Exh Gas Emission CTRL Man B&W

Exhaust Gas Emission Control Today and Tomorrow
Application on MAN B&W Two-stroke Marine Diesel Engines
Contents
Abstract. ....................................................................................................... 5 MAN Diesels Experience and Obligations within Emission Control . ............... 6 Exhaust Gas Emissions from MAN B&W Engines........................................... 7 Emissions Regulations and Impact on Engine Performance............................ 8 Unified Technical File................................................................................... 11 Emission Control Methods Available Today, Experience and Limitations. ....... 12 Water emulsification.................................................................................... 12 Homogenisers for water emulsion. ............................................................... 13 SCR. ........................................................................................................... 14 Working principle........................................................................................ 14 Emission Control Methods Under Test and Maturing for Future Regulations................................................................................. 17 SAM system .............................................................................................. 18 EGR system. ............................................................................................... 20 Extended combustion configuration and emission control potential of the ME engine........................................................................... 22 Fuels. .......................................................................................................... 23 Seawater scrubbers, abatement technologies. ............................................. 24 Waste Heat Recovery System..................................................................... 25 Traditional application available for commercial application........................... 28 Calculation results....................................................................................... 30 Existing Engines.......................................................................................... 31 Converted to Tier I...................................................................................... 31 Two-stroke MAN B&W Emission Projects in Progress. .................................. 31 Conclusion. ................................................................................................. 32 References................................................................................................. 32 List of Abbreviations.................................................................................... 33
MAN B&W Diesel

Exhaust Gas Emission Control Today and Tomorrow 3
Exhaust Gas Emission Control Today and Tomorrow Application on MAN B&W Two-stroke Marine Diesel Engines
Abstract
MAN Diesel designs and develops twostroke engines that comply with the demands and regulations made to the maritime industry. This involves cooperation with authorities, governments and international organisations on the development of new regulations to fulfil the goal of reducing exhaust gas emissions by realistic methods. The aim is to arrive at methods that are applicable and practical to ship operators, and which will maintain a high level of safety and reliability of the engines. To prepare for coming regulations, general investigations and extensive research are carried out continuously. As shown in Fig. 1, quite a number of emission control measures have already been developed, and are in use by the industry today.
Large Containership Large Tanker
Available today
NOx, SOx, PM, HC, Soot, CO, CO2
Fuel injection equipment Electronic control Water emulsion SCR Waste heat recovery systems Natural gas fuel
In the process of adaptation to market needs SAM (intake air humidication) EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) Extended combustion conguration External Waste Heat Recovery systems Other application on LNG
Engine
Fig. 1: Emission reducetion methods
Emission control has turned into the most important driving force for development. Hence, this is an area to which extensive development effort is allocated. This emphasises both NOx control, SOx limitation, particulate control and, to an increasing extent, CO2 emission, the latter reflecting total engine efficiency. With CO2 considered a greenhouse gas, the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere is looked at with some anxiety. In any case, the low speed diesel is the heat engine available for ship propulsion with the lowest CO2 emission. This is possible simply by virtue of its high thermal efficiency. The use of waste heat recovery systems to reduce CO2, among others, is
Railway
Coastal Carrier Standard-size Commercial Truck Small-size Commercial Truck Airplane
11
50
250
400
100
200
300
400 U n its R e la tive
Source Report on Research for CO2 Emission from Ships 2000 (SFOC, Japan) Interim Report by Transport Policy Council (MLIT, Japan Common Guideline for CalculationMethod of CO2 Emission in Logiostics (issued in 2006 by METI and MLIT) Fig. 2: CO2 emissions per unit load by transport mode
MAN Diesel is in the process of introducing the advanced methods of internal methods for emission control on
MC/MC-C/ME/ME-C and ME-B engines. New tests have shown that it is possible to cut NOx emissions by more
MAN B&W Diesel
described in a later chapter.
than 70% by means of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). Humidification of the engine intake air (by means of SAM) is another method that has shown promising test results. SAM is currently being tested on a fullscale basis on board a car carrier. As regards CO2, commercial ships transport approx. 90% of all goods traded worldwide, and still represent by far the most efficient way of transportation, with the lowest production of CO2 per weight/million moved, as shown in Fig. 2. However, we still see possibilities of increasing the efficiency by means of waste heat recovery and achieving a total efficiency of the fuel energy used of up to 60%! This will not only reduce the CO2 level, but also the amount of emissions of NOx, SOx, PM, CO and HC. Recent advances on our electronically controlled ME engine have shown that the unique rate shaping possibility of ME engines makes it possible to lower NOx emissions with none or very little effect on fuel efficiency. In this way, the expected NOx limitations of Tier II will be met by engine internal methods. For the ME/ME-C engine types, the modification, basically, consists in an adjustment of the programming of the electronically controlled injection of the fuel oil.
Timing and rate shaping For the mechanically controlled MC/ MC-C engines, the injection equipment and injection timing will be modified.
MAN Diesels Experience and Obligations within Emission Control

Our main obligation as an engine designer is to ensure the highest level of safety and reliability of the equipment installed on ships, while taking into
In the 1990s, IMO, EPA and the EU concentrated their work on a reduction of NOx and SOx through MARPOL Annex VI. Tier II will continue the focus on lowering NOx for newbuildings and SOx emissions for all ships in service. Also such exhaust gas components as particulates, unburned hydrocarbons and CO2 will be considered for future engine designs and development. In this paper, the different values for Tier II and Tier III are based on the result of the latest MEPC58 meeting, and the decisions made in May 2008 for the final adoption of revisions of Annex VI and NTC (NOx Technical Code) on 6-10 October 2008.
consideration the different types of applications on vessels operating around the world and emission control regulations. Experience from designing engines, feedback from research conducted on our test facilities, and experience from ships in operation have provided us with the tools to fulfil this obligation and a design basis for emission control methods. We have researched and designed many emission control techniques to our two-stroke designs and, currently, have water emulsion and SCR in service. Power plant applications are somewhat easier to adapt to exhaust gas emission control by external equipment, because space for external equipment is not limited, and the engines are not operated at changing loads. We have gained valuable experience from using these state-of-the-art emission control technologies on power plants through many years.
Exhaust Gas Emissions from MAN B&W Engines

Smoke evaluation A traditional measure of the combustion quality, and a traditional way of qualifying the emission, is to measure or simply look at the smoke intensity. The exhaust gas plume, when it leaves the top of the stack, may be visible for various reasons, e.g. due to its content of particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide, NO2 (a yellow/brown gas), or of condensing water vapour. Although it may be argued that these components are either subject to separate legislation (NOx, particulate matter) or not harmful (water), it is a fact that smoke and/or opacity limits are traditionally applied in certain countries, e.g. in the USA. Unfortunately, methods of measuring smoke and opacity vary, and the figures resulting from the different methods are not really comparable. When considering visible emissions, we should bear in mind that the larger the engine, the more likely it is that the exhaust gas plume will be visible. This is because: for a given Bosch Smoke Number (BSN) value, the greater the diameter of the plume, the greater the amount of light it will absorb. For instance, a BSN of 1 will mean almost invisible exhaust gas from a truck engine, but visible exhaust gas from a large bore low-speed engine. At transient load and at low load, smoke is often visible, but typical smoke values for the most recent generation of MAN B&W engines are so low that the exhaust plume will be invisible, unless water vapour condenses in the plume,
ever, the NO2 may give the plume a yellowish appearance. As mentioned, low and transient load smoke will practically disappear on electronically controlled engines. Particulate emissions Particulate emissions in the exhaust gas may originate from a number of sources:
peeling-off from the combustion chamber or exhaust system walls, which in general are much larger. Apart from the fact that a smoking engine is not a very pleasant sight, the soot from an engine can cause difficulties, especially if it is wet with oil. In such cases, it may deposit in the exhaust gas boiler, especially on cold surfaces, thus increasing the back pressure and representing a boiler fire hazard. Combustion process control, together with appropriate temperature control in the boiler, and frequent cleaning, are the ways to avoid this problem [1].
agglomeration of very small particles of partly burned fuel,
partly burned lube oil, ash content of fuel oil and cylinder lube oil,
Hydrocarbons (and trace organics) During the combustion process, a very small part of the hydrocarbons will leave the process unburned, and others will be formed. These are referred to as unburned hydrocarbons, and they are normally stated in terms of equivalent CH4 content. The content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel, and the engine adjustment and design. Reduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions. The sac volume is the void space in the fuel valve downstream of the closing face. Measurements clearly show that the slide-type fuel valve design has quite an impact on HC and particulates. For HC and particulate control in gener-
sulphates and water.
Once the fuel oil is atomised in the com-bustion chamber of a diesel engine, the combustion process involves small droplets of fuel oil which evaporate, ignite, and are subsequently burned. During this process, a minute part of the oil will be left as a nucleus comprising mainly carbon. The contribution from the lube oil consists mainly of calcium compounds, viz. sulphates and carbonates, as calcium is the main carrier of alkalinity in lube oil to neutralise sulphuric acid. Consequently, particulate emission will vary substantially with fuel oil composition and with lube oil type and dosage. It is therefore difficult to state general emission rates for these particulates. In general, the particles are small, and it can be expected that over 90% will be less than 1 m when heavy fuel oil is used, excluding flakes of deposits
al, slide-type fuel valves are used. The latest valves feature both the zero-sac volume and the low-NOx spray pattern.
MAN B&W Diesel
producing a grey or white colour. How-
Particularly the higher injection pressure of ME engines at all loads will improve combustion and lower the amount of particulates. Sulphur content in fuel and particulates in exhaust gas The sulphur content in fuel oil has a strong impact on the particle level in the exhaust gas. IMO and the EU have introduced a restriction of sulphur of 1.5% in SECA areas like the North Sea and the Baltic Sea in northern Europe. And local marine emission rules, e.g. in Sweden and Norway, are aimed at reducing particulate emissions substantially. Tests and analyses of exhaust gas have shown that a high-sulphur HFO can give particle levels that are several times higher than if the engine is operated on gas oil. A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur, which together with water forms particulates. Correspondingly, long time use of lower-than-average sulphur fuels will call for the use of lower BN lube oils in order not to overdose the combustion chamber with deposit-generating additivated oils. This will be particularly relevant for engines operated continuously at high load having less need for SOx neutralising on the liner surface due to high temperature, see chapter on low sulphur operation.
Emissions Regulations and Impact on Engine Performance

MAN Diesel has discussed the future state-of-the-art emission control technologies for new as well as for existing engines with the various authorities. During these discussion, MAN Diesel has emphasised the potential technical concerns and possibilities in order to assist them in developing their proposals for new emissions regulations. MAN Diesel believes that the target should be the introduction of international regulations on emissions. The regulations should be accepted for worldwide trading and have internationally-approved special areas, such as ECA (emission control area) and SECA, where inland waters and the environment call for further regulation, as is already seen with SECA in the Baltic Sea and North Sea in Europe today. Furthermore, it is very important that the regulations do not dictate which emission control methods should be used, but only specify the emission levels to be met.
ited use of sulphur in and fuel oil under defined conditions. Furthermore, SCR is suited for situations where practically all NOx has to be removed. SCR is less suited for low-load operation and manoeuvring in costal and harbour areas. New Tier II and Tier III emissions regulations on engine performance The emissions regulations in Annex VI of MARPOL 73/78 have now been in force since 19 May 2005, retroactive for engines from 1 January 2000, referred to as the Tier I level. The regulations are of vital interest to the customers when discussing new ship and engine orders to be delivered in the relevant time frame. The decisions on the new limits and regulations have been finalised at the BLG (Bulk, Liquid and Gas) meeting and been approved at the MEPC (Marine Environment Protection Committee) meeting. The scenario and the decisions are outlined in the following. Tier II, which is to enter into force on 1
The goal of our research is that internal methods like EGR, WFE, SAM and/ or combinations of these will make our two-stroke engines ready for current and future IMO regulations with regard to NOx, without using SCR with agents such as urea or ammonia. Compared with SCR, which for many years has been considered the optimum solution for NOx reduction, the new methods have significant advantages that need to be further investigated and matured for the market. The SCR system is best suited for steady high-load conditions with lim-
January 2011, lowers the existing Tier I level by 2.6 g/kWh NOx in the relevant speed region for newbuilt two-stroke engines. Tier III, which is to enter into force on 1 January 2016, reduces the existing Tier I level by 80% across the entire speed limit NOx curve for new engines, but only in defined local areas near shore. Outside this area, the Tier II level will be in force, see Fig. 3. Furthermore, a regulation for existing pre-year 2000 engines will be introduced, since the contribution of emissions from these engines will exist for still many years to come. The NOx limit
and fuel valve nozzles, and by an ad20 18 16 14 NOX (g/kWh) 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 200 400 600
Tier III (NECAs) Tier I
Tier I n < 130 rpm 17.0 g/kWh 130 n < 2000 rpm 45 x n-0.2 g/kWh n < 2000 rpm 9.8 g/kWh
justment of the combustion chamber volume by piston rod shims, the scavenge air pressure and the exhaust cam profile. On ME engines, the fuel pressure booster and fuel valve nozzle, combustion chamber volume by piston rod shims, scavenge air pressure and electronic control parameter settings
Tier II n < 130 rpm 14.36 g/kWh 130 n < 2000 rpm 44 x n-0.23 g/kWh n < 2000 rpm 7.668 g/kWh Corresponds to 80% reduction of Tier I
Tier II (Global)
can be adjusted. Furthermore, Inconel cladding and Nimonic exhaust valves will most likely be introduced on some engine types in connection with the Tier II optimisation. When discussing exhaust gas emissions from ships, it is understandable that focus is on the engines funnel. The power needed to move the ship at a certain speed is a sum of the hull de-
800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 Rated engine speed (rpm)
Fig. 3: IMO NOx limits
Fuel sulphur limits implementation dates and use of scrubber

Implementation Date Existing regulation 1 March 2010 2012 2015 2018 2020 2025
Table I
sign and resistance, and the loading of the ship. With a different ship design, or utilisation of a waste heat recovery
SOx Emission Control Areas 1.5% 1.0% 3.5% 0.1% Review of 2020 fuel situation 0.5% (HFO allowed) Alternative 0.5% intro date SOx Global 4.5% Scrubbers Only in ECA's Alternative measures (scrubbers in ECAs and globally)
system, a substantial reduction in emissions can be gained. For the large LNG carrier market coming up, using the ME-GI engine is another possibility for reducing exhaust gas emissions. Reducing the emission level is not restricted to the engine only. Another possibility is to adjust the ship speed. For example, emissions are
level for these engines will correspond to the Tier I level for new engines as of today. It is anticipated that the certification procedures and the technical documentation needed will be somewhat reduced in comparison to the requirements to new engines in order to make the regulation practicably possible.
the sulphur content of the fuel used. An alternative measure is the use of scrubbers, see Table I. How to meet Tier II All relevant new engines can be updated by internal methods to meet Tier II. On MC/MC-C engines, this can be
lowered by 20% by reducing the speed by 10%. This option could be used close to shore. In the future, we expect that the fuels used close to shore will be with a reduced sulphur content. The procedure to change between different fuel types is standard when a ship goes for a repair involving the fuel system or is laid up for a longer period. SECA areas
With regard to SOx and PM regulations,
achieved by introducing new fuel system components like plunger/barrel
MAN B&W Diesel
this is to be controlled by a limitation in
have already been introduced by IMO and the EU, and low-sulphur HFO is not expected to be available at all fuel bunkering terminals. DO and GO will be utilised instead. This means that the operator will have to carry out a change-over between these fuels much more frequently. This is considered a safe operation, but only if the appropriate procedure is followed. The electronic control of the ME/ME-C engines, or the new ME-B type engines, offers much wider possibilities for emission control. The electronically controlled fuel injection, exhaust gas valve actuation and turbocharger control, as well as combinations with design changes of primarily the combustion chamber components, have shown great possibilities. We have made extensive investigations on the MAN Diesel 4T50ME-X research engine in Copenhagen to explore the sensitivity of engine parameters against fuel type and physical and thermodynamic conditions on the engine. The study showed a promising trade-off between the engine fuel consumption and the NOx level. Such studies are now a part of our very promising development work. Results are shown in Figs. 18 and 19. To give operators a unified technical file to be followed by MAN B&W licensees, a procedure has been developed by MAN Diesel and accepted by the flag state representatives, i.e. the classification societies. The unified technical file is described in a separate chapter. Until now, local rules have been introduced in Sweden, Norway, and the
harbour of Hamburg where, for example, a harbour-fee reduction is used as an incentive to use low-sulphur fuel, but with limited impact on the environment, especially with regard to emissions from ships in international operation. A general worldwide emissions limitation seems to be the only way that all countries can benefit from a reduction in emissions. Emission limits must follow state-of-the-art technology and the ability of the market to adapt to such limits. These considerations involve not only the fuel used and the engine design, but also operational issues and type of cylinder lube oil and dosage used are influencing factors. With regard to lube oil, MAN Diesel has introduced the so-called Alpha Lubricator, which enables the operator to make a considerable reduction in the cylinder lube oil and consumption and, thereby, achieve a reduction in particulate emissions. With turbo-generator and turbo-compound system plants, the prime mover can be configured to reduce the plants consumption of fuel and, beneficially, achieve a reduction of emissions. The concept utilises the high-efficiency air flow from the turbochargers for a power take-off or power take-in system. Tier II impact on main performance parameters When the engines are delivered from the engine builder, they have, unless otherwise specified, been prepared to meet the IMO speed-related NOx limit curve for Tier II. This is achieved with
NOx-emission optimised fuel injection valves and nozzles and, if necessary, a slight delay in fuel injection. For the fuel valves, the number and size of the spray holes are the influencing factors, whereas for HC and particulate control, the influencing factors are the valve design and, in particular, the sac volume (explained later), as well as injection pressure and profile. Technological advances developed
over the last decade have made it possible to commercially launch what used to be referred to as the electronic engine. In the MAN Diesel engine portfolio, this concept is named ME/ME-C and ME-B, comprising a range of low speed engines with most of the same bore, stroke and process parameters as their MC/MC-C counterparts. The E range comprises engines with online continuous control of the timing of the fuel injection and exhaust valve opening and closing, by means of electronic control acting via a high-pressure hydraulic oil interface. The ME-B engines have electronic fuel injection timing control, like the ME engines, but at the same time they have a light-duty camshaft for mechanical exhaust valve opening. The electronic control of fuel injection means more stable running, particularly at low load. The benefits are obtained mostly in the control of the fuel injection, where the system, with individually controlled fuel pumps with hydraulic oil actuation, allows optimum fuel injection (nonrestricted) rate shaping at any load. Hence, the fuel injection pressure and,
10 Exhaust Gas Emission Control Today and Tomorrow
thus, injection intensity is a controllable parameter, contrary to the situation on mechanically controlled engines. The independently controlled exhaust valve timing adds to the benefit by ensuring a more optimum air supply to the cylinders at any load condition. Both ME and ME-B engines benefit from a lower fuel penalty when complying with Tier II, compared to Tier I, contrary to its mechanical counterparts, due to the additional possibility of rate shaping. Reducing NOx emissions is generally related to an SFOC increase, and our evaluation of the impact on SFOC and other main performance parameters are outlined in Table II.
Unified Technical File

Since the publication of the IMO Technical Code in 1997, MAN Diesel has, worked together with the licensees and classification societies (representatives for flag states) to find a uniform design of the technical files (TF) required under IMOs Annex VI in order to survey compliance onboard. The technical file being the technical test trials documentation for a specific engine or engine family.
As a licensor, MAN Diesel has as such assumed the task of coordinating the work to prepare a uniform TF to be used both by the licensees and the classification societies. The task includes the necessary procedures for shipowners, if later engine adjustment or changes of components become necessary. The advantages of using the unified MAN Diesel TF are as follows:
Certainty of the TF.
of
market
acceptance
Many of the first TFs produced by the engine builders were based on different demands made by the different classification societies and, therefore, they were not consistent. Basically, this is because the IMO Annex VI does not give sufficiently detailed instructions on how to draw-up the TF in practice.

Satisfied customers who are able to show engine compliance when checked at sea by the flag state. A survey method based on principles familiar to the crew onboard. More engines can be accepted within the same groups, thus resulting in reduced expenses.
Tier II impact on main performance parameters

For MC/MC-C in general: SFOC: Exhaust gas amount: Exhaust gas temperatures: For ME/ME-C;E-B in general: SFOC Exhaust gas amount: Exhaust gas temperatures: up to 4 g/kWh increase af L1 MCR Nearly unchanged Nearly unchanged up to 6g/kWh increase at L1 MCR Nearly unchanged Nearly unchanged
Less money spent on emission measurements.
Parent engines can be shared between MAN B&W licensees, which will greatly reduce the number of emission measurements and future certification costs.
Establishing
unnecessary
engine
groups for individual engine builders, shipowners and classification societies will only result in increased costs and complexity without added benefit for the environment or engine operation. Design of technical file The principle of the MAN Diesel unified concept is that the performance data
Table II
MAN B&W Diesel

(i.e. measurements of pmax, pcomp, pscav, Tscav and pback) can show whether an engine complies with the NOx limit. A set of performance data taken when the NOx emission level was measured, and in compliance, serves as the proof of compliance in the future. If derating performance data are revealed, it may be presumed that the engine is out of compliance and in need of readjustment. If the operator changes components or adjusts the engine outside the scope of the technical file, the engine will be out of compliance when the engine is later checked by the flag state for compliance at sea, unless extensive testbed testing has been performed to validate these changes. For current testbed and sea trial compliance tests, this is not a major problem, but the issue will be much more important when the flagstates will focus on follow-up at sea, where changes and adjustments will take place. From time to time, shipowners contact MAN Diesel about these issues, and some owners have already demanded a unified system in order to avoid working with different TFs, depending on which licensee and classification society were involved in an MAN B&W engine delivery. At sea, in case a shipowner changes components, this unified system will also allow change of the engines NOx components while maintaining IMO compliance.
On board continuous emission measurements (CEM) may serve as an alternative to the performance survey. Summary: The unified TF is the standard TF introduced by MAN Diesel and accepted by the relevant classification societies headquarters and introduced to licensees for all future engines. Assistance from MAN Diesel regarding the application of the TF can be requested by contacting MAN Diesel. The detailed description of the survey methods can be found in the TF (Chapter 3, Appendix B).
sible with the conventional mechanical lubricators. Both for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes, lower feed cylinder lube oil rates have been demonstrated. By applying a low oil dosage, about half of the usual emissions are lowered, and also less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine, where it could end up in the system oil, resulting in increased TBN and viscosity.
Water emulsification
The NOx reducing mechanism, resulting from the introduction of water into the combustion chamber, is accomplished by the water's peak temperature reducing effect on the combustion process. At the beginning of the 1980s, MAN B&W Diesel carried out NOx reduction tests using water-in-fuel emulsions. Before that time, the emulsifier was mostly considered for homogenising of fuel oil to disperse sludge and water remaining in the fuel after centrifuging. With regard to NOx emissions, water emulsions showed a significant reduction in NOx emissions with a relatively limited penalty in terms of increased fuel oil consumption. Since 1984, long-term service experience has been available from power plant engines, operating with up to 50% water added to the fuel in order to meet local rules. Experience with ultrasonic type and mechanical-type homogenisers has also been gained from the former MAN B&W research engine in Copenhagen
Emission Control Methods Available Today, Experience and Limitations

Alpha Lubricator The cylinder oil feed rate has an impact on the particulate emission. Tests show that when reducing the cylinder oil feed rate, the particulate emission is also reduced. Cylinder lube oil consumption represents a large expenditure for engine operation, and the reduction of cylinder lubrication is an important development theme. The aim is to reduce the cylinder lube oil dosage, while at the same time maintaining lubrication to ensure a satisfactory piston ring/liner wear rate and maintaining, or improving, the time between overhauls. MAN Diesel has achieved this by developing the Alpha Lubricator system, which is a high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time where the effect is optimal, which is not always pos-
(1L42MC) and on the Spanish island of Menorca (10L67GBE-S). Furthermore, tests have been made on a 5S60MC engine with nearly 50% water added. Additionally, tests have been made on the 4T50ME-X in Copenhagen. These tests and the service results were all satisfactory, both with regard to NOx reduction and engine performance. The rather wide variations in load and the high safety level required for marine vessels necessitate testing and system approval of the specially designed safety system. Therefore, a full-scale test installation is currently in service on an 11K90MC engine installed on an APL container vessel. The test is expected to be finalised at the beginning of 2009. The experience from the test and later operation covers our expectations with regard to NOx reduction and operation of the units. For the two-stroke engine, we have seen a 10% NOx reduction for each 10% water added.
Homogenisers for water emulsion

In order to have the optimal spray into the combustion chamber, it is recommended that the water droplets in the fuel oil after emulsification are as small as possible. Both ultrasonic and mechanical types of homogeniser can be used to obtain the same level of NOx reduction per water unit added without penalising the total engine performance. However, if the engine is to be operated on diesel oil, it may be necessary to add additives to stabilise the emulsion. The location of the homogeniser in the fuel oil system is shown in Fig. 4. The same position is used irrespective of whether the homogeniser type is mechanical, ultrasonic or high-pressure injection.
more than the 150oC, which is standard today (max. 170oC at 50% water) and, accordingly, to raise the fuel oil loop pressure in order to avoid boiling of the water. The water used for the emulsification must be demineralised to comply with the maximum limit for salt (NaCl) in the fuel. This is because the sodium can react with the vanadium in the fuel oil, so that particles/deposits of vanadium can accumulate on the valve spindles and valve seats, thus resulting in leakages. The water should be without other salts as well, and be clean so that operation will not result in fouling of injectors, exhaust gas components and boilers. It will be necessary to add an air driven
The addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases viscosity. To keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt, max. 20 cSt, it may become necessary to raise the temperature to
safety pump and the drain tank to the system. The air driven pump will keep the system pressurised in the event of black-out. The drain tank is used if flushing of the system is necessary to remove water emulsified fuel. Both systems have been patented by MAN Diesel.
To speciel safety tank Au. de-aerating valve Venting tank Main engine Homogeniser
From centrifuges
Water emulsification in connection with an electronically controlled engine (ME/ ME-C) offers the following additional
Supply pumps
flexibility advantages:
Compressed air
To sludge tank Pre-heater Water in oil measuring (MBD supply)
Circulating pumps Fresh water supply
Optimal injection rate shaping can be achieved both without and with any water content.
Safety pump
To HFO service or setting tank
Flexible rate shaping allows the use of large water amounts even at low engine load as pre-injection can be used to compensate for ignition delay.
MAN B&W Diesel
Fig. 4: Pressurised fuel oil system with homogeniser, incl. safety pump and drain tank
A high-pressure homogeniser injection system has been tested on the MAN B&W 4T50ME-X research engine in Copenhagen, showing the same NOx reduction as conventional homogenisers. During the test, the high-pressure injection system was compared with the traditional ultrasonic homogeniser. The working principle of the high-pressure injection system consists in spraying water into the fuel by a special nozzle at 100 bar pressure at the nozzle tip (see Figs. 5 and 6). The high-pressure pump is frequency controlled, and can deliver the needed water amount at constant pressure at all times.
steady high-load conditions, i.e. SCR is less suited for low load operation and manoeuvring in costal and harbour areas. The sensitivity of the chemistry between cylinder and fuel oil also shows limitations for marine operation. This is further emphasised by the need to fit the SCR reactor BEFORE the turbocharger due to the required temperature regime. We have experienced a 98% NOx reduction on a stationary gas power station during full SCR operation. However, the load profile for marine vessels differs significantly from load profiles for stationary power stations. In this paper, we will concentrate on marine vessels. Marine experience and challenges with SCR SCR is the method for NOx reduction on diesel engines today that can give the largest reductions. As already mentioned, practically all NOx can be removed. However, some complications and limitations make it more difficult to
apply SCR on marine vessels in service. This makes it unfeasible to remove more than 90-95% NOx due to the risk of ammonia slip. If we compare the SCR installation on new ships to a retrofitted SCR system, it becomes obvious that it is far more complicated to retrofit the installation than to integrate SCR as the ship is being built. First of all, to find the required space for the catalyst, piping, support, auxiliary equipment, and NOx, O2, and NH3 measuring devices is a challenge, but more easily solved on new ships. The SCR system layout is illustrated in Fig. 7.
SCR
MAN Diesels experience with SCR (selective catalytic reduction) for NOx emission reduction on MAN B&W twostroke diesel engines for marine application dates back nearly 20 years. The SCR system is best suited for
Working principle
With the SCR technique, the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or urea (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C, whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O.
Water inlet pressure 100 bar
Emulsion to circulation pump
HFO from supply pump
Nozzles for water injection
Fig. 5: High-pressure (100 bar) injection of water in the fuel line
Fig. 6: Pump unit
The reactions are, in principle, the folAir Process computer Evaporator Air outlet SCR reactor Air intake Exhaust gas outlet Deck Static mixer 2 Air Orice 3 1 High efciency turbocharger Preheating and sealing air Support
Ammonia tank
lowing (see Fig. 8): 4NO + 4NH3 + O2 4N2 + 6H2O 6NO2 + 8NH3 7N2 + 12H2O NOx reduction by means of SCR can only be carried out in this specific temperature window:
NO x and O 2 analysers
If the temperature is too high, NH3 will burn rather than react with the NO/NO2. If the temperature is too low, the reaction rate will also be too low, and condensation of ammonium sulphates will destroy the catalyst. The design of the SCR catalyst is based
Engine
on the sulphur content, temperature limits, expected dust content from the composition of the exhaust gas and the
Fig. 7: SCR system layout
permissible pressure drops across the SCR reactor. Consequently, the SCR system will stop working within hours. To keep the temperature within the limits, the SCR catalyst must be located between the exhaust gas receiver and the turbocharger, so that the SCR catalyst can sustain the pressure at the turbocharger inlet. Thanks to a high pressure at the inlet the SCR can be reduced in size compared to catalysts on some medium and high speed engines, where the SCR unit is located in the exhaust gas funnel.
Fig. 8: Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) process
process
computer
controls
the
amount of NH3 or urea injected into the exhaust gas. The correspondence
MAN B&W Diesel
between NOx and the engine load is
measured on the engine testbed. Based on the results from the testbed, the process computer calculates and controls the NH3 feed rate. The ammonia dosage is subsequently adjusted by a feed-back system based on the measured NOx outlet signal. When engine exhaust gas is released from the exhaust gas receiver, urea or ammonia is supplied to the pipeline via double-wall piping into a mixer. The engine exhaust gas is mixed with the agent and led into the turbocharger in the turbine side.
Temperature in C upstream SCR

370 350 330 310 290 270 250
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
Sulphur content %
Fig. 9: Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) process
To compensate for the pressure loss across the SCR system, high-efficiency turbochargers and high performing auxiliary blowers are mandatory. Due to the ammonia/urea heat release in the SCR process, the exhaust gas temperature from the turbocharger is slightly higher than the exhaust gas temperature in engines without SCR. Otherwise, engines with and without SCR show the same performance and heat balance, and so they produce similar service results as regards safety, reliability and availability. The SCR process is feasible on twostroke diesel engines with only minor impact on the engine performance, but with restrictions on the engine load, sulphur content, cylinder lube oil, and excess of ammonia (or urea). The number of SCR systems installed on two-stroke diesel engines is still limited. Therefore, today an SCR system is specially designed for each main Calcium from the cylinder lube oil can have an impact, so an excessive cylFurthermore, some SOx will be converted to SO3 in the SCR catalyst and thus create visible smoke. To avoid chemical compositions blocking the SCR, the sulphur content in the fuel oil used on engines with SCR is important as is, in particular, the lower exhaust gas temperature limit at the inlet engine. Experience on ships and power stations indicates that a CEMS (Continuous Emission Monitoring System) can pose a challenge for operators. Various CEMS equipment is on the market and many are in the process of further development. CEMS is expected to become mandatory equipment in connection with Tier III. engine. Retrofitting is complicated and not recommendable if the vessel has not been prepared for later SCR installation. When installing the SCR catalyst, it is important to compensate the exhaust pipe and the component support for vibrations and temperature changes. inder feed rate causing CaSO4 should be avoided.
Emission Control Methods Under Test and Maturing for Future Regulations
While it is realised that reduction of NOx from marine engines up to 80% will be required, the complication of SCR is also reduced. New technology for internal methods of NOx reduction is currently being developed and is expected to be matured for the market within 3-4 years. MAN Diesel encourages that such techniques as exhaust gas recirculation and scavenge air humidification, and a possible combination of these also with water-in-fuel emulsification, are investigated further.
inder charge, and partly on increasing the heat capacity of the cylinder charge by the addition of water vapour. As mentioned above, these methods (EGR and SAM) have, by calculations and tests, proved their capability for NOx reduction, but they have never before been developed to a commercial application level for large two-stroke engines. And they have not been fully optimised with regard to cross-over effects on fuel oil consumption, heat load conditions and other emission parameters. After careful evaluation and testing of
For both the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and the so-called scavenge air moisturising (SAM) systems, the NOx reducing effect is achieved by reducing the local maximum combustion temperatures in the combustion chamber, and by reducing the concentration of oxygen, adding inert media with a high specific heat capacity, i.e. exhaust gas CO2 and water vapour. The NOx production only takes place at very high temperatures (2,200K and above), and it increases exponentially with the temperature. The EGR method is primarily based on a reduction of the oxygen content in the cylinder charge, and the SAM method is partly based on reducing the oxygen content of the cyl-
the EGR and SAM methods, we concluded that re-circulation on the highpressure side from the exhaust receiver to somewhere in the scavenge air system after the turbocharger compressor, with assistance from an EGR blower, would be the most suitable EGR solution. Furthermore, high-pressure side water spray humidification would be the most suitable SAM solution for our twostroke engines.
MAN B&W Diesel

SAM system
The SAM system for saturation and cooling of the compressed air from the compressor side of the turbocharger has been tested from an engine performance point of view on the 4T50MEX research engine. The tests showed promising results with regard to the ability of reducing NOx emissions. However, long-term influence of the SAM system on engine components as well as operation with a salt content of up to 3.5% is being investigated. Full-scale test on M/V Mignon Wallenius-Wilhelmsen Lines has, in their interest of emission reduction, allowed a full scale test on their vessel M/V Mignon in order to investigate the long-term impact in a marine environment. The M/V Mignon is equipped with an 8S60MC engine. The SAM system needed, therefore, to be adapted to the existing engine construction and the installation was further limited by the available space in the engine room. SAM system on the engine The SAM system on the 8S60MC engine consists of the arrangement shown in Figs. 10 and 11.
2 .5 % S e a W a te r
SW Spray Unit Sea Water Inlet Transition piece S-bend for separation of residue SW SW mist catcher Box with FW1 and FW2 stages Sea Water Outlet FW Stage1 Inlet FW Stage1 Outlet FW Stage2 Inlet
Air Cooler with Water Mist Catcher FW Stage2 Outlet
Fig. 10: SAM part on the engine
ter is injected for saturation and cooling of the hot air from the compressor. The sea water stage will provide a near 100% humidification of the scavenge air and supply all of the water for humidification. The freshwater stages 1 and 2 will be near temperature neutral to the scavenge air and create a small freshwater
production depending on the operation parameters chosen. The freshwater stages only act as cleaning stages for removal of any salt which may pass with the air from the seawater stage. A continuous accumulation of salt in the freshwater stages would eventually cause the salt content to reach an unacceptably high level. This is counteracted by cooling the saturated air
The SAM system has a seawater injection stage, where a surplus of seawa-
S e a W a te r b rin e
SW Tank S a lt C o n te n t: 3 .2 % FW 1 Tank S a lt C o n te n t: 0 .3 %
FW 1 FW 1
FW 2 FW 2
FW 2 Tank S a lt C o n te n t: 0 .0 2 %
Fig. 11: As built on M/V Mignon
Fig.12: Expected operation data at 100% load and ISO ambient conditions
with the air cooler and generating some extra freshwater for stage 2. The extra freshwater is then sent upstream on the tank side of the SAM system, as illustrated in Fig. 13. Thereby the content of salt in the freshwater stages can be controlled. A vital aspect in ensuring that no or a minimum of salt gets into the engine is a good efficiency of the water drainage. All the water drainage systems are, subsequently, based on the slung principle followed by mechanical water separation in metal foam. Measurements on a small pilot plant has indicated an efficiency as high as 99.6% with this solution. The efficiency of the water drainage for the seawater and freshwater stages is 99% in the example in Fig. 12.
Cooling system for the air cooler The mass flow of water entering the combustion chamber in the scavenge air is controlled by the temperature of the scavenge air. The temperature of the scavenge air is controlled by the cooling water temperature of the air coolers. All of the evaporated seawater could, in principle, be condensed again in the air cooler. The engine performance would then correspond to operation in humid tropical regions. However, the presence of the highest possible absolute humidity in the scavenge air is wanted, as this reduces the formation of NOx emissions. The intention is, therefore, to cool the scavenge air only sufficiently to generate the necessary freshwater for keeping the salt content
in the freshwater stages down, and take as much water as possible into the engine process. The cooling water inlet temperature for the air coolers in SAM mode can be raised by pumping water from the return line via a shunt pump, see Fig. 14. The condensation of water for freshwater stage 2 can, thereby, be adjusted to the required level. Control of the SAM system The scavenge air moisturising system is controlled by a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). The pumps and valves operate automatically depending on the status of the auxiliary system and the diesel engine. The auxiliary systems
Normal
SAM mode Air cooler CCW outlet CCW outlet Air cooler CCW outlet
The SAM parts in the compressor air cooler arrangement (i.e. SW spray unit, S-bend and inlet box for FW1 and FW2) are manufactured in austenitic stainless 254SMO because of its excellent resistance against corrosion from salt water. The additional mass flows caused by the evaporated water through the turbines means that a substantial part of the exhaust gas has to be bypassed in this project. However, the energy of the bypassed exhaust gas could be utilised in a power turbine and provide operational cost savings for the operator as well as a reduction in the overall CO2 emission. The SAM system is, thereby, a NOx reduction method with a potential for improvement of the overall efficiency as well.
CCW outlet
CCW intlet
Air cooler CCW intlet
CCW intlet
Air cooler CCW intlet
Cold cooling water
Cold cooling water
Fig. 13: Cooling of scavenge air
FromTo SW
Stand-by
FromTo SW
SAM in operation
Sea Water outlet Sea Water inlet From PW1 Stage To PW1 Stage From PW2 Stage To PW2 Stage To SW Stage
Sea Water outlet Sea Water inlet From PW1 Stage To SW Stage
To PW1 Stage From PW2 Stage
To PW2 Stage
Fig. 14: SAM auxiliary system (operation of pumps and valves)
MAN B&W Diesel

consist of 6 pumps and 13 valves, which are controlled on the basis of approximately 50 digital and analogue inputs. The failsafe situation of all of the pumps and valves are normal operation of the engine without SAM. The auxiliary systems of the SAM system, are started up automatically when the engine load is 40-60% of SMCR. The freshwater stage 2 is started first, followed by the freshwater stage 1 and the seawater stage. As the last step, the scavenge air cooling will be changed over and the exhaust gas bypass valve is opened. The SAM system will, during stable engine operation conditions, be limited to control of the water level in the tanks by the yellow valves and pump. The SAM system is stopped in cedure. Future of the SAM system The principle of the SAM system is, in theory, a feasible way for reduction of the NOx emissions from a diesel engine. Nevertheless, other aspects, such as the impact on the cylinder condition by warm and humid scavenge air with salt, need to be investigated thoroughly prior to any release in the market. The test on M/V Mignon will give valuable information on these aspects.
Turbocharger Water Treatment System Water pump EGR Valve Sludge Clean out Brine out Scavenge Air cooler
Scrubber
Fig. 15: EGR system
120
80
Reletive NOX in%
the opposite order of the start-up pro-
40
-40
10 EGR (%)
20
30
Fig. 16: NOx/SFOC relationship
EGR system
The first high pressure EGR test made on an MAN B&W two-stroke engine was the simplest possible set-up where the EGR system consisted of a gas line from the exhaust gas receiver to a position just after the last charge air cooler, but before the last water mist catcher, so that the risk of fouling of sensitive parts was completely avoided. The
simplicity was an EGR without scrubber cleaning of the recirculated exhaust gas. Some kind of cleaning of this gas was previously proved to be vital for the operation in order not to foul and damage the air cooler and receiver components. This first simple setup of the EGR system had two water injection stages,
with a water separator unit after both. The first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage. The outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100C. This stage has a single multi-nozzle injector.
Relative SFOC in g/kWh
has the same production of HC and PM independent of the recirculation amount, and that the HC and PM in the recirculation gas is eliminated during the normal combustion process. A small increase in CO emissions with increased recirculation amount indicates, as expected, that the lower cylinder excess air ratios at increased recirculation amount result in larger local regions in the combustion chamber with lack of oxygen. Furthermore, the expected significant reduction of the NOx level has been confirmed.
Fig. 17: The newly developed EGR scrubber applied to the test engine
The results from these measurements indicate that scrubbing reduces PM emissions to 20-25% (highest at low loads and lowest at high loads), and that HC and CO pass the scrubber
63
PM removal in scrubber according to ISO 8178 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 85 92 84
Removal (%)
78
nearly unaffected. The NO2 fraction of the NOx is, as expected, dissolved in the water, and the NO fraction of the NOx passes the scrubber nearly unaffected. Cleaning the exhaust gas with scrubber As mentioned in the description of the
75% load 15% EGR
75% load 100% load 100% load 31% EGR 23% EGR 15% EGR
26% load 31% EGR
Fig.18: PM trapping efficiency
The conclusion from this test is a considerable reduction of NOx, but it is doubtful whether the recirculated exhaust gas can be cleaned sufficiently before entering the air cooler and the scavenge air system.
Results from engine testing with EGR systems on 4T50ME-X research engine Very promising operating conditions have been obtained during the tests. The relative changes in the emission
EGR system, the EcoSilencer has been introduced in the EGR system to clean the exhaust gas and, if possible, also to reduce some of the emission components. Accordingly, MAN Diesel has measured the emission components at the inlet and outlet of the scrubber at different engine loads. Accordingly, MAN Diesel started designing a completely new scrubber specially made for EGR up-stream systems. The MAN Diesel designed scrubber is shown in Fig. 17. Besides measuring engine performance, combustion
Recently, MAN Diesel tested EGR with scrubber and water treatment. This resulted in a reduction of up to 70%, with a relatively small penalty and, thereby, increase in fuel oil consumption. The next step was to carry out a test on
parameters were measured as a function of the recirculation amount. At increased recirculation amounts, the HC and PM emissions are reduced correspondingly to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine.
MAN B&W Diesel
an engine in service.
This indicates that each engine cycle
chamber temperatures and emission data, extensive PM and SOx measurements were performed before and after the exhaust gas scrubber during the EGR test. These measurements confirmed up to 90% PM trapping efficiency in combination with up to 70% SOx removal, and absolutely no water carry over. The performance of the EGR scrubber has proved so efficient that a test of evaluating the potential of this scrubber as after-treatment scrubber for two-stroke and four-stroke engines has been started.
The tests revealed that it is possible to obtain a variation in both SFOC and NOx of approximately 10 g/kWh with unchanged MEP and pmax, giving very widespread optimisation possibilities. Even though the tendency for low NOx values to give a high SFOC, the spread of values is so large that it is possible to obtain an improved NOx performance with improved SFOC. All data obtained for the 75% load test are given in Fig. 19. The injection pattern profiling is the main topic of our investigation of the ME control system. Fig. 20 shows four
different heat release patterns related to four injection profiles. This illustrates that modelling the injection profile also means modelling the combustion pattern. All NOx is generated during combustion and the modelling possibilities offered by the combustion pattern represent an excellent tool for controlling the NOx formation and the cross-over between the NOx for notion and SFOC. The very positive result from these tests will of course result in a continued effort to investigate the further potential of the unique ME system, and transfer these findings to production engines as soon
Three-dimensional CFD modelling, optic analyses of the combustion process, and operation on test engines have revealed a huge potential for optimisation of the electronically controlled ME engine. During the last couple of years, investigations have been made and tested on the MAN Diesel research engine at constant engine speed, MEP (mean effective pressure) and max. cylinder pressure at 75 and 100% loads, respectively. The following issues were covered:

Relative Change in SFOC (g/kWh) 10 g/kWh SFOC
Extended combustion configuration and emission control potential of the ME engine
75% engine load (Engine speed = 112 rpm, MEP = 16.5bar, pmax = 140 bar)
Test Results Linear (Test Results)
Improved NOX/SFOC relation 10 g/kWh Relative change in NOX value (g/kWh)
Fig. 19: Relative change in SFOC and NOX at 75% load
4T50ME-X: Step-proles 100% load, heat release 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 170
injection timing exhaust valve close timing compression volume configuration hydraulic pressure fuel valve flow area configuration injection profile including square profile and step profile.
MJ/s
exhaust valve open timing
Reference Step-prole:10ms Step-prole:13ms Step-prole:17ms
180
190
200 210 deg a BDC
220
230
240
250
Fig. 20: Combustion pattern with different injection profiles
as verified. The step profiling is already systemised in the ME-B software and utilised as a setup for the delivery of the S40ME-B and S35ME-B engines. Further tests on S60ME-C, K98ME and L70ME-C type engines have been performed successfully, see Fig. 21.
Fuels
Gas fuel operation The MC/ME engine is a well-proven product in the industry, with more than 15,000 engines sold since 1982.
The thermodynamic condition in the combustion chamber is kept similar to that of the fuel burning when applying the 250-300 bar gas injection. Power, exhaust gas amount and tem-
The GI (Gas Injection) solution was developed in parallel and was finished for testing at the beginning of the 1990s. In 1994, the first engine, the 12K80MCGI-S, was started up on a power plant and has since operated as a peak load plant with more than 20,000 service hours on high-pressure gas. At the same time, all major classification societies approved the GI concept for stationary and marine applications. Recently, diesel and dual fuel engines have been introduced to the market for LNG vessels as prime movers, and MAN Diesel has sold 90 sets of S70ME engines as prime movers for Qatar gas vessels. Technically, there is only little difference between the fuel and gas burning engines, but the GI engine will provide an optimal fuel flexibility. Fig. 22 illustrates the necessary component changes.
perature values are the same as those of the HFO burning engines. The same performance conditions, choice of cylinder liner, cover, piston and cooling system are therefore unchanged from the HFO burning engine. This gives confidence from the known performance of the proven diesel technology through many years. Unlike other dual fuel solutions, the MEGI has no limitation whatsoever in the use of natural gas quality, except that condensation in the system is not allowed. When operating the ME-GI engine, there is no derating and knocking due to the gas pressure and air flow, and general working principles of the two-stroke engine remain unchanged. The gas system, including compressor, engine, piping, etc., has undergone three Hazid/Hazop investigations, explosion studies in the engine room and piping, and volume tests to eliminate all
Parameter variation test at 75% load 6S60ME-C ME---SFOC Relative NOX in g/kWh
FO C
possible risks on board. Compared with HFO operation, gas gives a cleaner exhaust. Having very low or no sulphur, the SOx sulphur ox-
3.0 2.0
/S
1.0
NOX --- ME
--N
-4.0
-3.0
-2.0
-1.0
0.0 0.0 -1.0 -2.0 -3.0
E-
1.0
2.0
ides are negligible in the exhaust gas, see Table III . The particulates will be reduced considerably as well as the emission of NOx and CO2.
-4.0 Relative SFOC in g/kWh

Fig. 21: Parameter test on 6S60ME-C
MAN B&W Diesel

The ME-GI technology is not limited to LNG carrier application. Investigations are in progress to see what is nessesary for other types of vessels. Container vessels and bulk carriers may also operate on LNG. Again, the argument is the relatively lower price seen for LNG, compared with HFO, combined with the improved emission values.
The gas can be evaporated to a compressor and be compressed to the 250 bar needed at the engine inlet or, by liquid pumps, be pumped up to the 250 bar and evaporated before going to the engine. Both solutions are available and known, and tested equipment is on the market.
Seawater scrubbers, abatement technologies

MAN Diesel cooperates with different companies developing seawater scrubbers for marine application. Whereas the power plant market has had products available for years now for different types of exhaust gas scrubbing, the limitations in space on board a ship and the different engine load patterns require a different way of thinking.
Exhaust reciever
There is currently about 4-5 different companies in the market for marine apLarge volume accumulator
plication, and the first plant has been installed on a ship for testing. However, tests have so far only been made on smaller marine engines. Scrubbers for large propulsion plants will require a different optimisation of the design, and
Gas valves
EGI valve High-pressure double wall gas pipes Cylinder cover with gas valves and PMI
various companies have realised that only by designing in smaller steps will it be possible to later cover the total range of engines onboard. The biggest challenge is the water amount, which seems to be quite large, and of course the fact that authorities specify limitations in the waste water being led back to sea.
Fig. 22: Components to be modified
MAN Diesel has tested a scrubber deGuiding comparison of emissions from an HFO burning and a gas burning 70ME bore engine
Estimated emissions 6S70ME-C Load 100% CO2 O2 (%) CO NOx HC SOx PM (mg/m3)
Table III
sign that gave relatively high conversion figures and, thereby, a reduction in SOx and PM. A full scale test with this
Estimated emissions 6S70ME-GI Load 100% CO2 O2 (%) CO NOx HC SOx PM (mg/m3) g/kWh 446 1340 0.79 10.12 0.39 0.88 0.34
scrubber solution to see the adaptation of this technology to real life is about to be launched. As can be seen in Table IV, MAN Diesel is involved in a number of different projects to investigate the possibilities for scrubbing exhaust gas while at the same time ensuring that the techniques developed will give a safe and reliable operation of the main engine and, thus, the ship.
g/kWh 577 1359 0.64 11.58 0.19 10.96 0.54
Low-sulphur fuel operation Today, we have ECAs (emission control areas) based on EU and IMO regulations, in the Baltic Sea, the North Sea and the English Channel. And more such areas are expected to come. In the USA, the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) is expected soon to designate the west coast of the USA and Canada an ECA. The sulphur content has an impact on the sulphur acid emission to the air, sea and land, as well as a major impact on the particle level in the exhaust gas. Even though MAN B&W two-stroke engines are largely insensitive to the fuel quality, changing between fuels with different levels of viscosity must be carefully planned and considered, see Fig. 23.
be considered, see Fig. 24. Operating on normal BN 70 cylinder oil for too long when burning low-sulphur fuel will create a situation where the corrosion on the cylinder liners becomes too small and uncontrolled. The result would be the creation of an excess of additivegenerating deposits in the combustion chamber. Low-BN oil is available from the major oil companies, and recommendations on the use of low and highBN oils are also available. The fuel change-over process must follow the thermal expansion of both the fuel pump plunger and the barrel, and a procedure has been created to avoid causing damage to the fuel pumps. Furthermore, an automatic changeover unit will be available later this year.
pump plunger and barrel, a viscosity of 2 cSt is required at the engine inlet. This may be difficult to achieve for some DO and GOs, and some operators may have to introduce a cooler in the fuel oil system to ensure a satisfactory viscosity level. The ignition quality of a fuel oil is not an issue for MAN B&W two-stroke engines. MAN Diesel has conducted a number of research tests showing that the MAN B&W two-stroke engine is insensitive to the poor ignition quality fuels on the market today. A separate booklet titled Low-sulphur fuel operation is available from MAN Diesel, Ref. [6].
Waste Heat Recovery System

In order to ensure the creation of a hyFor the large bore diesel engine, a combined cycle plant setup has so far drodynamic oil film between the fuel
The cylinder lube oil base number must Exhaust gas scrubbing projects
Objectives Development and test of scrubber for aftertreatment Participants
Scrubber
Goals PM trapping: >90% SOx removal: >67%
Test results PM trapping: 70% (with salts added) SOx removal: 85% (with salts added) (no final test results) No results yet
Klaveness Vortex Clue MAN Diesel
Development and test of scrubber for aftertreatment
Aalborg Industries Smit Gas MAN Diesel
No picture yet
PM trapping: >90% SOx removal: >67%
Development and test of scrubber for aftertreatment and EGR
MAN Diesel
PM trapping: >90% SOx removal: >67%
PM trapping (EGR): 92% SOx removal (EGR): 70% (no final test results)
MAN B&W Diesel

Table IV
High S%
Low S%
effects as emissions from the system. Simple system calculations for two-
Compatibility of mixed fuels!
Oil
BN 10-40-70!
stroke engine plants clearly indicate that a reduction of the scavenge air amount, and thereby an increase of the exhaust gas temperature level, which
Fuel change-over unit Engine Tank system considerations! Viscosity!
leads to reduced efficiency of the diesel engine itself, at the same time creates a remarkable potential for increased power output on both power turbines and steam turbines. The above-mentioned potential compensates the reduction of diesel engine efficiency with
Fig. 23: Low-sulphur fuel operation
surplus. Accordingly, the objectives would be as follows:
To encircle, by calculation and test, the level of reduced air flow through the engine at which thermodynamic parameters (performance) and the heat load on the combustion components, i.e. piston, exhaust valve, liner and cover, are not jeopardising the reliability of the diesel engine.
To develop the principles and investigate, by calculations, different variants of combined systems based on the calculation results and engine tests.
Fig. 24: Low-sulphur fuel operation, choice of cylinder lube oil
The variants of combined systems consist of the engine as a core element, boilers, power turbine (TCS)
been based on a standard design and, thereby, also standard performance of the diesel engine, leaving waste heat recovery (WHR) to boiler and steam turbine producers. Such a setup has of course contributed to improvement of the total efficiency of the combined plant, but not necessarily secured the best possible utilisation of fuel.
However, the overall task could be redefined. Instead of searching the optimal solution for the individual machines (engine, turbocharger, power turbine, boiler and steam turbine), a combined optimum for the entire process could be the target. The main success criterion is optimal efficiency (i.e. reduction of CO2) of the system as a whole, however, with consideration to such side
and steam turbine all called Thermo Efficiency Systems (TES). Also variants of TES systems combined with Scavenge Air Moisturising (SAM) or Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) systems are evaluated, as such systems will probably be applied on future engines due to expected new NOx emission regulations, as well as for economical reasons of engine production
SFOC and emissions A comparison of measured SFOC and NOx is given in Fig. 26. The SFOC increases when the bypass is opened. This is fully as expected and pre-calculated, and is caused by the lower purity in the cylinder caused by the reduced air flow. However, NOx is slightly reduced, which is not completely in accordance with expectations and calculations, but of course represents a potential for reduction of SFOC
Fig. 25: Setup for TES engine simulation
by fuel system optimisations. Combustion chamber temperatures
Engine test In order to confirm the potential, a reduced-air-flow test has been made on several engine types in the bore range S50ME-C to K98MC. The following will briefly report on the results obtained from the K98MC engine tests. The simulation was made by introducing a cylinder bypass installed from the
2 0 SFOC g/kWh -2 -4 -6 -8 50 15 14 NOx g/kWh 13 12 11 10 50 60 70 Load in% 80 60 70 Load in% 80
scavenge air receiver to the exhaust receiver and controlled by an adjustable valve and a scavenge receiver blowoff valve, see Fig. 25. Turbocharging efficiencies of ~60% to ~62% were simulated by observing the turbine inlet temperatures on the turbochargers and adjusting the bypass valve. The temperatures observed were then compared with calculated simulations.
The combustion chamber temperatures for 100% engine load are shown in Fig. 27. The result from the TES simulation test clearly confirms the pre-calculations. The result also confirms that TES applications can be introduced in service, without hesitation, when combined with the use of HIP-compound slide
90
100
TES: 590 C Std.: 570 C
TES: 222 C Std.: 218 C
TES: 432 C Std.: 414 C

90 100
TES: 417 C Std.: 388 C
MAN B&W Diesel
Fig. 26: SFOC and NOx measured
Fig. 27: Combustion chamber temperature reference and TES mode
type fuel valves, and pistons with Inconel cladding and cooling insert.
R e du ction ge arb ox E xh . g as bo ile r G en era to r, A C a ltern ator LP S u perhea ted stea m HP R e du ction ge ar w ith ove rspe ed clu tch E m e rge ncy Stea m ge ne rator turb ine E xh . g as turb ine S w itchb oa rd D iese l ge ne rators Tu rbo ch arge rs S h aft m otor/ ge ne rator
Traditional application available for commercial application

The TES engine application can be utilised in a traditional TES system with a significant benefit in overall efficiency of the vessel, as illustrated in Fig. 28. The traditional TES application offers an improvement of the total plant efficiency of approx. 5%, corresponding to approx. 7,000 kW electric power production on 12K98MC/MC-C/ME/ME-C engines with approx. 73,000 kW shaft power. Alternative application possibilities The possibilities for TES engine application also allow for different options of other boiler TCS system configurations, as well as combining these TES applications with SAM and EGR applications. TES applications In all the investigated applications, the operating conditions have been equal to the standard TES application for the applications without SAM or EGR and corresponding to expected normal operating conditions for engines with SAM or EGR systems, see Fig. 29. System 1 is the traditional TES system and is used as reference in the following. In System 2, the boiler has been divided into a low-temperature section after the turbocharger, and a high-temperature section before the turbocharger and power turbine. The benefit of this application is the possibility to increase
HP LP
Stea m fo r he atin g se rvice s
E x ha u st g as rece ive r M a in en g in e
Fig. 28: Traditional TES application
Fig. 29: One standard and 5 alternative TES applications
the steam superheating temperature from approx. 280C to approx. 440C, increasing the steam turbine efficiency significantly. The disadvantage is a reduced TCS power turbine output due to reduced inlet temperature and reduced gas flow rate. Combining System 2 with SAM, results in System 3, also shown in Fig. 29. The SAM system in 3 increases the potential bypass flow to the power turbine and, accordingly, increases the power turbine power. The advantages and disadvantages of having both a lowtemperature and a high-temperature boiler are the same as for System 1. Systems 4 and 5 correspond to Systems 2 and 3, with the only difference that the high-temperature boiler is moved from the main exhaust gas stream to the bypass exhaust gas stream. By moving the high-temperature boiler from main stream to bypass stream, the bypass mass flow and the heat balance of the turbocharger are unaffected by the high-temperature boiler. The advantage of this system is that the power turbine is reduced only due to lower inlet temperatures. The disadvantage is that the possible power extraction in the high temperature boiler is very limited. Fig. 29 illustrates five alternative system applications, which have been investigated by calculations only. The calculations were performed in cooperation with Aalborg Industries for the boiler calculations and with Peter Brotherhood Ltd. for the steam turbine calculations.
In this last set up in Fig. 29 (System 5), the high and low-temperature boilers are combined with an EGR system. The advantages of this system are that the power turbine is reduced only due to lower inlet temperatures and that the gas flows through the high temperature boiler are relatively high, because the EGR flow also goes through the boiler.
MAN B&W Diesel

Calculation results
In order to calculate the possible impact of the different set-ups, Aalborg Industries has made the calculation model shown in Fig. 30, giving extended possibilities for building all kinds of systems.
10 12 5 8
Seam preheater
4
Steam turbine
13
Summation of results A comparison of the results of the six cases reveals the optimum case.
7
Table V clearly shows that case 5 gives the best result, in terms of both electrical power output and efficiency. It is no coincidence that the case with the highest power turbine output has the highest electrical efficiency.
11
Steam turbine
Generator
Condenser Main engine
Main engine Sea water cooler
Fig. 30: Flexible calculation model from Aalborg industries
Calculation results
LP pressure [bara] LP superheat temperature [oC] HP pressure [bara] HP superheat temperature [oC] Heat extraction in Boiler 1 [kW] Heat extraction in Boiler 2 [kW] Power turbine [kW] Steam turbine [kW] Total electrical power [kW] Power rel. to main engine [%] Resulting heat rate Case 1 7 270 0 20900 3017 3798 6815 10 Case 2 7 440 4135 16460 2080 5590 7670 12.2 Case 3 7 446 4840 18880 2262 6451 8713 12.7 Case 4 7 281 19.5 440 2902 17840 2436 6350 8786 12.8 Case 5 7 266 10 446 4781 19420 4418 7922 12340 18.0 Case 6 7 277 10 443 9504 16420 2379 7113 9492 13.9
Table V
Existing Engines Converted to Tier I

At the IMO MEPC 57 meeting it was decided that the NOx control of existing engines is to be regulated. The regulation will concern engines with a cylinder volume larger than or equal to 90 litres and a power of 5,000 kW, or larger, installed on ships built from 1 January 1990 to 31 December 1999. This requires a retrofit kit for those engines, or an approved method of changing and showing compliance with IMO Tier I.
Two-stroke MAN B&W Emission Projects in Progress

With regard to SOx and PM regulation, this is to be controlled by limitations in the sulphur content of the fuel used. An alternative measure is the use of scrubbers. Emission projects currently in progress are listed below:
EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) Test on the MAN Diesel 4T50MEX research engine in Copenhagen has already been completed, and a 70% NOx reduction was achieved. A full scale test at sea is scheduled in 2009 together with a European shipowner.
Scrubber and after-treatment To remove SOx and PM. Has been successfully tested at Holeby on a different scrubber design in cooperation with shipowners. A full-scale test is scheduled in 2008.
Water emulsion On 11K90MC engine owned by APL.
Singapore Low-sulphur fuel operation laboratory test, fuel pump test, and test in service on a ship. Initiated by CARB, APL, APM, Seaspan and MAN Diesel.
The kit for retrofitting the MC/MC-C engines from that period is available from MAN Diesel as well as the assistance to make the necessary procedures to be in compliance. The kit contains injection valves designed for IMO Tier I compliance. PrimeServ Denmark can be contacted for more information.
Fuel change-over A new change-over system between DO/DG and HFO, and vice-versa, has been developed to protect the engine. Will be tested at sea in 2008.
SAM (scavenge air moisturising) Full scale test on a 6S60MC engine on a Wallenius Wilhelmsen car carrier.
MAN B&W Diesel

Conclusion
Tier II and Tier III of IMO Annex VI are currently being settled in order to specify the acceptable levels of exhaust gas emissions in the years to come. The MC and ME type MAN B&W engines will be able to meet the Tier II NOx limits by internal engine methods. Today, the expected Tier III 80% NOx reduction requirement can only be met by the use of external engine methods such as SCR. However, by development and research, MAN Diesel has been able to achieve a NOx reduction of 70% by means of such internal methods as SAM and EGR. In the coming years, these systems will be matured to the market. According to IMO, SOx and PM will be reduced by fuel sulphur level limits. Al-
ternatively, an abatement system can be installed, e.g. a fuel oil scrubber solution. MAN Diesel is also investigating this option to ensure a safe, reliable and environmentally friendly operation of MAN B&W propelled vessels.
References
[1] Soot Deposits and Fires in Exhaust Gas Boilers, paper published by MAN B&W Diesel A/S, Copenhagen, March 2004 [2] Emission control, two-stroke low-
It is difficult to further reduce the CO2 emission level created by the twostroke process. However, by utilising the waste heat, an improvement of the total energy utilised from fuel burned is achieved. Various system configurations offer up to 60% efficiency. High fuel prices and emission concerns have increased the focus on utilising natural gas as fuel oil. Not only in the LNG market, but also for other types of commercial vessels traditionally operating on HFO. The MAN Diesel engine programme covers this growing market with the low speed MAN B&W gas operating ME-GI type engine and the medium speed L51/60DF type engine.
speed diesel engines, paper published by MAN B&W Diesel A/S, Copenhagen, December 1996 [3] NOx control in practice and demands made on owners and engine builders, MAN B&W Diesel paper for meeting at the Maritime Museum in Bergen, March 2000 [4] NOx Emission Reduction with the Humid Motor Concept, 23rd CIMAC Congress, Hamburg, April 2001. [5] LNG Carrier Propulsion by ME-GI Engines and/or Reliquefaction Sept. 2003 [6] Low-sulphur fuel operation paper published by MAN Diesel A/S, Copenhagen
List of Abbreviations
DO Diesel Oil ECA Emission Control Area EGR Exhaust Gas Recirculation EPA Environmental Protection Agency HFO Heavy Fuel Oil IMO International Maritime Organisation MEPC Marine Environmental Protection Committee SAM Scavenge Air Moisturising SCR Selective Catalytic Reduction SECA Sulphur Emission Control Area TES Thermal Efficiency System
MAN B&W Diesel

All data provided in this document is non-binding. This data serves informational purposes only and is especially not guaranteed in any way. Depending on the subsequent specific individual projects, the relevant data may be subject to changes and will be assessed and determined individually for each project. This will depend on the particular characteristics of each individual project, especially specific site and operational conditions CopyrightMAN Diesel & Turbo Subject to modification in the interest of technical progress. 5510-0060-01ppr Aug 2009 Printed in Denmark
MAN Diesel & Turbo Teglholmsgade 41 2450 Copenhagen SV, Denmark Phone +45 33 85 11 00 Fax +45 33 85 10 30 [email protected] www.mandieselturbo.com

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Exhaust Gas Emission Control Today and Tomorrow

Application on MAN B&W Two-stroke Marine Diesel Engines

MAN B&W Diesel

NOx, SOx, PM, HC, Soot, CO, CO2

Fig. 1: Emission reducetion methods

Coastal Carrier Standard-size Commercial Truck Small-size Commercial Truck Airplane

400 U n its R e la tive

MAN B&W Diesel

described in a later chapter.

Exhaust Gas Emission Control Today and Tomorrow

MAN Diesels Experience and Obligations within Emission Control

Exhaust Gas Emission Control Today and Tomorrow

Exhaust Gas Emissions from MAN B&W Engines

agglomeration of very small particles of partly burned fuel,

sulphates and water.

MAN B&W Diesel

producing a grey or white colour. How-

Exhaust Gas Emission Control Today and Tomorrow

Emissions Regulations and Impact on Engine Performance

Exhaust Gas Emission Control Today and Tomorrow

Fig. 3: IMO NOx limits

Fuel sulphur limits implementation dates and use of scrubber

With regard to SOx and PM regulations,

achieved by introducing new fuel system components like plunger/barrel

MAN B&W Diesel

this is to be controlled by a limitation in

Exhaust Gas Emission Control Today and Tomorrow

10 Exhaust Gas Emission Control Today and Tomorrow

Unified Technical File

Certainty of the TF.

Tier II impact on main performance parameters

Less money spent on emission measurements.

MAN B&W Diesel

Emission Control Methods Available Today, Experience and Limitations

12 Exhaust Gas Emission Control Today and Tomorrow

Homogenisers for water emulsion

To sludge tank Pre-heater Water in oil measuring (MBD supply)

Circulating pumps Fresh water supply

To HFO service or setting tank

MAN B&W Diesel

Exhaust Gas Emission Control Today and Tomorrow 13

Water inlet pressure 100 bar

Emulsion to circulation pump

HFO from supply pump

Nozzles for water injection

Fig. 5: High-pressure (100 bar) injection of water in the fuel line

Fig. 6: Pump unit

14 Exhaust Gas Emission Control Today and Tomorrow

Fig. 7: SCR system layout

Fig. 8: Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) process

MAN B&W Diesel

between NOx and the engine load is

Exhaust Gas Emission Control Today and Tomorrow 15

Temperature in C upstream SCR

16 Exhaust Gas Emission Control Today and Tomorrow

MAN B&W Diesel

Air Cooler with Water Mist Catcher FW Stage2 Outlet

Fig. 10: SAM part on the engine

Fig. 11: As built on M/V Mignon