Zambian Standard

ELECTRICITY SUPPLY POWER QUALITY AND

RELIABILITY Code of Practice

Part 3: Application Guidelines for Enterprises















ZAMBIA BUREAU OF STANDARD

DZS 387-3: 2009
ICS 29.240:03.120






























DZS 387-3: 2009
i
DATE OF PUBLICATION

This Zambian Standard has been published under the authority of the Standards Council of the Zambia
Bureau of Standards on .......................

ZAMBIA BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The Zambia Bureau of Standards is the Statutory National Standards Body for Zambia established under an
act of Parliament, the Standards Act, Cap 416 of 1994 of the Laws of Zambia for the preparation and
promulgation of Zambian Standards.

REVISION OF ZAMBIAN STANDARDS

Zambian Standards are revised, when necessary, by the issue of either amendments or of revised editions. It
is important that users of Zambian standards should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest
amendments or editions.

CONTRACT REQUIREMENTS

A Zambian standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of
Zambian standards are responsible for their correct application.

TECHNICAL COMMITTEE RESPONSIBLE

This Zambian standard was prepared by the Technical Committee Electricity Supply (ETD TC 5/8) upon
which the following organisations were represented:

Copperbelt Energy Corporation Plc
Energy Regulation Board
Engineering Institution of Zambia
Lunsemfwa Hydroelectric Power Station
Mopani Copper Mines Ltd
The University of Zambia, School of Engineering
Zambia Bureau of Standards
Zesco Limited














ZAMBIA BUREAU OF STANDARDS, P.O. BOX 50259, ZA 15101
RIDGEWAY, ZAMBIA
DZS 387-3: 2009
ii
CONTENTS
Page

FOREWORD........................................................................................................................................... iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................................ iii
KEY WORDS ......................................................................................................................................... iii
0. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1
1 SCOPE........................................................................................................................................... 2
2 NORMATIVE REFERENCES ....................................................................................................... 2
3 DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................... 2
4 GUIDELINES ................................................................................................................................ 3
4.1 IMPLICATIONS FOR ENTERPRISES.......................................................................................... 3
4.2 OBLIGATION OF ENTERPRISES ............................................................................................... 8
4.3 PROCEDURES FOR APPORTIONING POWER QUALITY AND RELIABILITY
PARAMETERS ....................................................................................................................................... 9
4.4 ESTABLISHING OBLIGATIONS OF ENTERPRISES AND CONSUMERS IN A SUPPLY
CONTRACT .......................................................................................................................................... 10
4.5 RECOMMENDED PLANNING AND EMISSION LEVELS ....................................................... 10
ANNEX A .............................................................................................................................................. 14
MODEL CONTRACT FOR ESTABLISHING POWER QUALITY AND RELIABILITY OBLIGATIONS
OF ENTERPRISES AND CONSUMERS IN A SUPPLY CONTRACT (WHERE APPROPRIATE) ...... 14
ANNEX B .............................................................................................................................................. 17
INDICATIVE TARGETS FOR THE NUMBER OF VOLTAGE DIPS PER YEAR ................................ 17
ANNEX C .............................................................................................................................................. 18
EXTRACT FROM IEC 61000-2-4, COMPATIBILITY LEVELS IN INDUSTRIAL PLANTS FOR LOW-
FREQUENCY CONDUCTED DISTURBANCES .................................................................................. 18
ANNEX D .............................................................................................................................................. 19
AN EXAMPLE OF INSTRUMENTATION REQUIREMENTS FOR EACH SITE CATEGORIZATION
.............................................................................................................................................................. 19
ANNEX E .............................................................................................................................................. 20
APPORTIONING TECHNIQUES .......................................................................................................... 20
ANNEX F .............................................................................................................................................. 25
A METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING CONTRACTUAL EMISSION LEVELS BASED ON THE IEC
APPORTIONING PROCEDURES ......................................................................................................... 25

DZS 387-3: 2009
iii
FOREWORD


This Zambian Standard has been prepared by the Technical Committee Electricity Supply (ETD TC 5/8),
in accordance with the procedures of the Zambia Bureau of Standards (ZABS).

This part of ZS 387 was developed in conjunction with the other parts of ZS 387, for the Energy Regulation
Board (ERB), by the Quality of Electricity Supply Standards Technical Committee of the ERB.

The technical committee was guided by recommendations from International Electro-technical
Commission (IEC), Zambia Bureau of Standards (ZABS), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
(IEEE), Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE) and British Standards Institute (BSI), NRS Project of
South Africa and in other reports and data available locally.

Reference has been made to the following publication in the preparation of this standard:

ZS 387-4: 2000 Electricity supply Power Quality and Reliability

Part 4: Application Guidelines for Enterprises

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The Zambia Bureau of Standards would like to acknowledge the invaluable material and financial support
of the Energy Regulation Board and all the institutions and stakeholders that contributed towards
developing this Standard.


KEY WORDS

Power Quality and Reliability Guidelines: Apportioning.















COMPLIANCE WITH A ZAMBIAN STANDARD DOES NOT OF ITSELF
CONFER IMMUNITY FROM LEGAL OBLIGATIONS
DZS 387-3: 2009
1
ZAMBIA BUREAU OF STANDARDS


ZAMBIAN STANDARD

ELECTRICITY SUPPLY POWER QUALITY AND RELIABILITY
Code of Practice

Part 3: Application Guidelines for Enterprises


0. INTRODUCTION

This part of ZS 387 provides guidelines to electricity enterprises on the application of ZS 387 part
1, 2 and 4, with a view to ensuring that power quality and reliability issues are dealt with equitably
throughout the Electricity Supply Industry (ESI). It needs to be read in conjunction with the other
parts of ZS 387 and any directives on power quality and reliability (PQR) issued by the Energy
Regulation Board (ERB).

ZS 387 does not cover safety requirements, network design or equipment performance, nor does it
address issues of negligence. The minimum requirements might not apply if unavoidable
circumstances are encountered.

NOTE. In disputed cases, it would be for the ERB (or legal process) to decide whether the circumstances in question were
unavoidable.

Examples of such unavoidable circumstances are:

a) war damage, uprising, pilfering, theft, sabotage, attack, malicious damage;

b) damage of equipment caused by accidental and unavoidable occurrences attributable to
third parties;

c) damage of material caused primarily by the unusual intensity of a natural event, should
the usual precautions to prevent such damage not prevent it or if the precautions could
not be taken;

d) extreme atmospheric phenomena which cannot be prevented because of their cause or
their extent, and to which electrical networks, especially overhead networks, are
particularly vulnerable. Normal lightning activity is excluded;

e) industrial action that prevents normal operation of the network;

f) Mechanical accidental damage

g) where the enterprise provides a temporary supply to keep consumers supplied during
maintenance and construction work, or to minimize the extent and duration of a total loss
of supply.

DZS 387-3: 2009
2
1 SCOPE

This part of ZS 387 gives guidance to enterprises on the application of power quality and
reliability standards. It includes a suggested technical procedure for the connection of a new
consumer and the evaluation of an existing consumer regarding harmonics, voltage unbalance and
voltage flicker during contract negotiations. An approach is outlined for the calculation of a
specific consumer's fair proportioned allocation of total allowable pollution at a given point of
common coupling (PCC). This part of ZS 387 thus serves to prepare annexes to consumer supply
contracts dealing with the PQR. The document also serves to define what concessions can be made
where consumers request higher levels of distortion. In such cases the risk that the enterprises can
accept and the risk that the consumer needs to accept are defined. This part of ZS 387 also
recommends network planning levels for some parameters for use by enterprises in planning to
achieve the required compatibility at PCCs. Flicker has been extended to include the concept of a
rapid voltage change.

2 NORMATIVE REFERENCES

The following documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute
provisions of this specification. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All
standards and specifications are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this
specification are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of
the documents listed below. Information on currently valid national and international standards
and specifications can be obtained from the Zambia Bureau of Standards.

IEC 61000-2-4, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) Part 2: Environment Section 4:
Compati-bility levels in industrial plants for low frequency conducted disturbances.

IEC 61000-3-6, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) Part 3: Limits Section 6: Assessment of
emission limits for distorting loads in MV and HV power systems.

IEC 61000-3-7, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) Part 3: Limits Section 7: Assessment of
emission limits for fluctuating loads in MV and HV power systems.

IEEE 519, Recommended practices and requirements for harmonic control in electrical power
systems.

ZS 387-1, Electricity supply Power Quality and Reliability Part 1: Overview of
implementation of standards and procedures for applications in the electricity supply industry.

ZS 387-1, Electricity supply Power Quality and Reliability Part 2: Minimum standards.

ZS 387-2, Electricity supply Power Quality and Reliability Part 3: Procedures for
measurement and reporting.

ZS 387-4, Electricity supply Power Quality and Reliability Part 5: Instrumentation and
transducers for voltage quality monitoring and recording.

3 DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS

For the purposes of this part of ZS 387, in addition to the definition given below, the definitions
and abbreviations given in ZS 387-1 apply.

DZS 387-3: 2009
3
3.1 in-plant point of coupling (IPC): point on a network inside a system or an installation,
electrically nearest to a particular load, at which other loads are, or could be, connected

NOTE. The IPC is usually the point for which electromagnetic compatibility is to be considered.

4 GUIDELINES

4.1 IMPLICATIONS FOR ENTERPRISES

4.1.1 Harmonics and inter-harmonics

Where available, electromagnetic voltage transformers should be used up to the 25th harmonic
(see also annex A of ZS 387-4). Capacitive voltage transformers (CVT) may be used only where
special techniques are applied. Under no circumstances should the (uncompensated) secondary
output of the capacitive voltage transformer be used for voltage measurement. Where
compensation techniques have been proved to meet the accuracy requirements, the compensated
CVT output signal may be used. High-voltage dividers and capacitive bushing tap-off techniques
which meet the required accuracy may otherwise be used where electromagnetic voltage
transformers are not available.

An enterprise is responsible for enforcing limits on the injection of harmonics by its consumers.

Enterprises should advise their consumers to specify that the immunity of equipment used in new
or upgraded plant be compatible with the harmonic compatibility levels defined in 4.1.1 of ZS
387-1.

Where existing consumers installations cannot be operated within the maximum harmonic levels
permitted in table 1 of ZS 387-1, enterprises should negotiate specific arrangements to provide
reduced harmonic levels to the consumers concerned.

Where an enterprise installs capacitors, the installation should as far as possible be so designed
and operated as to avoid resonances at dominant harmonic frequencies. The resonant frequencies
of a network capacitor installation change with network configuration. Network operating states
and contingencies should be considered when such designs are undertaken.

Recommended planning levels for harmonics are given in 4.5.1.

Recommended planning levels for interharmonics are given in 4.5.2.

4.1.2 FLICKER

An enterprise is responsible for enforcing limits on the injection of flicker by its consumers.

Enterprises should advise their consumers to specify that the immunity of equipment used in new
or upgraded plant be compatible with the flicker compatibility levels defined in
4.2.1 of ZS 387-1.

Where existing consumers installations cannot be operated within the maximum flicker levels in
4.2.1 of ZS 387-1, enterprises should negotiate specific arrangements to provide reduced flicker
levels to the consumers.

NOTE. The effects of flicker are noticed only at the LV point of coupling (i.e. where lighting systems are connected).
When this is considered together with recent studies which show that flicker levels are reduced from HV to LV networks, it
DZS 387-3: 2009
4
may result in enterprises agreeing on higher Pst levels at HV connection points. The level of flicker reduction from the HV
to LV point will differ from network to network and needs to be carefully assessed before flicker levels are established in a
PQR contract.

Recommended planning levels for flicker are given in 4.5.3.

Voltage flicker at a point of common coupling can be caused either by single loads which draw
continuously fluctuating current (e.g. arc-furnaces, sawmills, crushers), or by the combined effect
of several independent loads which draw step changes in current (e.g. motor starting on a rural
feeder). For this reason, in order to manage flicker levels at a given PCC, an enterprise should
both limit continuous flicker generated by loads (in terms of short- and long-term flicker severity,
P
st
and P
lt
), and rapid voltage changes caused by load changes (expressed as percentage voltage
change).

NOTE. The concept of defining rapid voltage changes and appropriate limits is not considered in the first edition of ZS
387-1. Similarly, no recommended planning levels have been included in this part of ZS 387. For guidance, emission limits
for rapid voltage changes that could form the basis of limits in contracts with particular consumers are given in annex F.

4.1.3 UNBALANCE

An enterprise is responsible for limiting the unbalanced load drawn by its consumers. An
enterprise shall ensure that its network does not contribute significantly to unbalance conditions.

Enterprises should advise their consumers to specify that the immunity of equipment used in new
or upgraded plant be compatible with the unbalance compatibility levels defined in 4.3.1 of ZS
387-1.

Some consumers could have existing equipment such as 3-phase motors which are adversely
affected by levels of unbalance below the minimum requirements. In such cases, enterprises
should consider negotiating to provide reduced levels of unbalance to the consumers concerned
wherever practicable.

Recommended planning levels for unbalance are given in 4.5.4.

4.1.4 VOLTAGE DIPS

An enterprise should ensure that its protection operation is optimized and that network fault
performance events are kept to the minimum number possible. Where possible, enterprises should
aim to better the indicative targets given in annex B. (See 4.4 of ZS 387-1 for the description of
the dip window categories Z, T, S, X and Y.)

NOTE. Voltage dips are of the most common causes of consumer complaints of poor supply quality. In practice some
causes of dips are beyond the control of enterprises. Special contract conditions of supply or special mitigation techniques
within the consumer plant, or both, will often be required to meet the requirements of consumers with sensitive industrial
processes.

4.1.5 VOLTAGE REGULATION

In all cases, networks should be designed and operated to meet the requirements in 4.6 of ZS 387-
1.

In particular, enterprises should ensure that their large consumers have voltage regulation and
power factor correction equipment that operates correctly, to avoid over or under voltages in a
consumers network being transmitted to the enterprises network. This is important not only to
avoid other consumers being affected by the abnormal voltage, but also to ensure that the life
expectancy of plant, particularly transformers, is not reduced. (This can have a consequential
effect on the PQR through forced interruptions due to premature plant failure.)

DZS 387-3: 2009
5
For example, as can be the case with arc furnaces with switched capacitor banks, when the load is
switched off, the capacitor banks voltage rises, causing the enterprises transformer to be over-
excited from the secondary windings.

It is therefore essential that enterprises ensure that, where consumers have capacitive
compensation equipment installed, the consumer has also installed protection or control devices
that will limit over-excitation of supply transformers to within their design parameters.

An illustration of the rapid deterioration of transformer life (mean time to failure) with excessive
operating voltage (U) is given in figure 1.

1,0 1,1 1,15 1,2
Operating voltage (Up.u.)
5s
5m
25y
50y
M
e
a
n

t
i
m
e

t
o

f
a
i
l
u
r
e
Not to scale


Figure 1 Illustration of the rapid deterioration of transformer life with
excessive operating voltage

4.1.6 FREQUENCY

Enterprises interconnected to the main Southern African Grid have no direct control over
frequency.

Enterprises not directly connected to the Grid should ensure that the network is operated to
comply with frequency requirements for islanded networks in ZS 387-1. Generation capacity and
transmission, operation and design should meet the load requirements.

NOTE. Under-frequency load shedding will be by agreement between an enterprise and its consumers, where practicable.
In general, the generation authority will impose load shedding on the distributing enterprises and will not often be able to
advise and obtain the agreement of consumers.

4.1.7 INSTRUMENTATION

To comply with the requirements of the ERB, enterprises are obliged to install at least sufficient
instrumentation for monitoring purposes according to the sample sizes and other criteria specified
in ZS 387-2. In addition, it might be useful for enterprises to provide instruments to monitor at
DZS 387-3: 2009
6
their bulk supply points. Enterprises might also need to consider acquiring additional
instrument(s) for roving monitoring or for troubleshooting.

ZS 387-4 specifies two types of instruments for voltage monitoring and recording that meet the
requirements for measuring the parameters for site categories 1 to 5 (see 4.2 of ZS 387-2). ZS 387-
4 specifies appropriate environmental tests for the instruments and enterprises should ensure that
instrument suppliers demonstrate compliance with ZS 387-4 through certified conformance tests
from an accredited test laboratory.

For each category of sites 1 to 6 (see 4.2 of ZS 387-2), the sample size is determined as a
percentage of the number of consumers connected to sites of that category in the enterprises area
of supply. The percentages are given in table 1 of ZS 387-2.

An example of how to determine the instrumentation requirements for each site category is shown
in Annex D.

4.1.8 DATA COLLECTION AND DATA ANALYSIS

4.1.8.1 General

Enterprises should integrate the collection and management of the data required by the ERB
relating to their plant, consumers and actual performance, which is detailed in ZS 387-2, with their
normal operating and management information practices. This will allow the enterprise to benefit
from the regular analysis of this information and to minimise the effort required to complete the
submission of information to the ERB.

The information to be collected and managed fall in three categories:

a) network statistics;

b) forced interruption statistics; and

c) site measurement statistics.

4.1.8.2 Network statistics

It is expected that all enterprises will already have systems in place to record the ongoing additions
and reductions of plant and consumers to their network, but cognisance shall be taken of the
various categories of network and supply voltage levels under which these statistics have to be
reported.

4.1.8.3 Forced interruption statistics

The method of collection and the management of data on forced interruption statistics will vary
from enterprise to enterprise but, in all cases, it is recommended that the following be included as
part of the permanent record of each incident affecting networks above 1kV. This is principally for
the enterprises own purposes but will also provide the base data for the forced interruption reports
required by the ERB. (Although not required for the annual submission to the ERB, it is expected
that the enterprise would have separate and similar records for incidents affecting their LV
networks and connections to consumers.) Reference may be necessary to ZS 387-2 for
clarification of some of the terms and headings used below.
DZS 387-3: 2009
7
Distribution network Transmission voltage network
date/time of incident see note 1 date/time of incident see note 1
name of circuit affected name of circuit affected
cause (brief details) cause (brief details)
protection operated protection operated
capacity lost (kVA) see note 2 load lost (MVA or MW) see note 3
date/time of partial restoration see note 4 date/time of partial load restoration see
note 4
capacity of partial restoration see note 4 capacity of partial load restoration see note
4
date/time of full restoration date/time of full restoration
forced interruption index see note 5 forced interruption index see note 6
network category see note 7 network voltage category see note 8
source of interruption see note 9 source of interruption see note 10
category of incident see note 11 category of incident see note 11
major consumer(s) affected see note 12 major consumer(s) affected see note 12

NOTE 1 First consumer complaint or alarm received.

NOTE 2 Determined by summing the rated capacity of all distribution transformers affected.

NOTE 3 Actual loss of load, determined by measurement or assessment.

NOTE 4 Required if the enterprise wishes to take this into account in the calculation of the forced interruption index
which would otherwise be based on the product of the full capacity/load loss and the time taken to full restoration. Where
this is to be used, it is recommended that the restored capacity/load be recorded as a percentage of the initial loss in
practical incremental steps.

NOTE 5 Calculated as detailed in ZS 387-2. An enterprise might find it more convenient and more suitable for their own
monthly performance comparisons to maintain this record in the form of kVA-hours and only divide by the total installed
capacity of transformers on this category of network (i.e. T) when compiling the annual submission to the ERB.

NOTE 6 System-minutes calculated as detailed in ZS 387-2.

NOTE 7 One of four categories (Residential established, Residential developing, Commercial industrial or Rural
overhead).

NOTE 8 One of four categories (see ZS 387-2), including a category for forced interruptions due to faults at voltages of 33
kV and below where these occur at a major substation with a higher primary voltage.

NOTE 9 Provides for the differentiation of forced interruption indices associated with faults on the distribution network
itself, from faults on the enterprises own transmission voltage networks or interruptions of a bulk supply from another
enterprise, or both.

NOTE 10 Provides for the differentiation of forced interruption indices associated with faults on the enterprises network
from interruptions of the bulk supply from another enterprise (or both).

NOTE 11 One of six categories (see ZS 387-2) to best fit the primary cause of the forced interruption. This is only
required by the ERB where major supply interruptions are to be reported but it is recommended that all incidents be
categorized for the enterprises own records and analysis of system performance.

NOTE 12 Large/strategic end-user as defined by the enterprise. Forced interruptions affecting large end-users with a
notified maximum demand in excess of 5 MVA need to be reported to the ERB.

It is recommended that a computer system be used for the collection of this data and for the
counting and summation of the elements of each fault that will constitute the performance
statistics required for the annual submission to the ERB (namely, network category or network
voltage category, forced interruption indices, source of interruption and category of incident). The
system should have the facility for various on-line enquiries and the automatic production of
standard reports (including reports with content to match the statistics required by the ERB) at the
end of each month and year. If the system is not computerised, it is recommended that these
statistics be collated as a daily routine to facilitate the month-end and then year-end reports.

DZS 387-3: 2009
8
In either case, information on major supply interruptions as defined by the enterprise shall be
extracted from the above database although only supply interruptions in excess of five system-
minutes need to be reported to the ERB.

4.1.8.4 Site measurement statistics

For categories 3, 4 and 5 sites as defined by table 1 of ZS 387-2, it is expected that the output of
the instrumentation used will be limited to the following which will result in minimal data
management:

a) number of interruptions (forced and planned);

b) sum of all supply interruption durations;

c) number of days that voltage regulation limit was exceeded above limit
below limit; and

d) sum of the periods that the voltage regulation limit was exceeded above limit
below limit.

For categories 1 and 2 sites, the information required by the ERB is also essentially a total count
and duration of out-of-limit incidents and the sophistication of the data collection and data
management systems introduced by the enterprise will therefore be determined primarily by the
number of measuring sites and the enterprises own requirement for useful planning and
management information. The facility to download data from remote sites via telephone
connections is recommended. Enterprises should also make use of such information as the
occurrence of voltage dips and interruptions, available from some energy meters.

Where practical, the database for the site measurements should be linked to the database for the
forced interruption statistics detailed under 4.1.8.3 in order that an incident such as a voltage dip
can be readily linked to a fault on the network and can be analysed in terms of primary cause,
network category, etc.

4.1.9 REPORTING TO THE ERB

The information required by the ERB is specified in ZS 387-2.

If the enterprise installs more than the minimum instrumentation prescribed in ZS 387-2, the
enterprise is required to report to the ERB information from all the instrumentation. That is, there
should be no selectivity in the information reported to the ERB.

4.2 OBLIGATION OF ENTERPRISES

Enterprises have obligations to their consumers in terms of PQR which are now better defined in
ZS 387 than in the past. These obligations remain constrained by reality and national imperatives
and might be modified or supplemented by conditions set out in contracts with particular
consumers.

It is not possible for enterprises or the ERB to guarantee to maintain PQR at historically perceived
levels owing to the need to expand networks and increase their utilization. Further, owing to the
lack of valid historical data on performance, it is not possible to undertake to maintain PQR on a
broad network basis. Specific commitments in respect of PQR are possible and are usually the
subject of contracts with consumers. Enterprises, however, do have and must accept an obligation
DZS 387-3: 2009
9
not to allow PQR performance to deteriorate unreasonably and in a general way. ZS 387 is not
intended to be used as a license to lower network quality or to raise tariffs.

In some cases consumers might need a power quality and reliability which exceeds the minimum
network quality specified in ZS 387 and it is not economically viable or justified to achieve the
necessary quality within the supply networks. In these cases it is appropriate and expected that
enterprises will offer consumers behind-the-meter solutions to their PQR needs. Guidance on
the classification of industrial consumers plant in this regard is given in IEC 61000-2-4. An
extract from this specification is given in annex C.

4.3 PROCEDURES FOR APPORTIONING POWER QUALITY AND
RELIABILITY PARAMETERS

A large load connected to the network can have as large an effect on a specific group of consumers
as a smaller load connected closer to this group of consumers at MV or LV. This implies that
emission levels need to be co-ordinated from the high voltage busbar to the low voltage busbar
(see figure 2).

HV
EHV
MV
LV
Generators
L
V

C
o
m
p
a
t
i
b
i
l
i
t
y

l
e
v
e
l
Emission levels


Figure 2 Emission co-ordination from EHV to LV showing the
contribution at each voltage level to the total LV level

Any of the following apportioning procedures can be used:

a) IEC 61000-3-6 (harmonics);

b) IEC 61000-3-7 (flicker); and

c) IEEE 519.

Enterprises will require a methodology to apply apportioning procedures in the establishment of
contractual emission levels. Where appropriate, enterprises should advise their consumers of the
apportionment procedures used and the methodology and other criteria used to establish the
contractual emission levels. A methodology that uses the IEC apportionment procedures is given
in annex F.
DZS 387-3: 2009
10

If the enterprise is planning to make supply available to a large consumer whose plant has the
potential for polluting the supply, and if an enterprise does not have the necessary expertise to
apply such apportioning procedures or to establish contracts for emission levels, consideration
should be given to making use of power quality and reliability specialists to assist in drawing up
such supply contracts.

4.4 ESTABLISHING OBLIGATIONS OF ENTERPRISES AND CONSUMERS
IN A SUPPLY CONTRACT

4.4.1 GENERAL

Where appropriate, in particular for key industrial consumers, power quality and reliability
requirements should be set out in supply contracts.

A model for establishing such agreements is set out in annex A.

4.4.2 CONTRACTUAL IMPLICATIONS FOR FLICKER

Flicker emission levels are defined in terms of P
st
95 (daily) and P
lt
(max).

The fault level under which these flicker levels are specified shall be linked to the flicker emission
levels.

This fault level is usually the fault level under normal (healthy) network conditions. Where the
fault level is reduced due to line outages, the higher flicker levels should not be excessive. In
some cases it might be necessary to specify alternate flicker levels for low fault level conditions.

4.4.3 NEW CONSUMERS

The emission parameters are required at an early stage in the design process so that equipment
specifications can be correctly developed. As far as practicable, the following guidelines should be
followed:

a) all documentation used in the correspondence should be clearly dated;

b) the fault level conditions for which the parameters are specified should be clearly stated
at the beginning of the negotiation process;

c) any changes to fault levels or to voltage quality parameters should be clearly
communicated as being the latest figures;

d) the contractual clauses should as far as possible be finalized before the consumer
equipment specifications are issued. The consumer should be made aware of any pending
clauses that could affect the equipment meeting the enterprise requirements; and

e) all parameters should be communicated and agreed to by the relevant engineer(s) and
operations manager(s).

4.5 RECOMMENDED PLANNING AND EMISSION LEVELS

4.5.1 RECOMMENDED PLANNING LEVELS FOR HARMONIC VOLTAGES

DZS 387-3: 2009
11
The indicative values given in table 1 should be used as recommended planning levels for
harmonic voltages unless the enterprise has established its own recommended planning levels.



DZS 387-3: 2009
12
Table 1 Indicative values of planning levels for harmonic voltages (as a percentage of
the rated voltage of the power systems)
Odd harmonics (non-multiples of 3) Odd harmonics (multiples of 3) Even harmonics
Order Harmonic voltage % Order Harmonic voltage
%
Order Harmonic voltage
%
h MV HV/EHV h MV HV/EHV h MV HV/EHV
5
7
11
13
17
19
23
25
> 25
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.5
1.6
1.2
1.2
1.2
0.2+
0.5
h
25

2.0
2.0
1.5
1.5
1.0
1.0
0.7
0.7
0.2+
0.5
h
25

3
9
15
21
> 21
4.0
2.0
0.3
0.2
0.2
2.0
2.0
0.3
0.2
0.2
2
4
6
8
10
12
> 12
1.6
1.0
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2

NOTE. Total harmonic distortion (THD): s 6.5 % in MV networks and s 3 % in HV networks.

4.5.2 RECOMMENDED PLANNING LEVELS FOR INTERHARMONIC VOLTAGES

The indicative values given in table 2 should be used as recommended planning levels for
interharmonic voltages unless the enterprise has established its own recommended planning levels.



Table 2 Indicative values of planning levels for interharmonic
voltages (as a percentage of the rated voltage of the power
systems)
Supply Interharmonic voltage %
HV/EHV 0.2
MV 0.2

4.5.3 RECOMMENDED PLANNING LEVELS FOR FLICKER EMISSIONS

The indicative values given in table 3 should be used as recommended planning levels for flicker
emissions unless the enterprise has established its own recommended planning levels.



Table 3 Indicative values of planning levels for flicker
emissions
Supply P
st
95 (daily) P
lt
max
HV/EHV 0.8 0.6
MV 0.9 0.7

Proportionally higher planning levels are recommended where the flicker reduction factor from
HV to LV is known.

4.5.4 RECOMMENDED PLANNING LEVELS FOR UNBALANCE

The indicative values given in table 4 should be used as recommended planning levels for voltage
unbalance unless the enterprise has established its own recommended planning levels.

DZS 387-3: 2009
13


Table 4 Indicative values of planning levels for unbalance
Supply UB
95
(daily)
HV/EHV 1.0
MV 1.5

DZS 387-3: 2009
14
ANNEX A
(informative)

MODEL CONTRACT FOR ESTABLISHING POWER QUALITY AND
RELIABILITY OBLIGATIONS OF ENTERPRISES AND CONSUMERS IN A
SUPPLY CONTRACT (WHERE APPROPRIATE)

A.1 VOLTAGE QUALITY THE ENTERPRISES OBLIGATION

A.1.1 The ENTERPRISE shall maintain the voltage quality of the supply to the CONSUMER in
accordance with its reference documentation, ZS 387 or such other standards as may be prescribed
by the Energy Regulation Board from time to time.

A.1.2 In the event of the limits as specified in ZS 387-1 or the Enterprises standard referred to in
paragraph A.1.1 being exceeded by the ENTERPRISE, the ENTERPRISE shall take appropriate
measures to rectify the voltage quality as soon as is practicable.

A.1.3 The ENTERPRISE shall at its own cost take the necessary corrective action when the sum of
consumer interaction at the point of common coupling exceeds the limits as specified in ZS 387-1
or the Enterprises standard referred to in A.1.1, provided that all consumers connected to the
point of common coupling have complied with their individually allocated apportionment.

A.2 VOLTAGE QUALITY THE CONSUMERS OBLIGATION

A.2.1 The CONSUMER shall ensure that any voltage distortions caused by its load or equipment shall
not at any time exceed the limits specified in A.2.4, A.2.5 and A.2.6 (the prescribed limits having
been determined in accordance with ZS 387-1 or the Enterprises documentation referred to in
paragraph A.1.1).

A.2.2 The power quality and reliability limits specified in A.2.4, A.2.5, A.2.6, A.3.1 and A.3.2 are based
on the following fixed values:

a) Minimum design operating fault level (three-phase): .... kA
(.................kiloampere)

b) Maximum design loading: ....MVA (...........megavolt
ampere)

A.2.3 The power quality and reliability limits specified in A.2.4, A.2.5, A.2.6, A.3.1 and A.3.2 shall, if
necessary, be revised if any of the fixed values in A 2.1 change.

A.2.4 The point of common coupling shall be the ....................... kV busbar at the Enterprises
.................... Substation under normal operating conditions.

A.2.5 The maximum allowable harmonic current injection from the CONSUMER at the point of
common coupling shall be:

Harmonic order 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Current (A)

Harmonic order 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
DZS 387-3: 2009
15
Current (A)

A.2.6 The maximum permissible contribution to flicker at the point of common coupling shall be:

a) short term flicker (determined over a 10 min period), P
st
= ...................

b) long term flicker (determined over a 2 h period), P
lt
= ..................

A.2.7 The maximum permissible contribution to voltage unbalance at the point of common coupling
shall be:

Percentage voltage unbalance = ..................

A.2.8 Should any one of the limits specified in A.2.4, A.2.5 and A.2.6 be exceeded, the CONSUMER
shall be required to reduce loading or install corrective equipment at its own expense or take such
other measures as might be necessary to reduce the voltage distortion caused by the
CONSUMERS load or equipment within the specified limits. The ENTERPRISE shall, in the
event of an infringement by the CONSUMER of the limits as specified herein, inform the
CONSUMER thereof by facsimile in order that corrective measures can be implemented by the
CONSUMER without delay.

Corrective measures shall be implemented by the CONSUMER immediately after an infringement
has occurred or where circumstances justify it within a period of time as may be agreed between
the parties. If agreement on the period to be allowed for the CONSUMER to correct any
infringement of the specified limits cannot be reached within 30 (thirty) days of the infringement
occurring, the period shall be determined by arbitration.

A.2.9 The CONSUMER shall give adequate notice in writing to the ENTERPRISE of intended
extensions or upgrading of the CONSUMERS plant or the installation of power factor correction
equipment and/or any other changes which may impact the power quality or impedance at the
point of common coupling to the ENTERPRISE system (or a combination of these) to enable
countermeasures to be taken timeously.

A.2.10 Consumers shall install, operate and maintain suitable overvoltage protection equipment.

A.3 VOLTAGE DIPS

A.3.1 The ENTERPRISE shall strive to minimize the number of voltage dips that could cause
production disruptions, and to this end shall ensure that the total number of non-coincidental
voltage dips category Z (see ZS 387-1) recorded at the point of common coupling in any 12
(twelve) consecutive months does not exceed ........ (...............) on the understanding that

a) all voltage dips caused by force majeure or those originating from the CONSUMERS
load or equipment due to the starting of large loads or faults within the CONSUMERS
electrical installation, are specifically excluded; and

b) the maximum permissible number of voltage dips specified above, may be subject to
revision if the minimum design operating fault level specified in paragraph A.2.1
changes.

In the event of the total number of voltage dips in any 12 (twelve) consecutive months exceeding
the maximum number of occurrences as specified above, the ENTERPRISE shall take appropriate
measures to rectify the situation as soon as is practicable.

A.3.2 The CONSUMER shall ensure that voltage dips of category Z originating from its load or
equipment due to the starting of large loads or faults within its electrical installation, as recorded
DZS 387-3: 2009
16
by the ENTERPRISE at the point of common coupling in any 12 (twelve) consecutive months,
does not exceed ........ (......). This maximum permissible number of voltage dips originating from
the CONSUMERS electrical installation shall be subject to revision if the minimum design
operating fault level specified in paragraph A.3.1 changes. Should the specified maximum
permissible number of voltage dips be exceeded, the ENTERPRISE shall inform the CONSUMER
in order that corrective measures may be taken by the CONSUMER without delay.

A.3.3 With reference to paragraph A.3.1 and A.3.2, the maximum permissible number of voltage dips
shall be reviewed annually by the CONSUMER and the ENTERPRISE and joint and separate
actions taken to achieve a mutually acceptable frequency of voltage dip occurrences.

A.4 MEASUREMENT OF POWER QUALITY AND RELIABILITY

A.4.1 The ENTERPRISE shall monitor the power quality and reliability (continuity, voltage quality and
voltage dips) at the point of common coupling and the ENTERPRISE and the CONSUMER shall
collaborate in drawing up appropriate operational procedures to facilitate the monitoring and
reporting of the power quality and reliability. The ENTERPRISE shall install appropriate
instrumentation at the said point of common coupling for this purpose and the cost thereof shall be
for the account of the CONSUMER.
DZS 387-3: 2009
17
ANNEX B
(informative)

INDICATIVE TARGETS FOR THE NUMBER OF VOLTAGE DIPS PER YEAR



Table B.1 Indicative targets for the number of voltage dips per year for
each category of dip window (see figure B.1)
Network voltage range Number of voltage dips per year
(see note) Dip window category
Z T S X Y
1kV to s 33 kV 10 8 10 50 75
1kV to s 33 kV rural 20 15 25 100 150
> 33 kV to s 220 kV 5 10 10 50 80
220 kV to s 330 kV 2 3 3 33 59
NOTE. The network voltage is not necessarily the voltage at which the consumer takes supply. It may be the voltage of
the network that feeds the point of common coupling. Therefore, the set of Z, T, S, X and Y values applicable to a
consumer should be evaluated in each case, taking account of the network configuration supplying that consumer.

Magnitude of voltage depression
(Decrease below nominal)
100 %
60 %
20 %
0
10 %
Dip duration (ms)
1 000 20 600 3 000
X
Y
Z
150
S
T

Figure B.1 Voltage dip window (extracted from ZS 387-1)
DZS 387-3: 2009
18
ANNEX C
(informative)

EXTRACT FROM IEC 61000-2-4, COMPATIBILITY LEVELS IN INDUSTRIAL
PLANTS FOR LOW-FREQUENCY CONDUCTED DISTURBANCES

Electromagnetic environment classes

Several classes of electromagnetic environment are possible, but in order to simplify their use, only three
are considered and defined in this publication; they are as follows:

Class 1: This class applies to protected supplies and has compatibility levels lower than public network
levels. It relates to the use of equipment very sensitive to disturbances in the power supply, for instance the
instrumentation of technological laboratories, some automatization and protection equipment, some
computers.

NOTE 1 Class 1 environments normally contain equipment which requires protection by such items as uninterruptible power supplies
(UPS), filters, or surge supressors.

NOTE 2 In some cases highly sensitive equipment may require compatibility levels lower than the ones relevant to class 1
environments. The compatibility levels are to be agreed case by case (controlled environment).

Class 2: This class applies to PCCs and to IPCs in industrial environments in general. The compatibility
levels of this class are identical to those of the public network; therefore components designed for
application in public networks may be used in this class of industrial environment.

Class 3: This class applies only to IPCs in industrial environments. It has higher compatibility levels than
class 2 for some disturbance phenomena. For instance, this class should be considered when any of the
following conditions are met:

a) a major part of the load is fed through converters;

b) welding machines are present;

c) large motors are frequently started; and

d) loads are rapidly varying.

NOTE. Supply to highly disturbing loads, such as arc-furnaces and large converters which are generally supplied from a segregated
bus-bar, frequently has disturbance levels in excess of class 3 (harsh environment). In such special situations the compatibility levels
must be agreed upon.

The class applicable for new plants and extension of existing plants cannot be made a priori and should
relate to the type of equipment and process under consideration.




DZS 387-3: 2009
19
ANNEX D
(informative)

AN EXAMPLE OF INSTRUMENTATION REQUIREMENTS FOR EACH SITE
CATEGORIZATION

Consider an enterprise (distributor) with 50 000 domestic and commercial (LV) consumers, 2 000 of which
are considered to be in a developing area and 48 000 in a developed area; 1 000 consumers taking supply
from an 11kV rural network (LV and MV consumers), 40 consumers in urban areas taking supply at
between 1kV and 44kV, and 1 consumer taking supply at 88 kV.

The distributor has two 132 kV intake points.



Table D.1 Instrumentation requirements by category of site
Category of site
(see ZS 387-2)
Number of sites to be monitored
(based on table 1 in ZS 387-2)
Instrument type
(see ZS 387-4)
1 1 (see note 1) C
2 3 (see note 2) C
3 3 (see note 3) A
4 5 (see note 4) A
5 3 (see note 5) A
NOTE 1 Category 1 site only 1 consumer. Therefore, only 1 site needs to be monitored.

NOTE 2 Category 2 site 2 % of 40 consumers is 0.8. Therefore, only 1 site needs to be monitored.

NOTE 3 Category 3 site 0,05% of 1 000 consumers is 0.1. However, minimum of 3 sites need to be monitored.

NOTE 4 Category 4 site 0,05% of 4 8000 consumers is 4.8. Hence, 24 sites need to be monitored.

NOTE 5 Category 5 site 0,05% of 2 000 consumers is 1.0. However, minimum of 3 sites need to be monitored.

Minimum requirements for monitoring instruments will therefore be:

a) 30 type A instruments for category 3, 4 and 5 sites;

b) 4 type C instruments for category 1 and 2 sites; and

With 40 MV consumers in urban areas it could be considered good practice to further provide for an
additional roving meter. This should be a type C instrument as some investigation of harmonics would be
expected.

With two bulk intake points the distributor could either arrange to have unrestricted access to PQR
monitoring information from the bulk supplier, or preferably install its own monitoring device. Hence two
additional type C instruments would be required.
DZS 387-3: 2009
20
ANNEX E
(informative)

APPORTIONING TECHNIQUES

E.1 INTRODUCTION

Historically, each enterprise has applied its own methods of apportioning harmonic limits. In the
USA, most of these have been based on IEEE 519. The recent introduction of apportioning
guidelines in IEC 61000-3-6 (harmonics) and IEC 61000-3-7 (flicker), has resulted in several
European enterprises adopting these. This annex summarizes the approaches adopted by IEC and
IEEE. More detail can be found in the relevant standards. An apportioning methodology that is
based on the IEC apportioning procedure is given in annex F.

E.2 IEC HARMONIC APPORTIONING

The IEC compatibility levels at the point of common coupling (PCC) are given in table E.1.

Table E.1 IEC compatibility levels (LV and MV)
Odd harmonics (non-multiples of 3) Odd harmonics (multiples of
3)
Even harmonics
Order % Order % Order %
5
7
11
13
17
19
23
25
> 25
6,0
5,0
3,5
3,0
2,0
1,5
1,5
1,5
1,3 + 0,5 x 25/h
3
9
15
21
> 21
5,0
1,5
0,3
0,2
0,2
2
4
6
8
10
12
> 12
2,0
1,0
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,2
0,2
Compatibility level for total harmonic distortion (THD) = 8 %.

IEC makes use of a three-stage approach to apportioning.

Stage 1: Approval without detailed evaluation of emission characteristics of the load, or of the
supply network response.

The stage 1 criteria are shown below. The assumption is that loads which are small in relation to
the short-circuit capacity of the network are not likely to introduce harmonic problems when
connected.


(MV) % 0,4 to % 0,1
(LV) % 0,1
SC
Di
SC
I
<
<
S
S
S
S


where
DZS 387-3: 2009
21

S
SC
is the network short circuit power at the PCC;

S
I
is the agreed power of the consumer;

S
Di
is the distorting power of the consumer.

Stage 2: Approval with detailed evaluation of emission characteristics of the load and the supply
network response.

The stage 2 criterion requires that the enterprise plan harmonic levels be within those specified for
MV, HV and EHV in IEC 61000-3-6 (given in tables E.2 and E.3).

Table E.2 IEC planning levels (MV)
Odd harmonics (non-multiples of
3)
Odd harmonics (multiples of
3)
Even harmonics
Order % Order % Order %
5
7
11
13
17
19
23
25
> 25
5,0
4,0
3,0
2,5
1,6
1,2
1,2
0,2
0,2 + 0,5 x 25/h
3
9
15
21
> 21
4,0
1,2
0,3
0,2
0,2
2
4
6
8
10
12
> 12
1,6
1,0
0,5
0,4
0,4
0,2
0,2
Planning level for total harmonic distortion at MV = 6,5 %.

Table E.3 IEC planning levels (HV and EHV)
Odd harmonics (non-multiples of
3)
Odd harmonics (multiples of
3)
Even harmonics
Order % Order % Order %
5
7
11
13
17
19
23
25
> 25
2,0
2,0
1,5
1,5
1,0
1,0
0,7
0,7
0,2 + 0,5 x 25/h
3
9
15
21
> 21
2,0
1,0
0,3
0,2
0,2
2
4
6
8
10
12
> 12
1,5
1,0
0,5
0,4
0,4
0,2
0,2
Planning level for total harmonic distortion at HV and EHV = 3 %.

Using these planning levels, a maximum permissible contribution to the voltage distortion levels
by the consumer is calculated. The assumption with regard to the summation of various sources of
harmonics is shown below.

Summation law:

i (h) i (h)
U U =


DZS 387-3: 2009
22
o
Harmonic order
1
1,4
2
< 5
5 to 10
> 10

The apportioned harmonic voltage distortion is given by the equation below (for MV loads).

Individual consumer voltage emission level:

t
i
U(h)HV MV h U U(h)i
) L (
_

S
S
T L E
) (
=

where

E
U(h)i
is the individual consumer maximum emission at the PPC;

T is the transformer ratio from HV to MV;

L
U(h)MV
is the enterprise MV planning level for harmonic voltage h;

L
U(h)HV
is the enterprise HV planning level for harmonic voltage h;

S
i
is the consumers maximum demand;

S
t
is the installed capacity.

The maximum current apportioned to the consumer is then given by dividing the allocated voltage
contribution by the specific network harmonic impedance at the point of common coupling (PCC).

Stage 3: Exceptional cases

Stage 3 acceptance of a load is based on considerations such as the presence of other local loads
that do not generate harmonics, and the fact that supply capacity might not be taken up for a long
time in the future. Subject to these considerations, higher harmonic levels can be allowed.

E.3 IEEE harmonic apportioning

The harmonic distortion limits at the point of common coupling in IEEE-519 are given in table
E.4.

Table E.4 IEEE voltage distortion levels
Bus voltage at PCC
kV
Individual voltage distortion
%
Total harmonic distortion
(THD)
%
s 69 3,0 5,0
> 69 s 161 1,5 2,5
> 161 1,0 1,5

For periods shorter than 1 h the limits in table E.4 may be exceeded by up to 50 %.

The IEEE standard specifies maximum current injection levels for loads connected to the various
voltage levels. These are given in table E.5.

DZS 387-3: 2009
23
Table E.5 IEEE current distortion limits (120 V to 69 kV)
Maximum harmonic current distortion as a percentage of I
L

Odd harmonics (even harmonics limited to 25 % of those below)
I
SC
/I
L
11 11 to 17 17 to 23 23 to 35 35 TDD
< 20
20 < 50
50 < 100
100 < 1000
> 1000
4,0
7,0
10,0
12,0
15,0
2,0
3,5
4,5
5,5
7,0
1,5
2,5
4,0
5,0
6,0
0,6
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
0,3
0,5
0,7
1,0
1,4
5,0
8,0
12,0
15,0
20,0
Where
I
SC
is the maximum short circuit current at PCC;
I
L
is the maximum demand (MD) load current at PCC (averaged MD over 12 months).

Table E.6 IEEE current distortion limits ( 69 kV to 161kV)
Maximum harmonic current distortion as a percentage of I
L

Odd harmonics (even harmonics limited to 25 % of those below)
I
SC
/I
L
11 11 to 17 17 to 23 23 to 35 35 TDD
< 20
20 < 50
50 < 100
100 < 1000
> 1000
2,0
3,5
5,0
6,0
7,5
1,0
1,75
2,25
2,75
3,5
0,75
1,25
2,0
2,5
3,0
0,3
0,5
0,75
1,0
1,25
0,15
0,25
0,35
0,5
0,7
2,5
4,0
6,0
7,5
10,0
Where
I
SC
is the maximum short circuit current at PCC;
I
L
is the maximum demand (MD) load current at PCC (averaged MD over 12 months).


Table E.7 IEEE current distortion limits ( 161kV)
Maximum harmonic current distortion as a percentage of I
L

Odd harmonics (even harmonics limited to 25 % of those below)
I
SC
/I
L
11 11 to 17 17 to 23 23 to 35 35 TDD
< 50
> 50
2,0
3,0
1,0
1,5
0,75
1,15
0,30
0,45
0,15
0,22
2,50
3,75
Where
I
SC
is the maximum short circuit current at PCC;
I
L
is the maximum demand (MD) load current at PCC (averaged MD over 12 months).

All load sizes are catered for by the above tables, and therefore a staged approach is not adopted.

It should be noted that the tables have been calculated assuming a linear network impedance (i.e.
resonance conditions due to line and cable capacitances, or shunt capacitors are not taken into
consideration).

E.4 Common features and differences

The common features and differences between the IEC and the IEEE standards are summarized
below.

DZS 387-3: 2009
24
E.4.1 Common features

The common features are:

a) point of common coupling;

b) current emission levels;

c) worst case normal operating network impedance (IEEE = 1 h); and

d) compatibility cannot be guaranteed.

E.4.2 Differences

The differences are:

a) harmonic percentage levels;

b) IEC planning levels;

c) IEC staged approach;

d) IEEE linear impedance vs. IEC actual impedance;

e) IEC actual upstream distortion; and

f) IEC installed capacity vs IEEE short circuit ratio.
DZS 387-3: 2009
25
ANNEX F
(informative)

A METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING CONTRACTUAL EMISSION LEVELS
BASED ON THE IEC APPORTIONING PROCEDURES

F.1 OVERVIEW

Not all loads are large enough to have a significant impact on the voltage distortion levels. For
this reason a staged approach is used to differentiate the complexity of the studies to be undertaken
when calculating emission levels. This staged approach and the contractual implications are
described in this annex.

The criteria used to determine which stage categorization (stage 1, stage 2 or stage 3) a consumer
qualifies for are set out in table F.1.



Table F.1 Consumer categorization
Stage PCC voltage Load maximum
demand
Load maximum
demand as a percentage
of mini-mum designed
opera-ting three-phase
PCC fault level
Method of acceptance
1 < 132 kV < 25 MVA** < 1 % Accept
2 < 132 kV < 25 MVA** > 1 % Apportion
3 > 132 kV > 25 MVA Special analysis
NOTE. Care should be taken where capacitors or underground cables are involved.

The concept of risk allocation also needs to be considered in stage 3. This is illustrated in figure
F.1.

}
}
}
Normal STAGE 2 flicker allocation
Concession based on technical
motivation and no additional risk
(e.g. other large customers do not
generate flicker)
Concession with risk transferred to customer
STAGE 3
STAGE 2


Figure F.1 Risk allocation under stage 3

Figure F.2 indicates the type of contractual clauses that specify the emission levels.

Stage 3: Specific contractual limits are specified. These may be time-graded or linked to specific
network conditions. Two possible stage 3 limits can be developed:
DZS 387-3: 2009
26

a) technically justifiable limits (i.e. where it can be shown that higher emission levels can be
allowed because of specific local network conditions. The risk of exceeding the planning
levels shall be shown to be low, and the fair allocation of emission to other consumers
should not be negatively impacted).

b) concessionary limits (i.e. higher limits which have the risk of exceeding the planning
levels in the short or long term). In this case the enterprise shall stipulate under what
conditions the emission levels will be allowed. The consumer shall table procedures to
reduce emission levels in the event of these conditions occurring. In this case the risk is
transferred contractually to the consumer.

STAGE 2
STAGE 3
Standard
contractual
clauses
Load too small to
impact PCC levels
Specific
contractual limits
Load emission evaluated
w.r.t. total emission from
other loads
START
Specific
contractual limits
and specified
conditions
Load emission evaluated
w.r.t. total emission from
other loads and specific
local conditions
(special study)
(standard tables)
(standard procedure)
Design mitigation
strategy to reduce load
emission or network
sensitivity
(special study)
exceeds
Stage 1
exceeds
Stage 2
exceeds
Stage 3
STAGE 1


Figure F.2 Load emission evaluation procedure

In figure F.2 exceeds implies that the consumer emissions will exceed those allowed or that the
consumer defaults to the next stage because of size and voltage connection.

For the contract negotiations with any new consumer or evaluation of an existing consumer, the
above three stages of acceptance should be followed as set out in F.2.1 to F.2.3.

F.2 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA

F.2.1 Acceptance dependent on the network minimum designed operating three-phase fault level stage
1 assessment

A load connected at a voltage of less than 132 kV and less than 25 MVA in rating, may
immediately be connected to a PCC if the maximum designed loading is less than 1 % of the
minimum designed operating three-phase PCC fault level.

The apportioned emission limits for flicker, unbalance and voltage harmonics are given in table
F.2.
DZS 387-3: 2009
27

Table F.2 Standard apportionment for stage 1
assessment
Power quality and reliability
parameter
Apportionment
Short term flicker P
st
= 0,35 minimum
Voltage unbalance 0.5%
Voltage total harmonic distortion 1%

The rapid voltage change emission limits are given in table F.3.



Table F.3 Rapid Voltage Change Emission Limits
Number of changes per
hour
U
dyn
/U
n
(%)
(see note)
r MV/LV HV
r < 1 4.00 3.0
1 < r s 10 3.00 2.5
10 < r s 100 2.00 1.5
100 < r s 1000 1.25 1.0
NOTE Where
AU
dyn
is as defined in F.3.3.1; and
U
n
is the actual r.m.s. voltage.

F.2.2 Acceptance as per prescribed proportioning guideline stage 2 assessment

For loads exceeding 1 % of the minimum designed operating three-phase PCC fault level, rated
below 25 MVA and connected at a voltage below 132 kV, the different PQR compatibility levels
will be apportioned based on the ratio of the load rating and installed capacity under the minimum
designed operating three-phase PCC fault level, according to a fixed procedure as given in F.3.

F.2.3 Acceptance per detailed special impact assessment stage 3 assessment

For large, single, distorting loads such as arc-furnaces, traction, static var compensators, mine
winders, etc., or loads connected at a voltage of 132 kV and above or loads larger than 25 MVA in
rating, a fixed procedure would not be sufficient to ensure compatibility with the network. Each
such installation should be planned and designed individually on a case-by-case basis for both the
enterprise and the consumer.

For example, detailed studies are undertaken to investigate the effects of allocating larger flicker
emission levels to the consumer. Where such larger allocations are made, the contract will specify
the conditions under which these higher levels are allowed. Typical conditions that might exist in
the contracts include the absence of consumer complaints, reduction of emission levels under
certain network or generation contingencies, and the availability of existing compensators or
filters.

The implication is that the consumer needs to balance the cost of achieving the allocated levels,
and the risk of the conditions in the contract not being met.

F.3 APPORTIONING PROCEDURE

F.3.1 Harmonics

DZS 387-3: 2009
28
F.3.1.1 Harmonics Stage 2 assessment

It is not a simple process to determine what the effect of upstream voltage distortion is at a specific
PCC without switching off all the loads at the PCC. A general equation is defined, based on
thorough experimental measurements, for the summation of harmonics or reduction of
compatibility levels at a specific busbar due to upstream harmonics:

| |
a
1
us h
a
pcc h
a
(new) pcc h
0,7
_
, ,
,
V V V = (F1)

where

V
h,pcc(new)
is the new percentage voltage planning level of harmonic number h at the PCC;

V
h,pcc
is the percentage voltage planning level of harmonic number h at the PCC;

V
h,us
is the percentage upstream harmonic voltage of number h at the PCC;

a is 1 for harmonics 3, 5, 7;

a is 1,4 for harmonics 11, 13;

a is 2 for harmonics > 13 and other than mentioned above.

This equation therefore gives a method for reducing the set compatibility levels at the PCC due to
upstream harmonics. Where upstream harmonics are totally stochastic (i.e. no coincidence) as
commonly found in large transmission networks with no direct consumers, a value of a = 2 is
typically used in all cases.

Where the upstream levels are so excessive that the PCC limit is reduced by more than 50 %, then
stage 3 assessment is required.

This available distortion shall now be distributed fairly amongst all new consumers to be
connected at the PCC. The only applicable parameters known when connecting a new consumer
or evaluating an existing one at the PCC are the installed capacity at minimum designed operating
3 phase fault level (MVAi) and the consumer notified maximum demand (MVA
md
). Using these
parameters for proportional allocation at the PCC the following equation is used:


a
1
i
md
pc(new) h, p h,
MVA
MVA

(

= V V (F2)

where

V
h,p
is the maximum percentage proportional voltage of harmonic number h for the
new consumer;
V
h,pcc(new)
is the percentage voltage planning level of harmonic number h at the
PCC;

a is as previously described (see F.3.1.1).
DZS 387-3: 2009
29

This equation allows for a fair distribution of allowable harmonic voltage distortion by all
connected consumers at the PCC. It also makes provision for the connection of future prospective
clients, ensuring that the total allowable distortion capabilities of the PCC be used to their full
capacity once all consumers are connected. The minimum value accepted will be 0.1 % even if
lower values are calculated.

Where the addition of a new apportioned consumer (as above) causes the busbar compatibility
level to be exceeded, for instance, due to existing consumers connected in the past without
sufficient limitations on their allowable pollution levels, the enterprise will be responsible for
ensuring proper network compatibility, taking cognizance of the fact that the supply impedance is
highly non-linear under resonance conditions.

To obtain the proportioned harmonic current injection by the specific consumer, the following
equation can be used assuming a linear supply impedance:


h X
V
I
,

sup
p h,
p h

= (F3)

where

I
h,p
is the allowable apportioned harmonic current injection of the specific
consumer;

h is the harmonic number;

V
h,p
is the percentage upstream harmonic harmonic voltage;

X
sup
is the 50 Hz minimum designed operating three-phase fault level supply
impedance as calculated below:

fl
2
line
sup
MVA
V
X = (F4)

where

V
line

is the PCC line voltage in volts and MVA
fl
the minimum designed operating
three-phase fault level.

This equation therefore allows calculation of the proportional distortion current injection allowed
by each consumer connected at the PCC, assuming a linear supply impedance. It shall, however,
be emphasized that whenever capacitor banks or long underground cables are present on either
side of the supply transformer, great care should be taken in applying the above equations, as
possible resonant conditions can exist at characteristic harmonic frequencies which would cause
the supply impedance to be extremely non-linear at that frequency.

NOTE. The harmonic number at which a capacitor bank is in resonance with the supply (series or parallel) is
approximately given by:

cap
sc
Mvar
MVA
~ h (F5)

DZS 387-3: 2009
30
with MVA
sc
being the different network three-phase operating fault levels and Mvar
cap
the
capacitor bank three-phase rating.

If this frequency is close to frequencies of existing harmonics or harmonics of the proposed
installation, specialist analysis is required, rather than a simplistic approach. The above equations
may, however, be used to give an indication of proportional projection but an in-depth system
impact study would be required to ensure proper operation.

Where the specific nature of distorting loads is known, the above proportioning can be relaxed
under some circumstances by dividing I
h,p
by the factor in the table F.4 below. The resulting
current can be used in supply contracts.

Table F.4 Diversity factors
Type and operating conditions of multiple harmonic generators Typical
diversity
factors
Controlled or uncontrolled converters when a single converter provides 60 % or more of
the arithmetic total of the harmonic currents of all the equipment in the installation

1,00
Uncontrolled converters (rectifiers) 0,90
Controlled converters operating on co-ordinated duty cycles (fair probability of
coincidence)
0,75
Controlled converters operating independently with unco-ordinated duty cycles (low
probability of coincidence)
(a) s 3 converters
(b) > 4 converters


0,60
0,50
A single arc-furnace providing more than 60 % of the arithmetic total harmonic current of
the installation

1,00
Multiple arc-furnaces each providing less than 60 % of the arithmetic total harmonic
current of the installation

0,75


F.3.1.2 Harmonics Stage 3 assessment

In the case where

a) the consumer supply voltage is greater than 132 kV and equal to 132 kV, or

b) the size of the consumer load is bigger than 25 MVA, or

c) long cables or capacitor banks are absent from either side of the supply transformer,

a linear supply impedance can no longer be assumed.

From the actual system impedance that is obtained by system simulation studies, the current
injection levels are calculated by:

h
p h,
p h,

X
V
I = (F6)
where

I
h,p
is the allowable apportioned harmonic current of number h at the PCC (in
amperes);

DZS 387-3: 2009
31
V
h,p
is the percentage harmonic voltage emission of number h at the PCC allocated to
the new consumer (in volts);

X
h
is the maximum supply impedance of number h at the PCC for any normal
operating condition (in ohms).

The maximum supply impedance of number h at the PCC for any normal operating condition,
such as a line out of service, is determine by system simulations at all the applicable harmonic
orders. A set of curves is produced for various normal operation conditions. From this set of
curves the highest impedance value for each harmonic order is selected.

Figure F.3 shows an example of a network harmonic impedance simulation.

Figure F.3 Example of a harmonic impedance plot

F.3.2 Unbalance

The emission levels B
A
for a specific consumer are calculated using the following equation:
2
installed
MD
2
2
background
2
limit A
A

_

S
S
UB UB B = (F7)

where

UB
limit
is the planning limit;

UB
background
is the existing background unbalance level in the supply network;

S
MD
is the consumer notified maximum demand in MVA;

S
installed
is the installed capacity of the network in MVA.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25
Harmonic number
Simulation 1
Simulation 2
Simulation 3
linear impedance
DZS 387-3: 2009
32

F.3.3 Flicker

F.3.3.1 Rapid voltage changes

Although no minimum standards for limiting rapid voltage changes are given in ZS 387-1, the
concept is introduced in this part of ZS 387 because the flicker emission requirements for
consumers do not sufficiently limit the possible larger changes in voltage magnitude at lower rates
of change. In order to introduce limits on large rapid voltage changes emission limits can be
introduced at the PCC.

Figure F.4 shows the definition of a rapid voltage change.

AU
dyn
AU
c
r.m.s. voltage
Time


Figure F.4 Definition of a rapid voltage change

NOTE. A decrease in voltage is illustrated. The voltage could also increase as a result of a rapid voltage change.

where

AU
c
is the steady state r.m.s. voltage change;

AU
dyn
is the dynamic r.m.s. voltage change.

The r.m.s. voltages are calculated using a 20 ms window and sliding this 20 ms window at 10 ms
intervals.

The emission limits for rapid voltage changes are given in table F.3.

Flicker is typically caused by a.c. arc-furnaces or welding equipment that are remotely connected,
i.e. one arc-furnace consumer per specific PCC.

For a.c. arc-furnace operation, P
st
is linear with respect to the magnitude of the voltage depressions
giving rise to it.

The summation of flicker from independent sources is as follows:


3
1
3
new st
3
background st tot st
) ( P P P + = (F8)

where

P
st
background

is the existing flicker at the PCC;

DZS 387-3: 2009
33
P
st
new

is the new furnace predicted flicker.

Where existing remotely connected consumers are in dispute over their proportional contributions
at a specific PCC, the following equation can be used to determine the contribution using fault
levels at the respective PCCs, for example, the effect of a furnace at B on the PCC where furnace
A is connected, as shown in figure F.5.

A from B B from A
Fault Level A Fault Level B
Furnace A Furnace B


Figure F.5 Example of interconnected PCCs

(
(

=
AfromB A
BfromA
B st cont st


FI
_
FL
FI
P P (F9)

where

P
st
cont
is the contribution of furnace B at A;

P
st
B
is the effect of furnace B acting alone at PCC B;

P
st
A
is the effect of furnace A acting alone at PCC A;

FI
BfromA
is the three-phase fault level infeed at B from A;

FL
A
is the three-phase fault level at A;

FI
AfromB
is the three-phase fault level infeed at A from B.

This equation will provide the apportioned flicker (P
st
) contribution of furnace B at PCC A. P
st
A

and P
st
cont
can then be summated as given in equation F8 to determine the total PCC Pst.
DZS 387-3: 2009
34

F.3.3.2 Flicker Stage 2 assessment

The emission levels P
st
A
for a specific consumer are calculated using the following equation:

3
installed
MDA
3
3
background st
3
limit t s A st

_

S
S
P P P = (F10)

where

P
st
A
is the effect of furnace A acting alone at PCC A;

P
st
limit

is the planning limit;

P
st
background
is the existing background flicker level in the supply network;

S
MDA
is

the consumer notified maximum demand in MVA;

S
installed
is the installed capacity of the network in MVA.

The minimum short-term flicker level apportioned to any individual MV or HV consumer is
P
st
95 (daily) = 0,35.

F.3.3.3 Flicker Stage 3 assessment

F.3.3.3.1 The following technically justifiable considerations exist:

a) for EHV and HV networks where it can be shown that the HV/LV attenuation ratio
HV st
LV st
LV/HV
(
P
P
R = ) is smaller than 1,0, the HV planning level can be increased to
(
LV/HV
limit st
0,8

R
P = ) with a maximum planning level of 1,0; and

where

R
LV/HV
is the HV/LV attenuation ratio;

P
st
LV
is the short term flicker level on the LV network;

P
st
HV
is the short term flicker level on the HV network;

P
st
limit
is the maximum value for the HV planning level for short term flicker.

b) where a consumer contributes directly to the cost of increasing the fault level of the
network, for example, by the installation of a new line which is only built for the purpose
of reducing flicker levels and increasing supply reliability. In this case the installed
capacity does not change in equation F10. The flicker emission level stays the same, but
is related to a higher fault level. If the enterprise in future uses this line for further load
growth, the additional loads might not substantially contribute to the flicker levels. In this
case the consumer has already paid for the right to the flicker capacity.
DZS 387-3: 2009
35

F.3.3.3.2 The following concessionary considerations exist:

a) where a large consumer (B) with low flicker emission levels exists at the PCC (and the probability
of this consumer becoming a flicker-producer is low), the flicker allocation of the consumer can be
distributed across the other consumers on a basis of:

3
installed
MDB MDA
3
3
background st
3
limit st A st


_

S
S S
P P P
+
= (F11)

where

P
st
A
is the short term flicker allocation for consumer A;

P
st
limit
is the short term flicker planning limit;

P
st
background
is the background short term flicker level in the supply network;

S
MDA
is the notified maximum demand of consumer A in MVA;

S
MDB
is the notified maximum demand of consumer B in MVA;

S
installed
is the installed capacity of the network in MVA.

b) where it can be shown that the attenuation ratio ) (
HV st
LV st
LV/HV
P
P
R = is smaller than 0.8, a higher
planning level than 1,0 may be considered. The risk of new MV and LV networks being
established with higher attenuation ratios shall be transferred to the consumer;

c) where a known long-term risk exists of a power station being closed, the consumer may be
allowed emission levels based on the higher fault levels with the power station in operation. The
risk of the closure of the station shall be transferred to the consumer; and

d) at the initial stage of furnace commissioning, problems might be experienced with the furnace or
the SVC compensator, or the type of product that initially needs to be processed results in higher
flicker emission levels than later normal operation. Where network conditions allow, the
consumer may be allocated higher flicker levels for a specific period of type, for example, 6
months after start-up.