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1. INTRODUTION
"Cloud Computing," to put it simply, means "Internet Computing." The Internet is commonly visualized as clouds; hence the term cloud computing for computation done through the Internet. With Cloud Computing users can access database resources via the Internet from anywhere, for as long as they need, without worrying about any maintenance or management of actual resources. Besides, databases in cloud are very dynamic and scalable. Cloud computing is unlike grid computing, utility computing, or autonomic computing. In fact, it is a very independent platform in terms of computing. The best example of cloud computing is Google Apps where any application can be accessed using a browser and it can be deployed on thousands of computer through the Internet.

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2. HISTORY
Once upon a time, it seems people were dreaming about computer as a utility. Computation and storage would be used as a public service provided by professionals End users would not experience the joy of software installation and administration Initial traces of cloud computing go to John McCarthy(back in the 1960s!), who proposed that computers may someday be organized in a method that would involve it acting as a public utility. Significant milestones

FIGURE 1

1999 Salesforce.com pioneered the concept of delivering enterprise applications via a simple website. This made it possible for specialist and mainstream software firms to deliver applications over the internet. CE Page 2

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2002 Amazon Web Services provided a suite of cloud-based services. 2006 Amazon launched its Elastic Compute cloud (EC2) as a commercial web service that allows small companies and individuals to rent computers on which to run their own computer applications Launch of S3.Whats interesting about S3 is that they used the pricing model of pay-per-use. 2009 Web 2.0! Google App Engine 2010 Sun cloud Microsoft Azure .

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3. CLOUD COMPUTING WORKS

In a cloud computing system, there's a significant workload shift. Local computers no longer have to do all the heavy lifting when it comes to running applications. The network of computers that make up the cloud handles them instead. Hardware and software demands on the user's side decrease. The only thing the user's computer needs to be able to run is the cloud computing system's interface software, which can be as simple as a Web browser, and the cloud's network takes care of the rest. There's a good chance you've already used some form of cloud computing. If you have an e-mail account with a Web-based e-mail service like Hotmail, Yahoo! Mail or Gmail, then you've had some experience with cloud computing. Instead of running an e-mail program on your computer, you log in to a Web e-mail account remotely. The software and storage for your account doesn't exist on your computer, it's on the service's computer cloud.

3.1 Cloud Computing Architecture

FIGURE 2

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When talking about a cloud computing system, it's helpful to divide it into two sections: the front end and the back end. They connect to each other through a network, usually the Internet. The front end is the side the computer user, or client, sees. The back end is the "cloud" section of the system. The front end includes the client's computer (or computer network) and the application required to access the cloud computing system. Not all cloud computing systems have the same user interface. Services like Web-based e-mail programs leverage existing Web browsers like Internet Explorer or Firefox. Other systems have unique applications that provide network access to clients. On the back end of the system are the various computers, servers and data storage systems that create the "cloud" of computing services. In theory, a cloud computing system could include practically any computer program you can imagine, from data processing to video games. Usually, each application will have its own dedicated server. A central server administers the system, monitoring traffic and client demands to ensure everything runs smoothly. It follows a set of rules called protocols and uses a special kind of software called middleware. Middleware allows networked computers to communicate with each other. Most of the time, servers don't run at full capacity. That means there's unused processing power going to waste. It's possible to fool a physical server into thinking it's actually multiple servers, each running with its own independent operating system. The technique is called server virtualization. By maximizing the output of individual servers, server virtualization reduces the need for more physical machines.

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4. CLOUD COMPUTING APPLICATION

Clients would be able to access their applications and data from anywhere at any time. They could access the cloud computing system using any computer linked to the Internet. Data wouldn't be confined to a hard drive on one user's computer or even a corporation's internal network. It could bring hardware costs down. Cloud computing systems would reduce the need for advanced hardware on the client side. You wouldn't need to buy the fastest computer with the most memory, because the cloud system would take care of those needs for you. Instead, you could buy an inexpensive computer terminal. The terminal could include a monitor, input devices like a keyboard and mouse and just enough processing power to run the middleware necessary to connect to the cloud system. You wouldn't need a large hard drive because you'd store all your information on a remote computer. Corporations that rely on computers have to make sure they have the right software in place to achieve goals. Cloud computing systems give these organizations company-wide access to computer applications. The companies don't have to buy a set of software or software licenses for every employee. Instead, the company could pay a metered fee to a cloud computing company. Servers and digital storage devices take up space. Some companies rent physical space to store servers and databases because they don't have it available on site. Cloud computing gives these companies the option of storing data on someone else's hardware, removing the need for physical space on the front end. Corporations might save money on IT support. Streamlined hardware would, in theory, have fewer problems than a network of heterogeneous machines and operating systems.

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5. CLOUD COMPUTING CONCERNS

Perhaps the biggest concerns about cloud computing are security and privacy. The idea of handing over important data to another company worries some people. Corporate executives might hesitate to take advantage of a cloud computing system because they can't keep their company's information under lock and key. The counterargument to this position is that the companies offering cloud computing services live and die by their reputations. It benefits these companies to have reliable security measures in place. Otherwise, the service would lose all its clients. It's in their interest to employ the most advanced techniques to protect their clients' data. Privacy is another matter. If a client can log in from any location to access data and applications, it's possible the client's privacy could be compromised. Cloud computing companies will need to find ways to protect client privacy. One way is to use authentication techniques such as user names and passwords. Another is to employ an authorization format -- each user can access only the data and applications relevant to his or her job. There's a growing concern in the IT industry about how cloud computing could impact the business of computer maintenance and repair. If companies switch to using streamlined computer systems, they'll have fewer IT needs. Some industry experts believe that the need for IT jobs will migrate to the back end of the cloud computing system.

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6. ADVANTAGE OF CLOUDING COMPUTING

Save Hardware Cost: Companies can cut down on hardware investment because by using cloud computing they do not have to purchase additional server, peripherals and other network gear. Backup & Recover With Ease: Servers that run inside a virtual machine can be stored in one you dont have to scratch from beginning to perform image file containing the entire system configuration and settings. In case a server crashes, reinstallation and reconfiguration. Simply take a copy of the saved image, restore data from last backup and the server will be back up and running again. You can save time, effort and resources. Easy To Deploy: Virtual servers can be cloned as much as possible and can be run on another machine without having to change configuration hence reducing the workload of IT staff and expedite the process. Save on Energy Bills: using cloud computing technology will be spared the need to maintain room temperature room to cool down server therefore reduce cost of electricity usage Reduced Space: The fewer the number of servers the lesser space to store the network equipment i the server is placed on a shared server or data center. Easier Maintenance and Management: Fewer number of servers will automatically reduce the time and cost to manage server.

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10CE86 Hardware standardization: Hardware virtualization

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in cloud computing involves emulation and

encapsulation so that the process of introduction and removal of a particular hardware can be carried out with ease.

Easier to replace and upgrade: Replacing or upgrading a server specification can be easier to execute using cloud computing. If the parent server is overloaded and specifications are not sufficient anymore, we can easily upgrade the specification or move a virtual machine to another, more powerful server

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7. DISADVANTAGE OF CLOUD COMPUTING

Cloud computing requires a stable internet connection, when there is no reliable internet connection you can not expect to get the most of it. This can particularly be a hindrance for those living in remote areas without access to a reliable connection. Of the most prominent disadvantages of cloud computing is when a data center crashes all the virtual machines will be affected. This can be prevented by backing up your data on a regular basis and using the so-called fail over or clustering though. Another worst scenario is that if a parent server becomes a target in a hacking attack then the intruders will most likely be able to gain access to virtual servers using data stored on the parent server.

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8. Cloud Computing Applications

The applications of cloud computing are practically limitless. With the right middleware, a cloud computing system could execute all the programs a normal computer could run. Potentially, everything from generic word processing software to customized computer programs designed for a specific company could work on a cloud computing system. Why would anyone want to rely on another computer system to run programs and store data? Here are just a few reasons: Clients would be able to access their applications and data from anywhere at any time. They could access the cloud computing system using any computer linked to the Internet. Data wouldn't be confined to a hard drive on one user's computer or even a corporation's internal network. It could bring hardware costs down. Cloud computing systems would reduce the need for advanced hardware on the client side. You wouldn't need to buy the fastest computer with the most memory, because the cloud system would take care of those needs for you. Instead, you could buy an inexpensive computer terminal. The terminal could include a monitor, input devices like a keyboard and mouse and just enough processing power to run the middleware necessary to connect to the cloud system. You wouldn't need a large hard drive because you'd store all your information on a remote computer. Corporations that rely on computers have to make sure they have the right software in place to achieve goals. Cloud computing systems give these organizations company-wide access to computer applications. The companies don't have to buy a set of software or software licenses for every employee. Instead, the company could pay a metered fee to a cloud computing company. Servers and digital storage devices take up space. Some companies rent physical space to store servers and databases because they don't have it available on site. Cloud computing gives these companies the option of storing data on someone else's hardware, removing the need for physical space on the front end.

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Corporations might save money on IT support. Streamlined hardware would, in theory, have fewer problems than a network of heterogeneous machines and operating systems. If the cloud computing system's back end is a grid computing system, then the client could take advantage of the entire network's processing power. Often, scientists and researchers work with calculations so complex that it would take years for individual computers to complete them. On a grid computing system, the client could send the calculation to the cloud for processing. The cloud system would tap into the processing power of all available computers on the back end, significantly speeding up the calculation.

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9. REFERENCE
1) http://computer.howstuffworks.com/cloud-computing/cloud-computing.htm 2) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing 3) http://searchcloudcomputing.techtarget.com/definition/cloud-computing

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