 2 2 1 2/0 3/0 3/0 4/0 300 3x3/0 2x4/0 2x300 2x350 2x500 3x300 3x350 3x400 3x500 30 3 30 5 30 10 30 10 30 15 30 20 30 20 30 25 30 30 60 35 60 40 60 50 60 60 100 75 100 80 100 90 100 100 200 125 200 125 200 150 200 175 200 200 200 200 400 250 400 300 400 400 600 500 600 600 800 700 800 800 1,200 900 1,200 1,000 1,200 1,100 1,200 1,250 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 5 6 7.5 8 10 12.5 15 17.5 20 22.5 25 27.5 30 35 40 45 50 60 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 425 450 475 500 525 550 575 600 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 12 12 10 10 8 8 8 8 6 6 4 4 3 3 3 1/0 3/0 250 350 500 2x3/0 2x3/0 2x250 2x250 2x350 2x500 2x500 2x600 2x600 2x350 2x350 2x350 3x400 3x400 4x300 4x350 4x350 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 12 12 10 10 8 8 8 8 6 6 6 4 4 3 3 1 2/0 4/0 300 350 2x3/0 2x3/0 2x4/0 2x4/0 2x300 2x350 2x350 2x500 2x500 2x300 2x300 2x300 3x350 3x350 3x400 3x500 3x500 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 60 60 60 60 60 60 100 100 100 100 200 200 200 400 400 400 400 400 600 600 600 800 800 800 800 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1 3 3 6 6 6 10 10 15 15 20 20 25 30 35 40 50 50 60 60 70 80 90 100 110 150 200 250 300 350 400 400 500 500 600 700 700 800 800 900 900 900 1,000 1,000 1,100 1,200 1,200 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 5 6 7.5 8 10 12.5 15 17.5 20 22.5 25 27.5 30 35 40 45 50 60 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 425 450 475 500 525 550 575 600 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 12 12 10 10 8 8 8 8 8 6 4 4 4 3 1 1/0 3/0 250 350 500 2x3/0 2x3/0 2x4/0 2x250 2x250 2x350 2x350 2x500 2x500 2x500 2x500 2x600 2x600 3x350 3x350 3x400 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 12 12 10 10 8 8 8 8 8 6 6 4 4 3 2 1 3/0 4/0 300 350 2x3/0 2x3/0 2x3/0 2x4/0 2x4/1 2x300 2x300 2x350 2x350 2x400 2x400 2x500 2x500 2x600 2x600 3x350 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 60 60 60 60 60 60 100 100 100 100 200 200 200 400 400 400 400 400 600 600 600 600 600 800 800 800 800 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1 3 3 3 5 5 6 10 10 15 15 20 20 25 30 35 40 40 45 50 60 70 80 80 100 125 150 200 250 300 350 400 400 450 500 500 600 600 700 700 750 750 800 800 900 900 1,000
* Not more than three single conductors are allowed in a raceway with 30C ambient. For higher ambient temperatures, consult t he National Electrical Code Table 310-16 (correction factor for ambients over 30C). Rated current is based on operation at rated voltage, frequency, and KVAR.
38
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Understanding Harmonics
GE Capacitor
Figure 1
Harmonics are multiples of the fundamental frequency distortions found in electrical power, subjected to continuous disturbances. In a 60 Hz electrical system, 300 Hz is the 5th harmonic, 420 Hz is the 7th harmonic, and so on. These harmonics are created by the increased use of non-linear devices such as UPS systems, solid state variable speed motor drives, rectifiers, welders, arc furnaces, fluorescent ballasts, and personal computers. The source of these harmonics may be internal or external. Individual harmonic frequencies will vary in amplitude and phase angle, depending on the harmonic source. Variable speed drives are usually referred to by the number of rectifiers in the system. The most common are six (rectifiers) and twelve (rectifiers) pulse drives. Harmonic Resonance occurs when the capacitor reactance and the system reactance are equal. If this occurs, large harmonic currents will circulate between transformer and capacitor. These currents will result in greater voltage distortion. This provides a higher voltage across the capacitor and potentially harmful currents through all capacitor equipment. Harmonic resonance may occur at any frequency but the 5th, 7th, 11th and 13th are the frequencies with which we are most concerned. If total bus load exceeds 15-20% of harmonic generation load, the potential for a resonance condition is high. Some indicators of resonance are overheating, frequent circuit breaker tripping, unexplained fuse operation, capacitor failure, electronic equipment malfunction, flickering lights and telephone interference. Conquering Harmonic Resonance can be accomplished by: (1) adding or subtracting capacitance from the system to move the parallel resonance frequency to one that is not deleterious; (2) adding tuned harmonic suppression reactors in series with the capacitor to prevent resonance; (3) altering the size of non-linear devices. It is important that the tuned frequency, for the 5th harmonic, be at approximately the 4.7th harmonic to account for tolerance in manufacturing and to remove the largest offending portion of the 5th harmonic. Parallel resonance will occur around the 4th harmonic, at a much lower amplitude and in an area that does no harm to the system or capacitor. Tuning lower than 282 Hz is not efficient in removing large portions of the offending harmonic. Considerations of how power factor correction capacitors affect a system are of utmost importance. In systems with more than 15-20% of harmonic loads, a harmonic survey should be performed to indicate potential problem areas. Readings taken over changing load conditions at potential capacitor locations are most useful in determining the types of systems best employed to accomplish the ultimate harmonic suppression, power factor improvement, KVA reduction and other goals.
39
GE Capacitor
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Applying Power Factor Correction in a Harmonic Environment
Figure 2
Figure 3
The use of capacitors has long been accepted as the most practical solution to low power factor problems in power systems. Modern capacitors are a reliable, maintenance free, inexpensive source of VARs needed in inductive circuits to synchronize the voltage and current waveforms. In the past, the application of capacitors was straightforward; all that was required was a knowledge of KW (or KVA), existing power factor, and target power factor. In recent years, however, this practice has been complicated by the proliferation of non-linear loads. The Source of the Problem One of the most widely used solid state motor controls is the six-pulse drive. These devices represent a non-linear impedance to the power source, drawing a quasi-square wave alternating current rich in harmonics. For six-pulse drives, the characteristic harmonics are: 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, . . . ; the higher order harmonics are not usually troublesome because their magnitude is progressively smaller. Figures 1 and 2 show the total distortion when one or more harmonics are added to the fundamental. Harmonic Resonance When a capacitor bank is added to a power system, it is effectively connected in parallel with the systems impedance, which is primarily inductive. As far as the harmonic source is concerned, it sees a capacitor in parallel with an inductor. Figure 3 shows the model circuit for this system on a per phase basis. Resistor R represents the inevitable system losses. The harmonic source is represented as a constant current source, since it behaves as such. Since the capacitive (XC) and inductive (XL) reactances are frequency dependent (as frequency increases, XC decreases and XL increases), there is a frequency at which these two parameters will be equal; this frequency is called the systems natural resonant frequency. At this frequency, the systems impedance appears to the harmonic source to be very large. Therefore, a harmonic current at the resonant frequency flowing through this impedance will result in a very large harmonic voltage as derived by Ohms Law (Vh = IhZh). A large harmonic voltage will in turn result in a much larger harmonic current exchange between the capacitor bank and the system impedance. This secondary harmonic current may be many orders of magnitude larger than the generated harmonic current, resulting in nuisance operation of circuit breakers or fuses that happen to be in the path of this current. The degree of magnification is determined by the system resistance. Since the generated harmonic current is considered to be constant for a given frequency, then the harmonic voltage will be proportional to the impedance. Consequently, the frequency response of the impedance is a good indication of the systems susceptibility to harmonic resonance.
40
GE Capacitor
Figure 4 is the impedance plot, as seen by the harmonic source in figure 3, for a typical system consisting of 500 KVAR connected to a 1500 KVA, 480 volt transformer. (While impedance magnitudes are dependent on system resistance, resonant frequency is primarily a function of inductance (L) and capacitance (C).) The quick and simple way to calculate the systems harmonic resonance is through the following relationship derived from the systems reactances
h=
where: h = harmonic order KVAsc = KVA = available short Zpu circuit volt amps at point of capacitor bank installation KVAR = capacitor bank size
KVAsc KVAR
Figure 4
This calculation, even though it does not take into account upstream system impedance, is reasonably accurate for most applications since the bulk of the impedance is contributed by the transformer itself. Detuning the Circuit The most effective solution to this problem consists of series tuning the capacitor bank to the lowest offending harmonic, usually the 5th. This is done by introducing an inductor in series with the capacitor as shown in figure 5. The impedance versus frequency plot, as seen by the harmonic source, is shown in figure 6; the original impedance response (untuned) is shown for comparison. The minimum impedance occurs at the series resonant point, the 4.7th harmonic, while the peak represents a parallel resonance due to the capacitor and the two inductors. Harmonic currents generated at or near the series resonant frequency (such as the 5th) will flow to the trap harmlessly, provided the capacitor and reactor are sized properly to withstand the additional stresses. These currents are simply following the path of least impedance. The system will not resonate above this frequency since it is inductive. This approach will accomplish two objectives. On the line side of the capacitor filter bank, system power factor is corrected and harmonic voltage distortion is reduced, Harmonic voltage (Vh) is the result of a harmonic current (Ih) flowing through the system impedance (Zh), i.e. Ohms Law (Vh = Ih Zh). By reducing the system impedance (Zh) we can reduce the harmonic voltage (Vh) even though the harmonic current (Ih) remains the same. When the main objective is to reduce harmonic distortion, the engineer will consider the use of more filter stages, each tuned to the next higher harmonic (7th, 11th, . . .). In some cases, where harmonic currents are excessive, the use of capacitors rated at the next higher voltage may berequired. In most cases, GE capacitors are run at rated voltage and will maintain their twenty year life expectancy. The GE Power Quality Engineering Department is available to assist you with system analysis.
Figure 5
Figure 6
41
GE Capacitor
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Harmonic Survey Data Form
Company Name Address City State Contact Title TEL FAX Zip
System Characteristics (Include a one line diagram, if available): Power distribution transformer _______ KVA Transformer impedance (or reactance) _____ % Transformer resistance* _______ % Transformer primary voltage (line to line) __ Volts Transformer secondary voltage _______ Volts Primary three phase fault current (RMS)* ___ KA or secondary fault current* _______ KA Primary system X/R ratio* _______ Total system load (demand) _______ KW Power factor (at peak load): Existing _______ % Desired _______ % Capacitors to be added: voltage ____ KVAR __ voltage ____ KVAR __ voltage ____ KVAR __ Existing capacitors on your distribution system Service Entrance voltage ____ KVAR __ Primary Side voltage ____ KVAR __ Individual voltage ____ KVAR __ Equipment/Motors Describe any existing capacitor problems:
* Typical values will be assumed if the actual values are not known.
Return completed form to GE.
42
GE
offers
other
power
quality
products.
For additional information on line & load reactors, high voltage capacitor equipments and harmonic solutions, contact GE.
g
GE Capacitor and Power Quality Products 381 Broadway, Fort Edward NY 12828-1000
GEP-974-G
GE Capacitor
2003 General Electric Company
05.2003

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Low-Voltage Power Factor Correction Capacitors

2400 Volt 4160 Volt 4800 Volt

Instant Self-healing Feature

Nuisance Fault and Cell Rupture Protected

Environmental Compatibility of Liquid

National Electrical Code

Type GEM Low Voltage Power Factor Correction Capacitors

Line Fuse/Blown Fuse Indicating Lights

Line Connection and Cable Entrance

B mm 47.8 191.5 314.5

Size Code (Fig. 3)

Approx. W eight Lbs.

Note 1: Consult Factory for Single Phase Product

Data subject to Change Without Notice

Type GEM Low Voltage Power Factor Correction Capacitors

Available Ratings: Not for harmonic applications

Line Fuse/Blown Fuse Indicating Lights

Line Connection and Cable Entrance

A Inch 17 27 37 47 mm 431.8 685.8 939.8 1193.8 Inch 21 31 41 51

B mm 533.4 787.4 1041.4 1295.4 Inch 23.5 33.5 43.5 53.5

C mm 596.9 850.9 1104.9 1358.9 Inch 25 35 45 55

D mm 635 889 1143 1397

Data subject to Change Without Notice

Data subject to Change Without Notice

Note 1: Consult Factory for Single Phase Product

Data subject to Change Without Notice

Standard Equipment Features

Optional Equipment Features

Consult factory for other sizes.

1 1/2 4 PCLS 13.00 1.00 3 1 . 2 5

Data subject to Change Without Notice

Optional Equipment Features

GEMATIC Custom Features

GEMATIC Custom System with Harmonic Suppression Reactors

Larger kVAR sizes available; contact factory for sizes.

Outline Dimensions (inches)

Data subject to Change Without Notice

Fixed - Low Voltage Capacitor Equipment

Engineering Specifications Fixed PowerFactor Capacitor Equipment

System Analysis Requirements:

Fixed - Low Voltage Harmonic Capacitor Equipment

Data subject to Change Without Notice

Type GEM Low Voltage Power Factor Correction Capacitors

Line Connection and Cable Entrance

Data subject to Change Without Notice

Type HWT Medium Voltage Power Factor Correction Capacitors

Line Connection and Cable Entrance

Assembly one unit two unit three unit

Connector Size #10-#4 #14-1/0 #6 - 250 MCM

Blown Fuse Lights

C o m plete A ssem blie s In clud in g Te rm inal B o x, F uses and M o un tin g Fram e

---0.75 0.50 0.17 0.17 0.88 0.88 ---

Data subject to Change Without Notice

25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300

Data subject to Change Without Notice

Outline Dimensions (inches)

NOTE 1: Omit center terminal for 1 Phase capacitors

Equipment Causing Poor Power Factor