Los Angeles 2050

Gol dhi rsh Foundati on 1 LA2050 Report
www. LA2050. org

LOS
ANGELES
WHO WE ARE. HOW WE LIVE. WHERE WERE GOING.
LA2050
February 2013
www. LA2050. org
LA2050
IS ABOUT THE FUTURE
OF LOS ANGELES
It is a project rooted in a vision of a successful region one that
is a healthy, thriving, and desirable place to live. It provides the
framework to harness the areas untapped potential, and it lays out
a roadmap to create a metropolis that boasts a robust middle class.
It foresees an environment that fosters innovation and embraces
creativity. And, in the end, it promotes a future where people are
deeply engaged in building and shaping their region.
THE GOAL OF LA2050 IS TO STIMULATE AN OUTBREAK
OF IDEALISM THAT STRENGTHENS CIVIC ENGAGEMENT,
CHALLENGES THE STATUS QUO, AND DEMANDS MORE
FOR THE FUTURE OF LOS ANGELES.
www. LA2050. org
LA2050 tells the story of
Los Angeles using eight
indicators that paint a
comprehensive picture of
the region. Social scientists,
economists, and political leaders
are moving beyond traditional
measures of economic health to
assess the vibrancy of cities.
1

The eld is embracing
broader measures of human
development* and well-being
and so are we.

Based on a comprehensive
review of the most recent
literature on human
development, we have selected
eight indicators that form the
basis of our analysis. We looked
to organizations that are known
for conducting innovative social
science research, including the
Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and Development
(OECD)
2
, Brookings Institution
3
,
the United Way
4
, the American
Human Development Project
5
,
and the Glasgow Indicators
Project
6
. In addition, we
consulted with the LA2050
Academic Advisory Committee
to ensure that we identied the
most relevant measures. Based
on these inputs, this document
focuses on the following eight
indicators:
*Human development focuses on
the enlargement of the range of
peoples choices that allow them to
lead full lives. This denition expands
on international development
approaches that emphasize meeting
basic human needs and rely on
economic growth as a performance
criterion.
From: Streeten, P. (1995). Human
Development: Means and Ends. The
Pakistan Development Review, (34(4):
346
EDUCATION
Evidence that students are engaged in a learning process that
adequately prepares them to contribute their skills, talents, and
abilities to society.
INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT
Evidence of Angelenos economic self-sufciency.
HOUSING
Evidence of access to and the affordability of housing.
HEALTH
Evidence of residents health status and their ability to access
health care.
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
Properties and characteristics of the local environment that
have measurable impacts on the life, health, and well-being of
Angelenos and their environs.
PUBLIC SAFETY
Evidence of Angelenos exposure to crime and evidence that
residents perceive their environment as safe.
SOCIAL CONNECTEDNESS
Evidence of individual and collective engagement in actions
designed to identify and address issues of social well-being.
ARTS AND CULTURAL VITALITY
Evidence of creating, disseminating, validating and
supporting arts and culture as a dimension of everyday life in
communities.
7
ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK
www. LA2050. org
TRANSPORTATION: Why it isnt an indicator
Many of LA2050s supporters, contributors, and advisors have questioned the omission of
transportation as a key indicator in this document. Before this report was authored, we had every
intention of including transportation as a measure of well-being, given its importance in shaping
how people experience their environs. We assumed that a robust transportation network that
provides residents with a bevy of mobility options would be a key indicator of quality of life.
However, an exhaustive literature review and consultation with transportation experts did not
support these assumptions. It turns out that transportation is not a key indicator of human well-
being.
LA2050 Academic Advisor and transportation expert Dr. Martin Wachs suggests that
transportation should be contextualized as a means to an end. Its hard to measure the quality
of life by calculating transportation costs or the amount of time spent in congestion. Instead, we
should look at transportation as a means to achieving other goals. For instance, transportation
affects access to health care, housing, jobs, education, and other services.
No one moves to a place because it has a stellar transportation system. People live where they do
because they want to get a quality education, a good job, an affordable home, and maintain (or
build new) social ties. Transportation helps accomplish these goals.
In this context, a great transportation network in and of itself doesnt say much about the health
of a region. Indeed, a robust transportation system is often the outgrowth of a healthy and
thriving environment. While we recognize the centrality of transportation as a facilitator of human
well-being, it does not meet the threshold to be considered an indicator in this report.
6 LA2050 Report
www. LA2050. org
Gol dhi rsh Foundati on
LA2050 REPORT
WHO WE ARE. HOW WE LIVE. WHERE WERE GOING.
This report documents the LA region in the present and forms a framework to craft an informed
vision for the future. It is an assessment of Los Angeles as we know it now. It examines who we
are, it describes how we live, and it projects where were going if we continue on our current path.
We conducted a thorough literature review and consulted with the LA2050 Academic Advisory
Committee to establish a snapshot of Los Angeles.
LA2050: Together Shaping the Future of Los Angeles
VISION FOR A SUCCESSFUL LA.
We believe in the power of Angelenos to shape the future of our region. We aim to ignite the
creativity and passion of Angelenos to make LAs story one of hope for all. If we dont like what
the projections are saying about our future, then we as citizens, organizations, stakeholders, and
policymakers can work together towards a more successful Los Angeles one that empowers us
and takes full advantage of the potential our region holds. With your help, together we will put
Los Angeles on a path to vibrancy. Please join us.
www.LA2050.org
www. LA2050. org
WITH THAT,
LETS LAUNCH INTO THE NARRATIVE OF
www. LA2050. org
With over 9.8 million residents, Los Angeles
County is the most populous county in the U.S.
8

Home to the largest city in California and the
second largest in the United States, the countys
population would make it the eighth largest state
in the nation.
9
With more than a quarter of the
states labor force, it employs over 4.3 million
people. The region is the largest manufacturing
center in the U.S.,
10
employing more than
380,000 workers in that sector alone.
11
It is one of the most diverse regions in the
country. Latinos are the largest racial/ethnic
group
12
and over 57 percent of the population
speaks a language other than English. Thats
more than double the gure for the nation as a
whole, where just 20 percent of the population
speaks a second language.
13
Although the
county represents just three percent of the
U.S. population, it is home to 17 percent of the
nations Koreans, 14 percent of its Mexicans, 14
percent of its Filipinos, 13 percent of its Chinese,
and 13 percent of its Japanese.
14

The regions recent history has been
characterized by population swells and rapid
shifts in the areas racial and ethnic makeup. After
World War II, the regions population growth was
fueled by migration from other states. This led to
a relatively youthful, largely white populace. As
migration from U.S. states began to dwindle in
the 1970s, international immigration surged. This
effectively caused an upheaval in the areas ethnic
and racial makeup. And that shift came to dene
the latter part of the 20th Century.
15
53 WOULD HAVE BEEN WHITE
28 WOULD HAVE BEEN LATINO
13 WOULD HAVE BEEN AFRICAN AMERICAN
6 WOULD HAVE BEEN ASIAN
1980
IF LOS ANGELES HAD BEEN A VILLAGE OF 100 PEOPLE
2010
The story of Los Angeles is a story of hope.
Its a story of resilience in the face of adversity, but its also a story of neglect. Its a story of
almost incomprehensible disparity, of unequal and uneven access, of dreams denied and
opportunity deferred.
And, still, its a story of hope.
This is WHO WE ARE.
Myers, D. (2011). The Future Demographic Outlook of Los Angeles. Population Dynamics
Research Group, Price School of Public Policy, University of Southern California. Los Angeles, CA.
1
LA2050
www. LA2050. org
Now the demographic shifts and population surges have tempered. The racial and ethnic composition of Los Angeles
has not been changing as rapidly due to reduced immigration. What is evident today is that the immigrant population
that propelled the areas growth in recent decades is becoming more deeply settled, and theyre rearing a new
generation of California natives.
16

Racial and Ethnic Make-Up
In terms of race and ethnicity, Los Angeles has no single ethnic group that forms a majority. Latinos account for nearly
48 percent of the population; whites make up about 29 percent of the populace; Asian and Pacic Islanders are 14
percent of the population; and African Americans constitute about 9 percent of the countys residents.
17

Our Origins
As noted above, Los Angeles history has been largely shaped by migration and immigration. During the 1950s and
60s roughly half of Californians were drawn from other states.
18
When domestic migration slowed in the decades
that followed, foreign immigration became the states growth engine.
19
By 2000, more than 35 percent of the countys
residents were foreign-born, up from 11 percent just three decades earlier. In the same year, Los Angeles had also
become the nations major immigrant port of entry, supplanting New York City.
20
Today, in-migration to California is slowing, and Los Angeles County mirrors that trend. The number of native
Californians is increasing as a proportion of the populace. California natives havent made up such a large portion of the
states residents since 1900.
21
Today, the countys California-born population is 49 percent, while the foreign-born gure
remains at 35 percent. However, the proportion of residents from other states has dropped to below 16 percent.
22

Aging Population
Historically, Los Angeles has been relatively youthful when compared to the nation
23
, but the regions populace is aging.
With the ebbing tide of migrants into the county, there is no longer a steady stream of young adults to replace the
inux from previous generations. Between 2000 and 2010, the proportion of children (aged 0-17) shrunk by more than 5
percent. Los Angeles lost 10 percent of its children between the ages of ve and nine, representing the largest decline
of any age group.
24

In the same decade, the proportion of young adults (aged 18-34) shrank slightly, to just over 26 percent of the
population. Meanwhile, the proportion of middle-aged adults (aged 35-64) grew, inching toward the 40 percent mark.
The proportion of older adults (aged 65+) rose incrementally in the same timeframe, to just over 10 percent of area
residents.
25
While our population remains relatively youthful, the Los Angeles region is on the cusp of a shift. Mirroring the national
trend of a rapidly aging population, were beginning to see losses in the regions child and young adult age groups.
26

The decline in the young adult population will signicantly affect the region. This age group is crucial to the future of
Los Angeles because they represent the new workers, new parents, new housing consumers, new taxpayers, and new
voters.
27
How this population changes in light of reduced domestic migration and international immigration is pivotal.
Todays policies will have far-reaching implications since the next generation of adults are the young California-natives
who are now working their way through the regions educational, health care, and social welfare systems.
These aspects of who we are as a region are determinants of who we will be. They inuence what we can and cannot
accomplish in the future. Were numerous. Were diverse. Were aging. Were increasingly native Californians. Thats Los
Angeles today and it sets the stage for the future.
www. LA2050. org
Now that we understand who we are,
we can explore HOW WE LIVE.
In Los Angeles, how we live is largely a product of who we are. In many cases,
race, income, and geography dictate how residents experience Los Angeles.
The county has large swaths of
concentrated poverty, particularly
in central Los Angeles and near the
ports complexes.
28
For residents
in these areas, life in Los Angeles
presents a host of challenges. The
communities of color that reside
in low-income neighborhoods are
faced with dismal job prospects;
unemployment rates for Latinos and
African Americans are consistently
higher than the countywide
average.
29
Families struggling to
get by have no choice but to enroll
their children in the underfunded
30
and underperforming
31
public school
system. Park space is scarce
32
and
healthy food options are few and
far between, so rates of obesity and
chronic disease are more prevalent.
33

To boot, these Angelenos are
exposed to the worst air in the
region, further deteriorating their
health.
34
On the other end of the spectrum,
Los Angeles has relatively large
areas of concentrated wealth. The
top 20 percent of households earn
more than the bottom 80 percent
combined.
35
Emerging from the
worst economic downturn since
the Great Depression, the job
market is still challenging, but
the unemployment rate among
the countys white and Asian
communities is signicantly lower
than those for African Americans and
Latinos.
36
Families with high incomes
have the option of sending their
children to private schools, avoiding
the dysfunction of the public school
system. Park space is concentrated
near higher-income neighborhoods
37

and healthy food options are
plentiful.
38
Not surprisingly, relatively
wealthy places like Santa Monica
and Los Angeles Westside have the
lowest obesity rates in the county.
39
Los Angeles is a region where
opportunities are constrained for
many segments of the population,
including those families in the
Gateway Cities or in the San Gabriel
Valley who are nding affordable
housing increasingly out of reach,
40

the two million residents scattered
throughout the county who lack
health insurance,
41
or the 3 in 5
students countywide who arent
prepared for college because they
didnt (or couldnt) complete the
necessary coursework.
42
As this report delves into how
Angelenos live, the theme of access
and opportunity will surface time
and time again. Well nd that in Los
Angeles, who you are, where you
live, and how much money you make
is a strong predictor of your fate.
www. LA2050. org
Based on our analysis, weve created a dashboard that provides a
snapshot of the LA area today. Each of the indicators is assigned
one of four colors (red, orange, light green, or green) based on its
impact on human development in Los Angeles. The rating system is
as follows:
DASHBOARD RATING
SIGNIFICANTLY HINDERS HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
HINDERS HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
ENHANCES HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
SIGNIFICANTLY ENHANCES HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
The ratings were informed by our research and in consultation with the LA2050 Academic Advisory Committee. To
be clear, they are not meant to imply any numeric calculation or weighted score. They are based on the available
data and provide only a high-level overview of each of the eight indicators.
We should note that these ratings will vary substantially within the county because of varying demographic,
socioeconomic, and geographic factors. In the countys afuent communities, most of these indicators would earn
much higher ratings. In the poorest neighborhoods, many would receive the lowest designation. The dashboard
provides a snapshot of where Los Angeles stands today as a whole, but it doesnt account for the vast diversity of
experiences that characterize the region. That said, it is a simple reference point against which we can chart the LA
that wed like to see in 2050.
www. LA2050. org
www. LA2050. org
DASHBOARD RATING
Signicant impediment
to human development
Education received the lowest rating, meaning that it is a signicant impediment to human
development. This outcome was based on the fact that the public school system in Los Angeles
is failing many of its students. Graduation rates are low and too many kids throughout the county
are not completing the necessary college preparatory coursework. Enrollment and investment in
high-quality preschool is also lacking. On top of this, continued cuts at the state level are making
a bad situation worse. Given that education is such a fundamental aspect of human development
with far-reaching effects, the stark disparity in educational opportunities for the countys students is
unacceptable.
KEY FINDINGS:
LA County has 1,808,227 students; 175,800 are in private school; 1,632,427 attend public school.
44
There are 80 school districts in LA County. Los Angeles Unied School District (LAUSD) is the largest in the state
and the second largest in the nation.
45
LAUSD has about 670,000 students enrolled in 1,235 K-12 schools, centers, and charter schools.
46
The LAUSD high school student body is 75 percent Latino, 9 percent African American, 4 percent Asian,
9 percent white and 3 percent Filipino. 74 percent of this cohort is economically disadvantaged.
47
Overall, 48 percent of LAUSDs high school students are procient in English and Language Arts; 46 percent are
procient in Math.
High school students scoring procient or advanced in English and Language Arts (ELA) and Math (M) by race
48
:
Asian: 76 percent (ELA)/ 80 percent (M)
White: 74 percent (ELA)/70 percent (M)
Filipino: 64 percent (ELA)/61 percent (M)
Latino: 43 percent (ELA)/41 percent (M)
African American: 43 percent (ELA)/32 percent (M)
Pacic Islander: 21 percent (ELA)/20 percent (M)
In 2011 the overall Academic Performance Index (API) score for Los Angeles Unied School district was 728, a
19-point increase from 2010. It was the largest increase of any urban school district in California, but it still fell short
of the 800-point target.
49

The increase in API scores district-wide obscures the disparities along racial/ethnic lines. API scores by race
50

White: 849
African American: 663
Latino: 686
Low-income: 691
The LAUSD graduation rate for 2009-2010 was 64.2 percent. The statewide graduation rate was 74.4 percent.
51

The nationwide graduation rate was 71.7 percent.
52
Countywide, just 2 in 5 students complete the necessary college preparatory coursework.
53
ln LAUSD only 22 percent "oI all th graders graduate Iour years" aIter completing A-G college preparatory
coursework. Only 16 percent of Latino 9th graders graduated after completing the A-G coursework.
54
More than a quarter of children in Los Angeles are enrolled in afterschool programs, compared to 19 percent at the
state and 15 percent at the national level.
55
METRICS
43
(1) test scores, (2) high school completion and drop rates, (3) college-going rates, (4) preschool participation,
and (5) afterschool and summer school enrichment programs.
Education
FACT SHEET
www. LA2050. org
For every dollar spent on the
provision of high quality, universal
pre-school, the state of California
would net more than two dollars in
economic benets.
58

But forget the statewide benets
for a moment; the estimated effects
on Los Angeles County alone are
impressive. Providing one year of
pre-school funding keeps more
than 4,000 kids from being held
back a grade; it shrinks the special
education cohort by nearly 3,000
kids; it decreases the ranks of high
school dropouts by 3,200 students;
and more than 2,300 kids will
avoid the juvenile court system.
59

By investing money up front, the
state can save millions on special
education, remedial instruction, and
the criminal justice system.
Despite the obvious payback on
investment, the states continuing
budget woes have led to steadily
reduced funding for these programs.
Lets start with
EDUCATION
Its a basic need and important aspiration of people.
56
A well-educated Angeleno is less likely to be unemployed
and more likely to earn higher wages. She is more likely to report improved health and less likely to suffer from chronic
disease. She is more inclined to be an engaged member of the community, and less likely to commit crime. She
also relies less on social assistance. Collectively, better educated Angelenos lead to higher GDP growth, higher tax
revenues and lower social expenditures.
57
In short, an effective education system benets us all. Unfortunately, public
education in Los Angeles falls short.
Too few of our kids are enrolled in high quality pre-school education programs.
Too many arent making it to their senior year of high school.
PRE K
K-12
PRESCHOOL COSTS AND BENEFITS
EVERY $1 INVESTED
IN A ONE YEAR
UNI VE RS AL
PRESCHOOL
P R O G R A M
FOR CALIFORNIAS 4 YEAR OLDS
COULD GENERATE $2.62 IN
BENEFITS TO SOCIETY
RAND Corporation (2005). The Effects of Universal Preschool Programs in California: Estimates for Los Angeles County.
Santa Monica, CA.
www. LA2050. org
Californias 2011-12 budget
reduced funding for early childcare
and early learning programs by 15
percent. At the same time, Governor
Jerry Brown signed legislation to
reallocate one billion dollars from
the states First 5 programs.
60

Funded by a cigarette sales tax,
First 5 provides education, health
services, childcare, and other crucial
programs.
61
Cutting First 5s
funding, coupled with the overall
reduction of state programs, means
that some 28,000 kids statewide will
be unable to attend pre-school.
62

The cuts to investment in childrens
education and health will likely
continue as California grapples
with ongoing structural decits.
Governor Browns proposed 2012-
2013 budget would permanently
eliminate funds for transitional
kindergarten
63
, a program
designed to serve children not
ready for regular kindergarten.
64
The program was enacted after
lawmakers passed a law that
mandated an earlier cutoff age
for kindergarten. The transitional
kindergarten program was intended
to assist low-income families that
could not easily afford private pre-
kindergarten programs.
65
Browns
budget proposal would eliminate
71,000 child care positions
statewide.
66

This has the broad effect of making
early education a luxury that is
available only to those who can
afford it. In Los Angeles County,
less than one-fth of pre-school
aged children are enrolled in early
education programs
67
, depriving
many children of a much-needed
leg-up when they enter the public
school system.
AMERICAN INDIAN/
ALASKA NATIVE
LAUSD GRADUATION REPORT
DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE
687,534
STUDENTS
868
SCHOOLS
STUDENT POPULATION STUDENT POPULATION
3,546
STUDENTS
7
SCHOOLS
LAUSD NATIONAL AVERAGE
AMERICAN INDIAN/
ALASKA NATIVE .4% 1.3%
6.5% 5.1%
9.0%
17.0%
55.1%
10.7%
73.4%
ASIAN/
PACIFIC ISLANDER
ASIAN/
PACIFIC ISLANDER
WHITE
(NOT HISPANIC)
WHITE
(NOT HISPANIC)
BLACK
(NOT
HISPANIC)
BLACK
(NOT
HISPANIC)
HISPANIC
21.5%
HISPANIC
74.6%
POVERTY
(FREE OR
REDUCED
LUNCH
ELIGIBILITY)
32.1%
ENGLISH
LANGUAGE
LEARNERS
11.9%
SPECIAL
EDUCATION
44.1%
POVERTY
(FREE OR
REDUCED
LUNCH
ELIGIBILITY)
9.2%
ENGLISH
LANGUAGE
LEARNERS
12.4%
SPECIAL
EDUCATION
For K-12 education, this report
focuses on the Los Angeles Unied
School District (LAUSD). Its sheer
scale and inuence in the region are
undeniable and its impacts are far-
reaching.
LAUSD is the largest district in the
state and the second largest in the
nation. It serves more than 670,000
students.
68
Thats enough kids to
ll Dodger Stadium, the Hollywood
Bowl, the Staples Center, the Greek
Amphitheater, the Rose Bowl, and
the Coliseum.
Seven in 10 students are Latino, 6
in 10 will graduate, and fully one
quarter will not nish high school.
69

For those of you keeping count,
thats over 20,000 Angelenos
entering the modern economy every
year and competing without a high
school degree.
70
But even that statistic obscures a
reality that is much more bleak. Only
six in ten Latino students complete
high school. African Americans and
Pacic Islanders are almost as likely
to dropout as they are to graduate;
their graduation rates are 57 and 56
percent, respectively.
71
Editorial Projects in Education (2011). Education Week Maps. School District Graduation Report. Bethesda, MD.
www. LA2050. org
Thats not promising. And,
yet, there is reason for hope.
Enrollment in afterschool programs
is a surprising bright spot in Los
Angeles. Small-scale experiments in
magnet, charter, and other locally
controlled schools are creating
islands of excellence in an otherwise
underperforming system, helping
the district achieve incremental
improvements in test scores.
A sizeable portion of Los Angeles
students are enrolled in afterschool
programs. With 27 percent of
kids (about 175,400 students)
participating in these enrichment
programs, the area outpaces the
state (19 percent) and national (15
percent) averages. LA stands out
as a solid provider of afterschool
programs for kids.
72
This feat was
accomplished largely because of
deliberate policy decisions made
at the state level. Californias After
School Education and Safety (ASES)
Program, the result of a voter-
approved initiative, has some $550
million in dedicated funding.
73
The
program funds local afterschool
education and enrichment programs
throughout California, providing
tutoring and additional learning
opportunities for students in
kindergarten through ninth grade.
74
In addition, parents in Los Angeles
demonstrate a high degree of
support for afterschool programs
in the city. Eighty six percent are
in favor of public funding for these
programs and nearly 90 percent
would like to see public funding
GRADUATION PIPELINE CLASS OF 2009
PERCENT OF STUDENTS LOST BY GRADE
Details may not sum to 100% due to rounding.
LAUSD WHERE ARE STUDENTS LOST? NATIONAL AVERAGE
9 GRADE
TH
10 GRADE
TH
11 GRADE
12 GRADE
TH
TH
37.5% 30.0%
26.4% 16.7%
15.5% 26.6%
20.6% 26.6%
for summer learning programs. More than 220,000 children (34 percent of
students) in Los Angeles participate in summer learning programs, again
outpacing state (27 percent) and national (25 percent) gures.
75
Californians commitment to supporting education will be tested in the near
future. Governor Jerry Browns 2012-2013 budget calls for another $4.8 billion
in cuts from K-12 education if voters fail to approve tax hikes in November,
amounting to a three week reduction in the school year.
76
LAUSD alone has
suffered $2.3 billion in cuts over the last four years.
77

In spite of this, public schools stand to gain if voters approve tax hikes in
November of 2012. Californias K-12 education and community colleges
would gain roughly $5 billion in funding each year if a temporary half-
cent sales tax increase and a surtax on individual incomes above $250,000
are approved.
78
It helps that the majority (53 percent) of Californians are
concerned about the potential effects of automatic spending cuts on K-12
education.
79

www. LA2050. org
GRADUATION ANALYSIS
GRADUATION RATE FOR ALL STUDENTS, CLASS OF 2009
LAUSD 45.8% NATIONAL AVERAGE 73.4%
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
NATIONAL AVERAGE
CHANGE OVER TIME +7.3%
LAUSD
CHANGE OVER TIME -2.2%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
LAUSD has seen incremental
improvements in test scores,
reporting the largest one-year
improvement among large urban
school districts in the state.
80

Overall, the district reported a
single-year gain of 19 points on
the states academic performance
index (API). It earned an average
score of 728, falling short of the
800-point target. Just over 200
LAUSD schools met or exceeded
that goal, representing an increase
of 36 schools over the previous
year. But those 200-odd schools
account for only one-fourth of all
LAUSD schools.
81
So while the
districts scores are improving,
the overwhelming majority of
LAUSD students are attending
underperforming schools.
Furthermore, the district-wide scores
hide disparities that fall along racial
and ethnic lines. While LAUSDs
white students have a collective API
score of 862 (well above the target),
Latino students scored just 707, and
African American pupils fared worse
still, with a score of 678.
82
The reality is that LAUSD students
are left with few options. Many of
them are inadequately prepared for
college, vocational school, or the
workforce.
83
Countywide, just 2 in
5 students complete the necessary
college preparatory coursework.
That number drops to just 1 in 5
for African American and Latino
males. Most distressingly, in LAUSD,
low-income students of color
tend to be offered fewer college
preparatory classes when compared
to their afuent, white and Asian
counterparts across town.
84
This
only perpetuates a long-established
economic system that divides Los
Angeles into haves and have-nots.
Which brings us to
INCOME AND
EMPLOYMENT.
www. LA2050. org
DASHBOARD RATING
Hinders human
development
Income and Employment was deemed to be a hindrance to human development, earning an orange
on our scale. Los Angeles bifurcated economic system creates a society of haves and have-nots. Too
many families are struggling to get by, and the persistently high unemployment rate is making the
region a less attractive place to settle.
KEY FINDINGS:
More than 12.5 million Americans are looking for work
86
and there were only 3.7 million job openings.
87

The national unemployment rate is hovering at 8.1 percent.
88
At the end of 2012, there were 18.3 million people in the California labor force, with 16.4 million people
employed, 2.9 million unemployed, and an unemployment rate of 8.1 percent.
89
LA Countys unemployment rate topped the national and state gures, with a rate of 12.2 percent.
90
Unemployment rates for African American and Latinos are the highest among any ethnic group. In Los Angeles
County the unemployment rate for African Americans and Latinos is 21 percent and 14 percent,
respectively.
91
Workers under 25 years of age have the highest under-employment rate of any labor force group 37.9% in
LA County, 36.0% in California, and 27.3% in the U.S.
92

In 2011, the median income in California was $57,287.
93
In LA County the gure was $70,100.
94
Of the 265 neighborhoods in Los Angeles County, Bel Air has the highest median income at $207,938 and
Downtown has the lowest median income at $15,003.
95

In 2008, 45 percent of the countys households did not earn enough to cover basic expenses (i.e., an income of
less than $52,184 for a family of four); 3 percent of households had just enough income to cover necessities
(income between $52,184 and $56,768); 52 percent of households had enough income to live comfortably
(income above $66,768).
96
Los Angeles has a higher poverty rate (17.5 percent)
97
than the nation (15.1 percent)
98
and the state (16.3
percent).
99
In LA County, to support a familys basic needs:
A single parent household with two kids must make $68,714.
A two-parent household with only one parent working with two kids must make $61,706.
A two-working parents household with two kids must make $76,614.
A single adult household must maintain a minimum salary of $30,496.
100
METRICS
85
(1) employment & unemployment rates, (2) household income, (3) poverty rates and, (4) family supportive
wages.
Income and Employment
FACT SHEET
www. LA2050. org
Income expands peoples
consumption possibilities, providing
them with the resources to satisfy
their needs.
101
By extension, wealth
protects us from unexpected
shocks that could lead to poverty
and destitution.
102
Armed with a
sufcient education, an Angeleno
with adequate income is more likely
to be in better health. He is more
likely to live in a safe neighborhood.
And he is more likely to report
higher life satisfaction.
103

As a corollary, the availability of
well-paying jobs allows individuals
to fulll their ambitions, to develop
skills and abilities, to feel useful in
society and to build self-esteem.
104

Collectively, high employment
levels create societies that are
richer, more politically stable and
healthier.
105

For many Angelenos, well-paying
jobs are elusive. Too many families
are struggling to get by on too little
income.
The Great Recession, or whatever
history will call it, has had an
especially strong effect on Los
Angeles. The regions reliance on
the industry that constructs and sells
housing has amplied the effects
of the recession, creating a grim
economic climate. Employment
in the state wont return to pre-
recession levels until 2014, and
construction employment wont
reach those levels until at least
2021.
106
Los Angeles Countys unemployment rate has surpassed the national average
since the middle of 2008, with 12.2 percent of the workforce seeking
employment.
107
The story is worse for the countys sizeable communities of
color. Most notably, nearly two fths of the African American workforce is not
participating in the regional economy.
108

Given that the experience of unemployment is one of the factors that have
the strongest negative impact on peoples subjective well-being,
109
this isnt
good news.
UNEMPLOYMENT RATE BY RACE
LOS ANGELES COUNTYS UNEMPLOYMENT RATE

HAS SURPASSED THE NATIONAL AVERAGE

12.2%
18.3%
13.3%
11.2%
10.3%
9.4%
LA COUNTY
OVERALL
NATIONAL
AVERAGE
ASIAN
LATINO
AFRICAN
AMERICAN
PERCENT OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN L.A. COUNTY
SINCE THE MIDDLE OF 2008 WITH MORE THAN ONE TENTH OF THE WORKFORCE
SEEKING EMPLOYMENT. THE STORY IS WORSE FOR THE COUNTRYS SIZEABLE
COMMUNITIES OF COLOR.
WHITE
U.S. Census Bureau (2011). American Community Survey Employment Status.
www. LA2050. org
TOP QUINTILE
WEALTHY
52% OF TOTAL INCOME
FOURTH QUINTILE
UPPER MIDDLE CLASS
22% OF TOTAL INCOME
INCOME BY QUINTILES
WHO GETS THE BIGGEST PIECE OF THE PIE?
In Los Angeles County
the wealthiest 20% of
households receive
more income than the
other 80% of
households combined.
Put another way, the
countys wealthiest
640,000 families earn
more income than over
2 million households
combined.
BOTTOM QUINTILE
POOR
3% OF TOTAL INCOME
SECOND QUINTILE
WORKING CLASS
8% OF TOTAL INCOME
THIRD QUINTILE
MIDDLE CLASS
14% OF TOTAL INCOME
U.S. Census Bureau (2010). American Community Survey Select Economic Statistics.
www. LA2050. org
But it gets worse. The regions poor
employment statistics are reected
in its income distribution. While the
countys median income of about
$70,100 is above the state average
(~$54,681), the manner in which
income is distributed reinforces the
notion of a bifurcated economic
system.
The top 20 percent of households in
the county earn more income than
the bottom 80 percent combined.
110

Of large metropolitan areas in the
U.S., Los Angeles ranks third (behind
New York and Miami) for income
inequality. That means that a smaller
proportion of Angelenos controls a
larger share of income than in most
other cities in the U.S.
Nearly half of the countys
households struggle to meet the
most basic needs of food, shelter,
transportation, and healthcare.
Three percent, or just over 25,000
families have just enough income
to cover those basic necessities. In
Los Angeles a budget for providing
family necessities requires an annual
income of $64,239 for one parent
with two children. Two-parent
households with two kids need to
make $54,039.
111

Income disparity is exacerbated
by the fact that LA is an expensive
place to live. While Los Angeles is
relatively cheap in comparison to
places like New York
112
, the incomes
of Angelenos dont allow them to
keep pace. Simply put, LAs workers
generally dont make enough
income to live near their jobs, which
is why the next statement shouldnt
be surprising.
INCOME DISPARITY RANKING
THE LOS ANGELES METROPOLITAN AREA CONSITENTLY RANKS AS ONE OF THE WORST
U.S. CITIES IN TERMS OF INCOME INEQUALITY.
GINI INDEX
NEW ORLEANS
MIAMI
NEW YORK
HOUSTON
LOS ANGELES
SAN FRANCISCO
BIRMINGHAM
MEMPHIS
U.S. AVERAGE
.558
.553
.528
.543
.529
.514
.505
.502
.475
Los Angeles residents spend a lot on
HOUSING.
Weinberg, D.H. (2011). U.S. Neighborhood Income Inequality in the 2005-2009 Period. American Community
Survey Reports. Washington, D.C.: United States Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics
and Statistics Administration.
www. LA2050. org
Housing earned an orange on our scale, meaning that it hinders human development. Receding
housing costs and the uptick in multi-family and affordable housing construction are the only factors
preventing this indicator from receiving a red rating. Affordable housing is out of reach for many
families, and too many low- and middle-income households are spending too much for their homes.
KEY FINDINGS:
Overall, Los Angeles has relatively low vacancy rates oI 7.2 percent Ior the City oI Los Angeles and .8 percent Ior
LA County as compared to a state average of 9.1 percent.
114
The homeowner vacancy rate of 2.3 percent is lower than the rental vacancy rate of 5.5 percent, mirroring a common
trend nationwide.
115
Los Angeles' vacancy rate (8.1 percent) is lower than comparable metropolitan areas like San Francisco (.4 percent),
Atlanta (20.9 percent), Chicago (14.8 percent), and New York (10.3 percent).
116
Los Angeles has relatively high median rents ($1,161 for the county, $1,135 for the city) when compared to other
major cities like San Francisco ($1,407), New York ($1,129), Chicago ($1168), and Atlanta ($905).
117
The median home sales price in the Los Angeles area was $315,200
118
, up 1.33 percent
119
from 2011.
More than half (55.5 percent) of LA County renters spend 30 percent or more of their income on housing.
120
For homeowners, nearly halI (51.5 percent) spend 30 percent or more on housing, and one-IIth spend 50 percent or
more.
121

Nationally, the Los Angeles Metropolitan Area has the second highest percentage of working households with a
severe housing cost burden. 38 percent of the areas working households spend more than 50 percent of
their income on housing costs. Miami-Fort-Lauderdale-Pompano Beach, Florida has the highest proportion
(42 percent).
122
Nearly 7 percent oI low-income owners and 3 percent oI low-income renters spend 30 percent or more on
housing.
123
Although housing affordability in Los Angeles has increased, potential buyers need to earn a minimum annual income
of $58,550 to qualify for the purchase of a home priced at the county median price, $296,780.
124
Only 4 percent oI Los Angeles' home buyers could aIIord the median home sales price, compared to 78 percent in
San Bernardino County, 65 percent in Riverside County, and 35 percent in Orange County.
125
Los Angeles is considered the homeless capital of the country.
126
There were an estimated 51,340 homeless
persons countywide in 2011, representing a 3 percent decrease over the previous year.
127
METRICS
113
(1) vacancy rates, (2) median rent, (3) median sales price, and (4) housing affordability
DASHBOARD RATING
Hinders human
development
Housing
FACT SHEET
www. LA2050. org
HOUSING
Its a pricey commodity, oftentimes consuming the largest chunk of family
income. Housing is at the top of the hierarchy of human material needs . . .
and is central to peoples ability to meet basic needs.
128
Inadequate housing
can affect health status, disrupt social relations, and hamper an individuals
ability to participate in the larger society.
Families in Los Angeles spend more of their income on housing than families
in most other large cities in the U.S.
129
Using the standard that housing is
affordable if the rent or mortgage
requires less than 30 percent of
a households income,
130
many
Angelenos have difculty nding
housing within their means. Once
again, low-income households have
the hardest time locating suitably
priced homes. Three fourths of low-
income homeowners and more than
90 percent of low-income renters
spend more than 30 percent of their
income on housing.
131
One reason for the citys high
housing costs is the paucity of units
for low- and middle-income wage
earners. Just 49 percent of the citys
home buyers can afford the areas
median home price of $296,780. A
household would need an annual
income of $58,550 to afford a home
at that price.
132

As Dr. Richard Green of the
University of Southern California
noted, the city of Los Angeles is
one of the few places in the nation
where there isnt enough housing
stock.
133
Demand far outstrips
supply, with Los Angeles reporting
some of the lowest vacancy rates
when compared to other large U.S.
cities.
134
That doesnt bode well
for the legions of low-income and
middle class households that are
competing for Los Angeles limited
housing stock.
Even so, there is reason for
hope. The decades-long trend of
households moving to far-ung
suburbs in search of cheap homes
is beginning to reverse itself. On
the whole, the countys population
is younger than that of the nation.
Economists predict that a younger
populace buffeted by the boom
and bust in the housing market
will stimulate more demand for
urban rental units and less demand
for suburban cul-de-sacs.
135
The
market is already beginning to
respond to these pressures. Building
permits for single-family homes
are declining while permits for
multifamily complexes are starting to
regain strength.
136
Still, a signicant number of
Angelenos spend large sums of
their income on expensive housing.
This depletes nancial resources
that households need to afford
other necessities. For some families,
this erases the option of sending
their child to a private school
that may outperform the public
school system. For others, it means
curtailing their use of personal
vehicles in a car-dominated region,
potentially restricting mobility and
access to jobs.
And some families
risk their
HEALTH.
www. LA2050. org
Health was found to hinder human development in Los Angeles. The countys large proportion
of uninsured individuals and the stark disparities in health outcomes based on race, class, and
geographic location make the health landscape perilous for many Angelenos. Still, as a whole, were
less obese than the nation, and the county has reported steady reductions in death rates from
chronic conditions like heart disease and lung cancer.
KEY FINDINGS:
Race, income and educational attainment and geographic location are the primary inIuences on the health oI
different populations in LA County.
138
Obesity rates are about 1 percent Ior adults and 23 percent Ior children.
139
But the county fares better than the
nation.
140
Twenty two percent oI adults and 7 percent oI the youths in Los Angeles are uninsured. Latinos have the highest
uninsured rates (34 percent).
141
These gures surpass the nationwide uninsured rate, estimated at 15.5 percent.
142
South LA and Metro LA have the lowest rates of insured Angelenos in the county.
143
Coronary heart disease kills the most people in LA County, but the rates of death have fallen 38 percent in the last
decade.
144
There has been "a 23 percent decline in the death rate Irom lung cancer, and a 35 percent decrease in the death rate
from stroke.
145
Black and Latino males most oIten die prematurely oI homicide.
146
Studies have shown that the "economic well-being oI local communities is the strongest and most consistent
predictor of premature mortality among Latinos and the best way to decrease mortality rates in this group would be
to address income disparities.
147
Black males are the only group Ior which HlV is in the top Ive causes oI premature death.
148
Women have the most similar causes oI death across all ethnicities.
149

Average liIe expectancy has risen Irom 75.8 years in 11 to 80.3 years in 200. But "there is a nearly 18-year
difference in life expectancy between black males and Asian/Pacic Islander females (69.4 vs. 86.9 years,
respectively).
150
Los Angeles County liIe expectancy at birth (in years) by race and gender (Iemale/male)
151
:
All groups: 82.9/77.6
Whites: 82.3/77.6
Latinos: 84.4/79.0
African Americans: 77.2/69.4
Asians and Pacic Islanders: 86.9/82.4
The overall death rate Ior AIrican Americans (40 per 100,000) is signiIcantly higher than the any other group and is
also higher than the average (624 per 100,000).
152
METRICS
137
(1) rates of chronic disease, (2) access to healthcare, and (3) mortality & morbidity
DASHBOARD RATING
Hinders human
development
Health
FACT SHEET
www. LA2050. org
HEALTH
It isnt news that health is one of the most valued aspects of peoples life.
153
International surveys have found that,
combined with jobs, health status ranks as one of the most important determinants of peoples living conditions. Good
health enables us to participate as full citizens in our society.
154
A healthy Angeleno is capable of obtaining a quality
education and nding gainful employment.
But, given the high cost of housing and the wide disparities in household income, a large proportion of the regions
denizens are unable to safeguard their health. Los Angeles County is home to over two million uninsured people.
155
That means one in four residents has little or no access to preventative care; that means one in four has few options
when things go awry; that means one in four risks nancial ruin due to illness.
Geography, income, and race are strong predictors of the fate of LAs residents, and health is no exception.
LEADING CAUSES OF PREMATURE DEATH BY RACE
**
*years of life lost over the 10-year reporting period
**note that "premature" is dened as any death that occurs before 75 years of age
1
RACE
2 3 4
ASIAN/
PACIFIC
ISLANDER
HEART DISEASE
*25,427
HOMICIDE
*22,546
<
HEART DISEASE
*13,764
<
DRUG OVERDOSE
*10,454
MOTOR VEHICLE
CRASH*
17,678
LUNG CANCER
*9,196
LUNG CANCER
*3,958
LUNG CANCER
*2,461
SUICIDE
*8,437
LIVER DISEASE
*10,749
WHITE
LATINO
AFRICAN
AMERICAN
HEART DISEASE
*15,239
<
HOMICIDE
*11,736
STROKE
*2,931
MOTOR VEHICLE
CRASH*
3,741
MOTOR VEHICLE
CRASH*
2,423
HEART DISEASE
*5,576
<
Low-income and non-white
populations suffer the worst
negative health consequences of
modern life. These groups are more
likely to live in neighborhoods where
they are exposed to heavily polluted
air. This increases their cancer risk
and causes an increased incidence of
respiratory ailments like asthma.
156

In Los Angeles, air toxins
concentrate in the highest quantities
near the ports complex and in
Central LA. Both locations are home
to low-income communities of color,
and both locations have the highest
estimated cancer risk in Los Angeles.
Near the ports, its estimated that
nearly 4 out of every 1,000 residents
will be diagnosed with cancer as a
result of the areas poor air quality.
For the entire Los Angeles area, the
estimated cancer risk is just over 1
in 1,000.
157
So, residents of Central
Los Angeles and those living near
the ports are almost four times more
likely than everyone else to develop
cancer because of where they live
and the air they breathe.
Los Angeles County Department of Public Health (2010). Cause of Death and Premature Death: Trends for
1998-2007. Los Angeles, CA.
www. LA2050. org
Underserved neighborhoods are also less likely to have easy access to parks and open space where individuals can
exercise, leading to an increased incidence of obesity.
158
Of seven major U.S. metropolitan areas, Los Angeles offered
its children the worst access to parkland, leaving well over 600,000 children without any easy way to access a park
facility.
159
The disparity between ethnic groups is particularly stark. In heavily Latino neighborhoods, residents have
about one half acre of park space for every 1,000 people. African American neighborhoods must make do with fewer
than 2 acres of open space per 1,000 residents. Predominantly white neighborhoods, however, average over 30 acres
per 1,000 residents.
160

Further compounding the problem is a lack of access to food retailers that sell fresh fruits and vegetables.
161
Largely
white neighborhoods have three times as many supermarkets as Black neighborhoods and nearly twice as many
markets as Latino neighborhoods in Los Angeles.
162
Predictably, a place like West Los Angeles, with its low poverty
rate and higher incomes, has the lowest obesity rate in the county; just 1 in 10 West Angelenos are obese.
163
South Los
Angeles, with its concentration of low-income communities of color, reports the highest obesity rate in the county; more
than 1 in 3 South Angelenos are obese.
164
For LAs low-income communities of color, the regions health landscape is dismal. For many, its a story of access.
Theres limited access to clean air, poor access to recreation spaces, and restricted access to healthy nutritional options.
And for the one-fourth of county residents who are uninsured, theres very little access to affordable health care.
SEATTLE
79%
LOS ANGELES
33%
SAN DIEGO
65%
NEW YORK
91%
BOSTON
97%
PERCENTAGE OF CHILDREN WITHIN 1/4 MILE OF A PARK
SAN FRANCISCO
85%
DALLAS
42%
Trust for Public Land (2004). No Place to Play: A Comparative Analysis of Park Access in Seven Major Cities. San Diego, CA.
www. LA2050. org
NUMBER OF CHILDREN WITHOUT ACCESS TO A PARK
NEW YORK BOSTON LOS ANGELES DALLAS SAN DIEGO SEATTLE SAN FRANCISCO
2,900
16,700 18,600
102,300
178,500
182,800
657,700
All of this has conspired to create a region where 1 in 4 children are obese.
165
It has conspired to create a place where
chronic conditions like diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart disease are curtailing life. It has conspired to create a
region where low-income people of color are the most likely to get sick and the least likely to get care.
And still, there is hope. Adjusted for age and race, it is estimated that the overall obesity rate in Los Angeles County is
signicantly below the national average. Just over one fth of the residents are obese, versus one third of the national
population. Places where people are more afuent and better educated were shown to have a much lower incidence
of obesity, proving just how critical the link is between education, income, and health outcomes.
166
On the horizon, theres the full implementation of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. In 2014, nearly all
legal U.S. residents will be required to obtain health insurance.
167
Ostensibly, this will substantially lower the number
of uninsured people countywide. Rates of hypertension, obesity, and diabetes are higher for low-income people of
color.
168
Health, with its fundamental impact on the human experience, is one of the starkest examples of the disparities
between the haves and the have-nots in this region.
While income and education are inextricably woven to health outcomes, the physical environment also plays a role.
Although its improving, Los Angeles environmental landscape also demonstrates the disparity that has come to
characterize this region.
And with that, we move on to
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY.
www. LA2050. org
DASHBOARD RATING
Hinders human
development
Environmental Quality was also found to be a hindrance to human development in LA, earning an
orange rating. There is no doubt that the environmental quality has dramatically improved in recent
decades, and were on a trajectory that is promising. Still, Los Angeles water sources are imperiled,
park access is lacking for many of the regions residents, and the poorest air quality is concentrated
near low-income communities of color.
KEY FINDINGS:
Los Angeles devotes 7.9 percent (23,798 acres) of its total land area to parks and open space, which is on par with
the national median gure of 8.3 percent.
170
However, access to the citys park infrastructure lags behind much of the
nation.
171
Of seven major U.S. metropolitan areas that were evaluated, Los Angeles offered its children the worst access to
parks, leaving well over 600,000 children in the city and over 1.6 million in the county without any easy way to get to
a park facility.
172
Proximity to parkland in major U.S. metropolitan areas (percentage of children within one-quarter mile of a park
Boston: 97 percent (2,900 children without easy access to a park)
New York: 91 percent (178,500 children)
San Francisco: 85 percent (16,700 children)
Seattle: 79 percent (18,600 children)
San Diego: 65 percent (102,300 children)
Dallas: 42 percent (182,800 children)
Los Angeles County: 36 percent (1,694,400 children)
A 2002 study found that heavily Latino neighborhoods have only 0.6 park acres per 1,000 people; African American
communities have 1.7 park acres per 1,000 people; and largely Caucasian communities have 31.8 park acres per
1,000 residents.
173
Southern California contains some of the highest concentrations of industrial and commercial operations in the
country and has the poorest air quality in the U.S.
174
Diesel particulate matter (DPM) contributes to 84 percent
175
of the estimated cancer risk, but programs to reduce
DPM have had success. The ports of Long Beach and Los Angeles have reduced DPM by 80 percent in a ve-year
period.
176
Population-weighted cancer risk estimates from air toxics exposure are consistently about 50% higher for people of
color, as compared to Anglos, at every level of income.
177
Average water use from 2005 to 2010 was about the same as it was in 1981 despite the fact that over 1.1 million
additional people now live in Los Angeles.
178
On average, the city receives 52 percent of its water from the Metropolitan Water District, which sources its water
from the Colorado River and from the Bay Delta.
179
A major earthquake in or near the Delta could interrupt water supplies for up to three years posing a signicant and
unacceptable risk to the California business economy.
180
METRICS
169
(1) proximity to parks & access to open space, (2) air quality, and (3) water supply & quality.
Environmental Quality
FACT SHEET
www. LA2050. org
The environment where people
live, work, and play is a key
component of quality of life.
Environmental pollutants also have
a sizeable impact on health, with
around one fourth of the global
burden of diseases deemed to be
associated with poor environmental
conditions.
181
While the health
impacts associated with our
surroundings are not always readily
apparent, our environs elicit a
visceral response. People intrinsically
attach importance to the beauty
and the cleanliness of the place
where they live.
182
Although environmental conditions
in Los Angeles are not ideal, the
environmental quality of the city
and the region has been steadily
improving for decades. And there is
no sign that the trend will reverse.
Longtime residents of Los Angeles
(and air quality data) will tell you
that the smog that once dened
the image of the region is less
persistent. However, the area
continues to rank at the bottom of
the nation in terms of air quality.
183

The Los Angeles-Long Beach
metropolitan area was ranked as
the second smoggiest large metro
region in the nation, just behind
Riverside-San Bernardino. In 2010,
the Los Angeles-Long Beach area
reported 69 smog days, meaning
that Los Angeles had unhealthy air
on 1 out of every 5 days. The city
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
also recorded three red-alert days, where air quality was so poor that anyone
could experience adverse health effects. Furthermore, sensitive populations
-- children, the elderly, and people with respiratory illness -- could experience
worse effects.
184
Thats not good, but things are much better than they were.
In 1976, the entire Southern Coast Basin (including Los Angeles, Long Beach,
Riverside and San Bernardino) reported over 200 smog days. That number
shrunk to 163 by 1990, and was below 100 by 2001.
185

More recently, the ports of Long Beach and Los Angeles have implemented
regulations to curb emissions of diesel particulate matter, one of the
more toxic air pollutants. There has been an 80 percent reduction in
diesel particulate matter at the ports since the clean trucks program was
SMOGGIEST LARGE METROPOLITAN AREAS
NUMBER OF SMOG DAYS IN 2010
NUMBER OF
RED ALERT DAYS IN 2010
69
33
33
29
27
23
23
23
19
110 24
3
6
3
3
1
1
1
0
4
RIVERSIDE-SAN BERNARDINO
LOUISVILLE
ST. LOUIS
HOUSTON
PHILADELPHIA
WASHINGTON, D.C.
LOS ANGELES-LONG BEACH
BALTIMORE
SACRAMENTO
ATLANTA
Abrams, C. (2011). Danger in the Air: Unhealthy Air Days in 2010 and 2011. Boston, MA: Environment America.
www. LA2050. org
implemented in 2005.
186
The California Air Resources Board has approved a statewide regulation that should deliver
similar results across the state. The estimated effect will be a daily reduction of 13 tons of diesel particulate matter by
2014.
187
But incremental improvements should not take away from the urgency of the issue. In spite of the gains made
in environmental quality over the last half century, the negative impacts associated with poor air quality fall
disproportionately on low-income communities of color.
188
Compared to whites, African American and Latino residents are more than three times as likely to live close to
hazardous facilities. They are also more likely to live in the regions most polluted areas, including neighborhoods near
2,185
TONS
1,503
TONS
1,004
TONS
2,025
TONS
2006 2008 2009 2011 2007 2005
CLEAN TRUCKS REGULATIONS
Diesel particulate matter emissions by year
New regulations to curb emissions of diesel
particulate matter are already showing promise.
At the Los Angeles & Long Beach port complex,
diesel
emissions
have been
reduced
by 80%
since 2007.
1,565
TONS
313
TONS
the Los Angeles-Long
Beach Ports complex,
and neighborhoods in
South Los Angeles.
189

Middle- and high-
income African
Americans and
Latinos dont fare any
better. Their cancer
risk estimates for air
toxics exposures are
consistently about 50%
higher when compared
to Caucasians.
190
In terms of water,
the region is heavily
dependent on
increasingly volatile
sources of imported
water to meet its
needs. The city imports
nearly 90 percent of its
water.
191

Port of Los Angeles & Port of Long Beach (2010). 2010 Update: San Pedro Bay Ports Clean Air Action Plan. Los Angeles, CA.
Port of Los Angeles (2012). Port of Los Angeles Clean Truck Program Fact Sheet. Los Angeles, CA.
www. LA2050. org
WATER USE PER CAPITA
1979 2010
POPULATION
4 MILLION
WATER USE
550,000 ACRE FEET
122 GALLONS
POPULATION
2.8 MILLION
WATER USE
550,000 ACRE FEET
175 GALLONS
LOS ANGELES WATER USAGE IN 2010 WAS THE SAME AS 1979
despite an increase in population of over 1,000,000 residents.
One of the biggest sources for LA (and Southern California) is the Bay Delta in Northern California. This hub of
Californias water delivery system has had its output restricted due to environmental degradation.
192
A variety of
factors, including agricultural runoff and the use of water pumps that alter the waters natural ow, have severely
degraded the Bay Deltas natural ecosystem. A series of regulations have been implemented to restore the areas
natural habitats, but the restrictions have had the cumulative effect of reducing supplies by about 30 percent in an
average year.
193
On top of that, the Delta is ill-equipped to handle a major ood or earthquake in the near term. A major seismic event
or a large ood could introduce salt water into a freshwater system, making it unsuitable for agricultural or urban
uses. The Delta is protected by an antiquated system of levees built more than a century ago. These earthen barriers
that protect low-lying islands, farmland, three state highways, a railroad, and several utility lines are weak and widely
expected to fail in the event of an earthquake.
194
Without adequate preparation and mitigation measures, water
deliveries to Southern California can be disrupted for up to three years posing a signicant and unacceptable risk to
the California business economy.
195
That amounts to 21 million people facing a water shortage
196
that would cost the
state over $40 billion in economic losses, or twice the cost of the Northridge earthquake.
197

Given this reality, the region has made enormous strides in reducing the per capita consumption of water in Los
Angeles. Average water use from 2005 to 2010 is about the same as it was in 1981, despite the addition of over 1.1
million people to the local population. As a result, Los Angeles consistently ranks among the lowest in per person water
consumption rates when compared to Californias largest cities.
198
Indeed, the story of environmental quality in Los Angeles is one of tremendous progress. While there are still missed
opportunities, the regions environmental trajectory is promising.
And with that hopeful note,
we move onto another positive story:
PUBLIC SAFETY.
Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (2010). Urban Water Management Plan. Los Angeles, CA.
www. LA2050. org
DASHBOARD RATING
Enhances human
development
Public Safety was found to enhance human development in Los Angeles, earning a light green
designation. Crime rates are at historic lows throughout the county. Still, the experience of crime and
perceptions of safety still vary widely along racial and socioeconomic lines.
KEY FINDINGS:
Mirroring national trends, Los Angeles crime rate has steadily declined over the past two decades. As of 2010, there
were about 29 incidents per 1,000 residents, lower than the national average of 30.37 and higher than the average
for large cities with populations of over 500,000 (50.19).
200
Crime rates have reached historic lows, with the homicide rate in 2010 the lowest since 1966. The LA Times notes
that nearly every type of offense, including robberies, rapes, burglaries and thefts continue to decline in spite of
the economic downturn.
201
Crime rates per capita vary widely throughout the city. In Watts there are 310 violent crimes per 10,000 people; in
Bel-Air there are 2.
202
Neighborhoods with perceived social disorder and a lack of collective efcacy are more associated with crime-
related outcomes.
203
In Los Angeles, higher rates of ethnic diversity tends to be associated with increased perceptions of safety in both
neighborhoods
204
and schools.
205
Foreign-born residents and recent immigrants are less likely to commit and be victims of crime in Los Angeles (and
nationally).
206
U.S. born men are incarcerated at a rate over two-and-a-half times greater than that of foreign-born men.
207
California cities like Los Angeles that had a higher share of recent immigrants saw their crime rates fall further than
cities with a lower share.
208
The LAPD has nearly 10,000 police ofcers patrolling an area of 473 square miles and a population of just under
4 million inhabitants.
209
That translates to roughly 2.6 ofcers for every 1,000 residents, a number just on par with
the national average, but below other large cities such as New York (4.2), Chicago (4.4), and Philadelphia (4.3).
210
Los Angeles physical footprint is larger than Baltimore, Boston, Cleveland, Manhattan, Minneapolis, Pittsburgh, San
Francisco, and St. Louis combined. Yet, the city has fewer than half the police offers of all those cities combined.
211
Though Los Angeles is under-policed compared to cities such as New York and Chicago, 8 of the nations 15
biggest cities have fewer ofcers per capita.
212
METRICS
199
(1) per capita crime rates, and (2) perceptions of crime and safety.
Public Safety
FACT SHEET
www. LA2050. org
Safety and security is a core
element for the well-being of
individuals and society as a
whole.
213
Crime can lead to
loss of life and property; it has
detrimental physical and mental
health consequences; it can reduce
economic productivity; and, most
detrimentally, it creates a pervasive
feeling of vulnerability.
214
The reality and perception of safety
in Los Angeles is a remarkable bright
spot in the malaise of the current
recession.
Against all economic odds, and
contrary to the common perception
of the region, crime rates are the
lowest that theyve been in decades,
and theyre continuing to drop.
215

The region has mirrored the national
trend of steadily declining levels
of crime in recent decades. Violent
crime fell almost 10 percent during
the rst six months of 2010. That
year, the city reported fewer than
300 homicides, the fewest since
1966.
216

Still, the experience of crime and
safety in Los Angeles depends on
who you are and where you live.
217

Areas of concentrated poverty
with less ethnic diversity are more
likely to experience higher levels of
crime.
218
The citywide violent crime
rate is 56 incidents for every 10,000
residents. But in Watts that number
jumps to 310 incidents; in Exposition
Park the gure is 195 incidents.
PUBLIC SAFETY
Compare that to higher-income locations like Pico-Robertson, Bel-Air, and
Century City.
219
Each of them report fewer than 21 incidents of violent crime
per 10,000 capita, with Century City reporting fewer than 2 incidents for every
10,000 residents.
Given those statistics, it should come as no surprise that people in low-income
neighborhoods are more likely to perceive their environment as unsafe.
220

Areas with higher levels of violence have a greater share of high school
drop outs, individuals below poverty, households receiving welfare, and a
higher unemployment rate.
221
Los Angeles neighborhoods with the highest
35
70
105
140
175
210
245
280
315
350
MEDIAN INCOME
V
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$100,000 $125,000 $150,000 $200,000 $50,000 $75,000 $25,000
WATTS - 310 CRIMES ($25,161)
FLORENCE - 325 CRIMES ($29,447)
EXPOSITION PARK - 193 CRIMES ($33,999)
ATWATER VILLAGE -
18 CRIMES ($53,872)
WEST LOS ANGELES -
13 CRIMES ($86,403)
BEL-AIR -
2 CRIMES ($207,983)
PICO-ROBERTSON -
21 CRIMES ($63,356)
SOUTH PARK - 195 CRIMES ($29,518)
CRIME
BY NEIGHBORHOOD
While crime in Los Angeles
is at its lowest rate in
decades, there are still
large disparities in how
residents in different parts
of the county experience
crime. Areas of
concentrated poverty
tend to have higher rates
of violent crime.
VIOLENT
CRIMES
DECREASE
AS MEDIAN
INCOME
INCREASES
MORE CRIME
LESS CRIME
VIOLENT CRIMES VS MEDIAN INCOME
WATTS
FLORENCE
SOUTH PARK
EXPOSITION PARK
ATWATER VILLAGE
WEST LA
PICO-ROBERTSON
BEL-AIR
Los Angeles Times (2012). Mapping L.A.: Violent Crime. Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, CA.
www. LA2050. org
crime rates are predictably ethnically homogenous with high rates of poverty,
lending credence to the notion that community violence is correlated with
multiple measures of disadvantage.
222
Angelenos who feel that they can work with family, friends, and neighbors to
bring about positive, collective change are also more likely to report feeling
safer.
223
Surprisingly, it is the residents of ethnically diverse neighborhoods
who are more likely to feel that they can trust their neighbors.
224
Which brings us to our next contrarian factoid. Even though there is a
IMMIGRANTS IMPACT ON CRIME
CRIME RATE PER 10,000 PEOPLE BETWEEN 2000-2005 AND PERCENT FOREIGN BORN
-55
-35
-20
-3
-1
+1
+30
+40
L
O
S

A
N
G
E
L
E
S

7
%
E
L

M
O
N
T
E

8
%
N
O
R
W
A
L
K

1
0
%
R
I
V
E
R
S
I
D
E

6
%
T
H
O
U
S
A
N
D

O
A
K
S

4
%
B
A
K
E
R
S
F
I
E
L
D

3
%
S
A
C
R
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O

4
%
P
A
S
A
D
E
N
A

4
%
LOS ANGELES, WITH ITS RELATIVELY LARGE
SHARE OF IMMIGRANTS, HAS SEEN CRIME
RATES DROP FASTER THAN IN OTHER CITIES
WITH A SMALLER PROPORTION OF RECENT
IMMIGRANTS.
7% FOREIGN BORN IN THE U.S. LESS THAN 5 YEARS
VIOLENT CRIME RATE FELL
BY 55 PER 10,000 PEOPLE BETWEEN 2000 AND 2005
common misconception that
immigrant populations increase
crime, they are statistically unlikely
to perpetrate crime.
Compared to foreign-born men,
males born in the U.S. are more than
twice as likely to be incarcerated.
Los Angeles, with its large share of
immigrants, has seen crime rates
drop faster than in other cities with
a smaller proportion of foreign-born
people.
225
Furthermore, residing in
an immigrant household reduced
the instance of experiencing youth
violence. Studies have found that
youth from immigrant households
of Latin American origins have
signicantly reduced odds of more
serious forms of youth violence
relative to non-Latinos.
226
And
because this bears repeating,
ethnically diverse neighborhoods
encourage safety and reduce
criminal acts.
227
In the case of public
safety, racial diversity is one of
Los Angeles greatest assets. This
diversity also affects how we interact
and connect with each other.
It affects our
SOCIAL CONNECTEDNESS.
Butcher, K.F., Piehl, A.M. (2008). Crime, Corrections, and California. California Counts: Population Trends and Proles.
San Francisco, CA: Public Policy Institute of California.
www. LA2050. org
www. LA2050. org
Social Connectedness received an orange rating. The lower rates of trust, voting, and social
engagement in Los Angeles are not promising. In addition, levels of social connectedness are all
tied to educational attainment. Still, research shows that lower levels of social interaction and civic
engagement are typical in large, diverse regions like Los Angeles.
KEY FINDINGS:
Like other urban communities in the southwest that were surveyed Houston, Phoenix, San Diego, San Francisco,
and San Jose/Silicon Valley, Los Angeles tends to score lower than the national average across a wide range oI the
indices.
229
In ethnically diverse places like Los Angeles or Houston, college graduates are 4 or 5 times more likely to
be politically involved than their fellow residents who did not get past high school. In ethnically less diverse places
like Montana or New Hampshire, the class gaps in political participation are less than half that large.
230
Los Angeles metropolitan statistical area has a volunteerism rate of 21.5 percent, lower than San Franciscos 29.7
percent rate. In Los Angeles, 2.1 million adults volunteered, ranking the city 46th among the largest 51 metro
areas.
231
For age groups of 18 and over, voting in Los Angeles is dismal. The national average is 41.8 percent, while Los
Angeless rate is 36 percent.
232
San Francisco, by comparison, has a voting rate of 42.4 percent.
233

While fewer than 1 in 12 people with less than a high school education report voting in presidential elections, the
number jumps to 1 in 3 for high school graduates. The rate is 3 in 4 for college graduates. And it is 9 in 10 for those
with a graduate degree.
234
Los Angeles scores are comparable to the national average for diversity of friendships.
235
Thirty-six percent of Angelenos say that people can be trusted; 55 percent say you cant be too careful; and 9
percent say that it depends. This prole is a less trusting one than the national prole, in which 47 percent say
people can be trusted, 46 percent say you cant be too careful, and 7 percent say that it depends.
236
Fewer Angelenos expect to remain in their communities; 66 percent of Angelenos expect to be living in their current
community 5 years from now, compared to 76 percent nationally.
237
In Los Angeles 31 percent rate their community as an excellent place to live, 44 percent good, 21 percent fair
and 4 percent poor. Nationally, the numbers are 41 percent (excellent), 44 percent (good), 13 percent (fair), and 2
percent (poor).
238
Thirty-seven percent of Angelenos do not discuss politics at all, while almost 28 percent report discussing politics
frequently
239
; the numbers are on par with national averages of 36.6 percent and 26 percent, respectively.
240
Seven
percent reported contacting a public ofcial
241
(compared to about 10 percent nationally
242
).
Angelenos read the newspaper less often than the national average (2.8 days versus 3.3 days).
243
METRICS
228
(1) volunteerism, (2) voting, and (3) civic and social engagement.
DASHBOARD RATING
Hinders human
development
Social Connectedness
FACT SHEET
www. LA2050. org
37. 1%
MINNEAPOLIS-ST. PAUL
36.2%
PORTLAND
34.2%
SALT LAKE CITY
33.9%
SEATTLE
LOS ANGELES 21.5%
19.9 % RIVERSIDE
LAS VEGAS 19%
33.8%
ROCHESTER
21.4% RALEIGH
17.2 % NEW YORK
15.2% MIAMI
RATES OF VOLUNTEERISM IN LARGE AMERICAN CITIES
It is worth noting that cities with
large minority populations and cities
with the highest income inequality
(i.e., New York and Miami) are also at
the bottom of that list.
In terms of volunteerism,
Los Angeles ranks near the
bottom of large U.S. cities.
LESS VOLUNTEERISM
MORE VOLUNTEERISM
Social connectedness attempts to measure the frequency of our contact with others and quality of our personal
relationships. For this report, weve also included the element of civic and social engagement into this measure. The
fundamental nature of human social bonds makes it one of the crucial determinants of well-being.
244
But data on the
subject is nascent. Its a hard concept to capture, and its a difcult research question to quantify.
Los Angeles is socially disjointed and stratied.
245
The citys connectedness indicators are perhaps the most concrete
(and disheartening) manifestation of LAs inadequate education system.
For Angelenos, social interactions, civic engagement, and social capital are all heavily dependent on education.
Angelenos with higher levels of education are more engaged with their community, both civically and socially. In the
same vein, higher levels of income are associated with higher rates of giving and larger social networks.
246

National Conference on Citizenship (2011). Civic Life in America. Washington, D.C
www. LA2050. org
Compared to the nation, Angelenos are less likely to be involved in groups, less likely to engage in organizational
activism, less likely to vote, less likely to be engaged in faith-based organizations, less likely to socialize informally, and
less likely to be trusting.
247
Thats depressing, but it makes sense. Participating in any society relies on some basic level of interpersonal trust. And
trust is a byproduct of education. Social trust increases with education across the scale, with a big jump corresponding
to having completed a four-year college degree.
248

If youve nished high school, youre more likely to report trusting the local police; youre more likely to trust the clerks
where you shop; youre more likely to trust your coworkers; and youre more likely to trust your neighbors.
249
Youre
more likely to trust that the society that helped you get an education, earn an income, and that provides you with a
certain quality of life will be able to deliver more. If you were denied the benets associated with that social system,
youre less likely to be an active participant.
And thats why Los Angeles suffers when it comes to social connectedness. We have a city with too many people who
have been failed by civic and social institutions. Too many Angelenos feel that society does not operate with their
interests at heart. Too many Angelenos have been left behind.
+
VOTING RATES BY EDUCATION LEVEL
Small increases in education levels
signicantly increase voter participation rates.
HIGH SCHOOL
COLLEGE GRADUATE
GRADUATE DEGREE
1 IN 12 VOTE
1 IN 3 VOTE
3 IN 4 VOTE
9 IN 10 VOTE
LESS THAN HIGH SCHOOL
And, once again, there is hope.
Levels of trust increase as people
acclimate to a place. Los Angeles is
a city of newcomers, but living here
is apparently a positive enough
experience that, after 5 years,
residents voice trust in far greater
proportions than they do when they
are recent arrivals.
250
Furthermore,
small increases in education levels
yield signicant advantages. While
fewer than 1 in 12 people with less
than a high school education report
voting in presidential elections, the
number jumps to 1 in 3 for high
school grads. Its 3 in 4 for college
grads. And it is 9 in 10 for those with
a graduate degree.
251

In spite of the disjointed nature of
social connection in Los Angeles,
there are communities and social
networks that are thriving. One that
bucks the trend is the regions arts
community.
Which opens our discussion of
ARTS AND
CULTURAL VITALITY.
California Community Foundation (n.d.). Social Capital Community Benchmark Survey: Data Highlights
from the Los Angeles Sample. Los Angeles, CA.
www. LA2050. org

www. LA2050. org
Arts and Cultural Vitality was Iound to signiIcantly enhance the quality oI liIe in Los Angeles,
earning our highest rating. The arts and cultural scene in Los Angeles is thriving, providing
residents with ample opportunities to participate in a variety of formal and informal activities. The
creative industries in the region are attracting a steady pool of artists and creative professionals.
Furthermore, the region is home to a variety of institutions that are training the next generation of
arts professionals.
KEY FINDINGS:
There are 11,235 arts establishments in the county, translating to 0.88 per 1,000 residents (compared to 0.46 per
1,000 in New York and a national average of 0.64 per 1,000 capita).
253
Los Angeles and Orange Counties are home to 66 institutions that offer degree programs in the creative industries,
providing a pipeline to attract, train, and retain creative professionals.
254
The City of Los Angeles has ve National Association of Schools of Art and Design accredited schools: (1) American
Film Institute; (2) California State University, Los Angeles; (3) Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising, Los
Angeles; (4) Loyola Marymount University; and (5) Otis College of Art and Design.
255
Los Angeles has the highest concentration of working artists and arts professionals in the U.S. With over 57,000
residents employed in arts occupations, it employs about 14 percent of the nations arts professionals and is the top
net attractor of young artists.
256

As a share of the metro area workforce, arts careers make up 1.01 percent of the areas total employment, trailing
the national average of 1.52 percent.
257
There are 9.54 artist jobs per 1,000 people in Los Angeles. Thats higher than the national average of 5.95 jobs
per 1,000 people, and higher than many other major metropolitan areas, including New York (7.24), San Francisco
(7.2), Washington, D.C. (5.02), and Chicago (3.15).
258
The citys high cost of living, high unemployment rates, and setbacks in the entertainment industry place its artist
super-city status at risk.
259
LAUSD has led the way in creating a standards-based arts program that has served as the model for the countywide
Arts for All program that has been adopted by school districts throughout Los Angeles County.
260
LAUSD lacks a comprehensive arts program in middle schools, with fewer than 10 percent of middle schools
receiving instruction in the four arts areas (dance, music, theatre, visual, and media arts).
261
Los Angeles Unieds arts program has been particularly hard hit [by recent budget cuts]. In 2008, there were
335 full-time elementary arts teachers. [In 2011], after state and federal funding dried up, there were about 250,
according to district ofcials.
262
Los Angeles public arts expenditures ($9.62 million) are below the national average, and well below the levels seen
in other major metropolitan areas including New York, Washington, D.C., and San Francisco.
263
At $75.87 per capita, foundation and nonprot expenditures in support of the arts is above the national
average($63.31), but it lags behind cultural hubs like Washington, D.C. ($654.19), San Francisco ($202.88), and New
York ($259.45).
264
METRICS
252
(1) presence of opportunities for cultural participation, (2) participation in cultural and artistic activities, and (3) support for
cultural participation.
DASHBOARD RATING
Signicantly enhances
human development
Arts and Cultural Vitality
FACT SHEET
www. LA2050. org
ARTS AND CULTURAL VITALITY
Arts and Cultural vitality relates to
the vibrancy and strength of the
regions cultural, creative, and artistic
institutions. Public participation in
both formal (e.g., museums) and less
formal (e.g., community festivals)
arts and cultural events has direct
economic impacts
265
and has direct
impacts on the iconic nature of a
place.
266
Metropolitan Los Angeles is, in most
respects, the national leader in arts
and culture.
The city succeeds in attracting,
training and retaining a steady corps
of artists and creative professionals
in spite of the conspicuous lack
of a comprehensive arts-nurturing
policy.
267

The city of Los Angeles is home to
the largest concentration of working
artists in the nation and is the top
net attractor of young artists.
268
And
by that, we mean that for every artist
that moves out of LA, more than 2
move in.
The county boasts over 11,000 arts
establishments
269,
which makes it
possible for the area to support
more performing artists than New York.
270
The LA metro area boasts 88 arts establishments for every 100,000 residents.
Thats almost twice as many as New York (46 establishments per 100,000 residents) and well above the national gure
(64 establishments per 100,000 residents).
271
In terms of employment, LA has over 570,000 residents employed in arts occupations. The city has over 9 artists jobs for
every 1,000 residents. That outpaces the national average of 6 jobs per 1,000 capita and surpassing cultural hubs like
New York (7 jobs/1,000 capita), San Francisco (7 jobs/1,000 capita), Washington, D.C. (5 jobs/1,000 capita), and Chicago
(3 jobs/1,000 capita).
272
ARTS ESTABLISHMENTS PER 100,000 PEOPLE
LOS ANGELES 88
UNITED STATES 64
NEW YORK 46
SAN FRANCISCO 40
CHICAGO 33
WASHINGTON, DC 29
LOS ANGELES
HAS MORE
ART ESTABLISHMENTS
PER CAPITA
THAN ANY OTHER
METROPOLITAN AREA
IN THE
UNITED STATES.
Urban Institute (2010). Arts and Culture Indicators Project Data: 2006-2008. Washington, D.C.
www. LA2050. org
Local colleges and universities are
well-prepared to train the artists
that ock to the region. Los Angeles
and Orange Counties are home
to nine independent visual and
performing arts colleges, 28 colleges
and universities, and 29 community
colleges that offer degree programs
in the creative industries.
273

In spite of all this, funding for the
arts in Los Angeles is not on par
with other large cultural centers. The
region fails to match its peers when
it comes to expenditures on the arts.
Although were above the national
average, Los Angeles lags behind
comparable metropolitan areas in
per capita expenditures on arts and
culture. On this front, Washington,
D.C., New York, and San Francisco all
heartily beat our annual investment
of $125 per person.
274
Experts also note that Los Angeles
status as an arts hub is threatened
by the citys high cost of living, high
unemployment rates, and setbacks
in the entertainment industry.
275

Furthermore, there is no coherent
arts-retaining policy at either the city
or county level.
276
These demerits
make it even more astonishing that
the arts and cultural scene in Los
Angeles is thriving. Given the relative
lack of institutional and structural
investment, this truly bright area
of the Los Angeles experience
should have already ceded to the
competition but it hasnt.
Some of the resiliency of the Los
Angeles arts and culture community
comes from its variety. The largest
employment areas in the creative
industries involve diverse sectors,
including entertainment, fashion,
visual and performing arts, and
furniture and home furnishings.
277

ART EXPENDITURES PER CAPITA
LOS ANGELES LAGS BEHIND
comparable metropolitan
areas in per capita
expenditures on arts and
culture.
On this front, Washington, D.C.,
New York, and San Francisco
all heartily beat our annual
investment of $125 per person.
$654.20
$242.45
$125.68
$100.79
WASHINGTON, D.C.
NEW YORK
SAN FRANCISCO
LOS ANGELES
UNITED STATES
CHICAGO
$259.45
$96.66
Furthermore, the arts have proven to be a major force for self-efcacy and
entrepreneurship. Los Angeles Countys creative industries had over 100,000
independent rms in 2008. The largest sector included independent artists,
writers and performers.
278
Among that group, there are nearly two self-
employed artists in the visual & performing arts for every employee on payroll.
The ratio is nearly one-to-one for communications arts (e.g. graphic design);
and for every 5 payroll employees in art galleries, there are 6 independent
workers.
279

The dynamic LA arts scene continues to expand and evolve in unexpected
and astonishing ways. But to continue to outpace its competitors, Los Angeles
must keep the in-migration pipeline owing. It must recruit, train, and retain
the next generation of creative artists.
Weve come to the end of our indicators and we hope weve painted a
sufciently detailed portrait of this vast and diverse metropolitan region.
Weve explained who we are, and weve extracted the high points of how we
live. But one question remains.
Urban Institute (2010). Arts and Culture Indicators Project Data: 2006-2008. Washington, D.C.
www. LA2050. org
Which brings us to
WHY THIS MATTERS.
The condition of Los Angeles today matters because who we are and how we live now sets us on a
course for who we will be and how we will live tomorrow. Our current condition is putting us on a
trajectory towards a future that may not look like anyones idea of a successful place. While we have
revealed some surprising bright spots (lower crime rates, improved environmental conditions, stellar
cultural vitality), other indicators like education, income, and housing paint a picture of growing
disparity that bode ill for the regions overall sense of well-being.
Now that we have a picture of how we live today, lets draw upon demographic projections to imagine
how we might live tomorrow, if we continue on our current trajectory. If we dont like where we are
headed, this being Los Angeles, we can rewrite the script and imagine a better destination. We can
draw on the extraordinary collective spirit of creativity and ambition of the region to envision this
brighter LA of 2050.
And once we know where we want to go, we can work backwards to create a plan to increase our
chances of arrival at the LA2050 of our aspirations, instead of drifting into the LA2050 of our fears.
But to know where were going,
we need to know
WHO WE WILL BE.
Earlier, we noted that Los Angeles population is growing older, with a populace that is increasingly
made up of native Californians. That trend is likely to continue in coming decades. By 2050, the county
population will reach an estimated 12.5 million residents.
280
The demographic shifts that characterized
the last half of the 20th Century will not be as dramatic. The growth in the Latino residents and the
decline in the white populace arent as pronounced. Asians and Pacic Islanders and African American
populations are projected to remain relatively stable.
www. LA2050. org
Racial and Ethnic Make-Up
Latinos will constitute the majority of
Angelenos by 2020. By 2050 this demographic
group will comprise almost 57 percent of the
county population, an increase of 9 percent
from its current gure. Whites will remain
the second largest ethnic group, but the
proportion of Caucasians will shrink to just
under 19 percent, representing a 10 percent
drop from current gures. The third largest
racial/ethnic group will be Asians and Pacic
Islanders. With a slight 3 percent rise in this
groups proportion of the county population,
this racial/ethnic category will comprise
about 17 percent of the population. African
Americans will continue to diminish as a share
of the populace, comprising about 7 percent
of county residents, down 2 percent from
current levels.
281
Our Origins
In coming decades the foreign-born
population is projected to decline slightly, due
to the sharp decrease in immigration. Peaking
at 36.3 percent in 2000, the proportion of
foreign-born Angelenos is expected to drop
slightly to 32.6 percent in 2050, down nearly
three percent from current levels. California
natives will make up the majority (56 percent)
of the population in 2050, climbing seven
percent from current levels.
282
Myers, D. (2011). The Future Demographic Outlook of Los Angeles. Population Dynamics
Research Group, Price School of Public Policy, University of Southern California. Los Angeles, CA.
1980
2010
19 WOULD BE WHITE
57 WOULD BE LATINO
7 WOULD BE AFRICAN AMERICAN
17 WOULD BE ASIAN
2050
IF LOS ANGELES WERE A VILLAGE OF 100 PEOPLE
www. LA2050. org
Aging Population
Los Angeles will see a rapidly aging population in coming decades, mirroring the national trend. A simple way of
demonstrating this shift is by looking at the senior ratio, an index that divides the number of people who are ages 65
and older by the total who are ages 25 to 64.
283
In the county, the state, and the nation, the number of seniors per
100 residents of prime working age was virtually constant for the last four decades.
284
As the baby boom generation
(born 1946 to 1964) began to pass the age of 65 in the late 2000s, the senior ratio began to rise dramatically.
CALIFORNIA NATIVES
U.S. MIGRANTS
FOREIGN BORN
86%
5%
9%
CALIFORNIA NATIVES
U.S. MIGRANTS
FOREIGN BORN
49%
12%
39%
CALIFORNIA NATIVES
U.S. MIGRANTS
FOREIGN BORN
28%
19%
52%
CALIFORNIA NATIVES
U.S. MIGRANTS
FOREIGN BORN
20%
36%
45%
PERCENTAGE OF LOS ANGELES COUNTY POPULATION BY AGE AND BIRTHPLACE
2010
0-19 20-39 40-59 60+
CALIFORNIA NATIVES
U.S. MIGRANTS
FOREIGN BORN
85%
5%
10%
CALIFORNIA NATIVES
U.S. MIGRANTS
FOREIGN BORN
61%
12%
27%
CALIFORNIA NATIVES
U.S. MIGRANTS
FOREIGN BORN
41%
13%
46%
CALIFORNIA NATIVES
U.S. MIGRANTS
FOREIGN BORN
25%
20%
54%
2030
0-19 20-39 40-59 60+
Myers, D. (2011). The Future Demographic Outlook of Los Angeles. Population Dynamics Research Group, Price School of Public Policy,
University of Southern California. Los Angeles, CA.
www. LA2050. org
In Los Angeles County there were about 20 seniors for every 100 working age adults in 2010. The state gure was about
21 seniors per 100 working age adults, and the national gure sat at about 25 seniors. By 2050, there will be 40 seniors
for every 100 working adults in LA County. Figures for California (41 seniors) and the U.S. (42) will rise dramatically as
well.
285

This will have serious implications as we plot our course moving forward. As demographers note, Los Angeles is facing a
growing loss of our productive population.
286
Health care professionals warn that our current system is inadequately
prepared in geriatrics, and our health care work-force is not large enough to meet older patients needs. By 2030,
the U.S. will need an additional 3.5 million formal health care providers a 35 percent increase from current levels
just to maintain the current ratio of providers to the total population.
287
As the states Health and Human Services Agency notes, Californias sheer size, diversity, and large older adult
population make it a barometer of how the nation will grapple with the challenges and opportunities of population
aging.
288
Los Angeles, the states largest and most diverse metropolitan region, may well serve as a barometer for
California.
The Angelenos of 2050 will, for the most part, be native-Californians. They will be diverse, and they will be older. We
are already beginning to see these changes manifest themselves, as evidenced in the countys most recent demographic
prole. Its imperative that we understand that the decisions and actions we take today will shape the outcomes for the
12.5 million county residents of the future.
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
RATIO OF SENIORS (65+) PER 100 WORKING AGE (25-64)
FROM 1970-2050
2010 1970 2050
US
CALIFORNIA
LA COUNTY
Myers, D. (2011). The Future Demographic Outlook of Los Angeles. Population Dynamics Research Group, Price School of Public Policy, University of
Southern California. Los Angeles, CA.
www. LA2050. org
Now that we have an understanding of who we will be,
we can now begin to contemplate
WHERE WERE GOING
IF WE CHOOSE TO MAINTAIN THE STATUS QUO.
Based on our analysis of our current conditions and the trajectory of each of the eight indicators that weve examined,
weve created a dashboard that projects where LA will be in 2050 if we continue along the same path. We consulted
with the LA2050 Academic Advisory committee to gather their input about the future of Los Angeles, and their
contributions are reected in the dashboard. We used the same rating system that we devised to examine the eight
indicators in 2013:

As we noted earlier, these projections are not meant to imply any numeric calculation or weighted score. Its our best
guess, informed by the most recent body of research, and in consultation with academics and experts in the eld. It is
an uninching glimpse of our future based on our assessment of how we live today. With that, we present our prediction
of how the Los Angeles of 2050 will fare along the eight indicators analyzed in this report if we stay on our current path:
EDUCATION in 2050 will signicantly hinder human development, if we stay on our current course. While the
largest school district in the county (LAUSD) is making incremental improvements in test scores and graduation rates,
these accomplishments arent enough to drastically shift the prospects of the K-12 cohort in 2050. The onslaught of
state budget cuts aimed at local school districts and the public higher education system does not bode well for the
regions education landscape in 2050. If the state continues to divest in early childhood education, and if local school
districts continue to provide inadequate college preparatory coursework, then the learners of 2050 will be no better
situated to compete in an economy that increasingly depends on a highly-educated workforce.
289

INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT in 2050 also receives our lowest ranking. Based, in part, on the regions poor
education system and on the regions lack of a coherent economic development strategy aimed at creating good-paying
jobs in growth sectors, we dont foresee the income and employment situation getting much better. Income and wealth
in the region is being concentrated in fewer and fewer hands. Its a trend thats been unfolding nationwide for decades;
at the moment, there isnt any clear policy at the federal, state, or local levels to reverse that trend. Furthermore, the
areas demographic make-up (with a large share of the population being Latino and African American) implies that the
region will persistently suffer from elevated rates of unemployment. Based on these factors, the Los Angeles of 2050 will
continue to be a region of haves and have-nots.
SIGNIFICANTLY HINDERS HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
HINDERS HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
ENHANCES HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
SIGNIFICANTLY ENHANCES HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
www. LA2050. org
HOUSING in 2050 is also predicted to signicantly hinder human development. This analysis is based on the
substantial affordability gap that still confronts the region. Without a drastic increase in average household incomes and
without signicant growth in the number of housing units that are affordable to low- and middle-income earners, Los
Angeles in 2050 will remain a place where housing isnt available to young wager-earners, families, seniors and much of
the middle class.
HEALTH in 2050 is predicted to remain a hindrance to human development, earning an orange rating. Better
environmental quality and the prospect of universal health care hold the promise of lifting the health landscape for
all Angelenos. Still, the region lacks a cohesive strategy to address the disparities in health outcomes along racial and
socioeconomic lines. While we do think that Angelenos of the future will have better access to healthcare and will
generally be healthier, we still anticipate that health outcomes for the areas large low- and middle-income communities
of color to be worse than average. Moreover, our inadequate preparation to meet geriatric healthcare needs could
prove signicant in a region where the senior ratio is expected to double by 2050.
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY in 2050 moves from hindering human development to enhancing human
development. Los Angeles air quality is steadily improving. Plans, policies, and initiatives in the works are having
demonstrably positive effects, and track record of past decades is encouraging. The state has identied the Bay-Delta
as a serious issue, and mitigation plans are currently underway as ofcials devise a permanent solution. Local water
agencies are increasing their share of local water sources that are more sustainable and secure. The environment of
2050 will almost certainly be better than it is today if we continue down our current path.
PUBLIC SAFETY in 2050 is also anticipated to enhance human development. Given the correlation between a
youthful population and the incidence of crime
290
, a Los Angeles comprised of many more older residents in 2050 will
likely see crime rates drop further. The experience of crime and perceptions of safety throughout the region are still
anticipated to vary widely based on geographic and socioeconomic factors.
SOCIAL CONNECTEDNESS in 2050 is anticipated to hinder human development. Positive factors include
a more rooted population. Los Angeles in 2050 will be home to more native-Californians than in any other period in
recent history. As weve noted, living in a place for an extended period of time increases social connections within
communities. Weighing heavily against any improvement in this metric, however, is the dismal education system.
Education levels are highly correlated with levels of social connectedness, and we dont foresee a dramatically different
education landscape for Los Angeles if we continue on our current course. Additionally, it is increasingly difcult for
young adults in the region to nd a well-paying job, locate affordable housing, and raise a family, threatening the
rootedness that fosters increased social connections.
ARTS AND CULTURAL VITALITY in 2050 is expected to go from signicantly enhancing human
development (green) to enhancing human development (light green). The primary reason for this projection is the
fact that Los Angeles lacks a coherent arts-nurturing policy at the local or regional level. Likewise, if public support for
the arts continues to diminish as it has in recent decades, the region may cede some of its arts and cultural dominance
to other locales. Still, arts and cultural communities have thrived in LA in spite of challenges in the past, and we expect
that Los Angeles will remain an attractive place for artists and arts professionals in the future.
With that, weve concluded the rst part of the LA2050 narrative. Weve explained who we are, how we live today, and
where were going tomorrow if the status quo isnt challenged. This installment in the series was intended to inform, but
it is also the starting point for a new dialogue. If you dont like our projections for the LA of the future, then its up to all
of us to chart a different (more hopeful) course.
www. LA2050. org
INDICATOR
EDUCATION
HOUSING
HEALTH
ENVlRONMENTAL OUALlTY
PUBLIC SAFETY
ARTS AND CULTURAL VlTALlTY
LA2050 DASHBOARD
2013 2050
Signicantly hinders human development
Hinders human development
Enhances human development
Signicantly enhances human development
www. LA2050. org
In a place where dreams are the most valuable
currency and where innovation is rampant,
the future of Los Angeles is a script in need of
serious revision. We invite you to explore a vision
of a more successful Los Angeles one that
empowers our denizens and takes full advantage
of the vast potential that this region holds.
AFTER ALL, THE STORY OF LOS ANGELES
IS THE STORY OF HOPE.
www. LA2050. org
LA2050 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
LA2050 would like to thank the experts, academics, practitioners, and supporters that contributed their time
and expertise to help steer this important effort. Wed like to thank everyone who was a part of this effort,
but would like to acknowledge the LA2050 Academic Advisory Committee members, Interviewees, and
Contributors listed below.
ACADEMlC ADVlSORS
Adlai Wertman
Professor of Clinical Management and Organization
Founding Director of the Society and Business Lab at University of Southern California
Daniel Flaming
President, Economic Roundtable
Dr. Caprice Young
Vice President for EducationLaura and John Arnold Foundation
Dr. Dowell Myers
Professor, University of Southern California
Director, Population Dynamics Research Group
Dr. Edward Blakely
Honorary Professor of Urban Policy at the United States Studies Centre at theUniversity of Sydney
Dr. Janis Breidenbach
Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Southern California
Dr. Manuel Pastor
Professor of Sociology and American Studies and Ethnicityat University of Southern California
Dr. Maria Rosario Jackson
Consultant, instructor, and writer in the elds of urban planning, community development and arts and culture
Dr. Marlon Boarnet
Director, Graduate Programs in Urban Planning
Dr. Martin Wachs
Distinguished Professor Emeritus in Urban Planning at the University of California, Los Angeles Luskin School of Public
Affairs
Dr. Matthew Kahn
Professor, Institute of the Environment, Department of Public Policy, Department of Economics at the University of
California, Los Angeles Luskin School of Public Affairs
Dr. Richard Green
Director and Chair of the USC Lusk Center for Real Estate the Sol Price School of Public Policy at University of Southern
California
Dr. Stephanie Pincetl
Adjunct Professor, University of California, Los Angeles
Director of the California Center for Sustainable Communities at University of California, Los Angeles
lNTERVlEW SUBJECTS

Adlai Wertman
Professor of Clinical Management and Organization
Founding Director of the Society and Business Lab at University of Southern California
Brian Stetcher
Associate Director, RAND Education
Senior Social Scientist
Professor, Pardee RAND Graduate School
Catherine Atkins
Executive Director Preschool California
Daniel Flaming
Economic Roundtable
Dr. Caprice Young
Vice President for EducationLaura and John Arnold Foundation
www. LA2050. org
lNTERVlEW SUBJECTS continued
Dr. David Sloan
Professor and Director at the Sol Price School of Public Policy at University of Southern California
Dr. Dowell Myers
Director, Population Dynamics Research Group at the Sol Price School of Public Policy at University of Southern
California

Dr. Edward Blakely
Honorary Professor of Urban Policy at the United States Studies Centre at theUniversity of Sydney
Dr. Fernando Torres-Gil
Professor of Social Welfare
Professor of Public Policy
Director of the Center for Policy Research on Aging at University of California, Los Angeles
Dr. Janis Breidenbach
Adjunct Professor at the Sol Price School of Public Policy at University of Southern California
Dr. Manuel Pastor
Professor of Sociology and American Studies and Ethnicityat University of Southern California
Dr. Maria Rosario Jackson
University of Southern California
Dr. Marlon Boarnet
Professor
Director of Graduate Programs in Urban Planning at the Sol Price School of Public Policy at University of Southern
California
Dr. Martin Wachs
Distinguished Professor Emeritus in Urban Planning at the UCLA Luskin School of Public Affairs
Mary Leslie
Executive Director, Los Angeles Business Council
Dr. Matthew Kahn
Professor, Institute of the Environment, Department of Public Policy, Department of Economic at University of California,
Los Angeles Luskin School of Public Affairs
Dr. Richard Green
ProfessorDirector and Chair of the USC Lusk Center for Real Estate the Sol Price School of Public Policy at University of
Southern California
Dr. Richard Jackson
Professor and Chair of Environmental Health Sciences and Professor of the Institute of the Environment & Sustainability
and Urban Planning at University of California, Los Angeles
Dr. Stephanie Pincetl
Director of the California Center for Sustainable Communities at University of California, Los Angeles
John Blank
Deputy Chief Economistfor the Los Angeles County Economic Development Corp
Karen Constine
Public Affairs & Arts/Cultural Management Consulting
CONTRIBUTORS
Aaron Paley
President and Co-Founder, CARS
Adlai Wertman
Professor and Founding Director of Society and Business Lab at University of Southern California Marshall School of
Business
Allison Graff-Weisner
Executive Director of City Year Los Angeles
Amita Swadhin
Los Angeles Executive Director, Peer Health Exchange
Andy Lipkis
Executive Director, TreePeople
Bea Stotzer
Board President, NEW Economics for Women
www. LA2050. org
Bettina Korek
Founder and Executive Director, ForYourArt
Carl Cade
Real Estate Developer & Investor
Education Entrepreneur
Danny Corwin
CFO, California Charter Schools Association
David Conforti
Director of Special Projects at Annenberg Foundation
David Flaks
COO, Los Angeles County Economic Development Corporation
David Levinson
Founder and Executive Director, Big Sunday
Jennifer Ferro
General Manager, KCRW
Jennifer Perry
Executive Director, Childrens Action Network
Jill Bauman
President and CEO, ImagineLA
Joel Sappell
Deputy for Special Projects for L.A. County Supervisor Zev Yaroslavsky
Justin Veach
Associate Director of Cultural Programs at Library Foundation of Los Angeles
Ka Blumeneld
President and CEO of Liberty Hill Foundation
Karen Mack
CEO and Founder, LA Commons
Laurie Ochoa
Arts and Entertainment Editor at The Los Angeles Times
Lee Condon
Owner of Pacesetter Productions, former LAUSD Chief of Staff
Marcia Aaron
Executive Director, KIPP LA
Mark Gold
Associate Director and Adjunct Professor, University of California, Los Angeles Institute of the Environment and
Sustainability
Mia Lehrer
President Mia Lehrer + Associates
Michael Kelly
Former Executive Director, the Los Angeles Coalition
Michelle Rhone-Collins
Executive Director, LIFT-LA
Neil Fromer
Executive Director
Resnick Institute at California Institute of Technology
Nike Irvin
Vice President of Programs, California Community Foundation
Omar Brownson
Executive Director, Los Angeles River Revitalization Corporation
Rafael Gonzalez
Former Chief Service Ofcer & Director of Neighborhood & Community Services, Ofce of Mayor Antonio R. Villaraigosa
Ruben Gonzalez
Board Member, US-Mexico Border Philanthropy Partnership
www. LA2050. org
END NOTES
1
Graham, C. (2011). The Pursuit of Happiness: An Economy of Well-Being. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.
2
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2011). Compendium of OECD Well-Being Indicators. Paris,
France. Retrieved from: <http://www.oecd.org/document/28/0,3746,en_2649_201185_47916764_1_1_1_1,00.html>
3
Graham, C. (2011). The Pursuit of Happiness: An Economy of Well-Being. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.
4
United Way. (2008). Quality of Life in Los Angeles: 2008 State of the County Report Update. Los Angeles, CA. Retrieved
from: <http://unitedwayla.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/qualityoife_Apr2008.pdf>
5
Burd-Sharps, S., Lewis, K. (2011). A Portrait of California: California Human Development Report 2011. American Human
Development Project.
6
Hanlon, P., Walsh, D., Whyte, B. (2006). Let Glasgow Flourish: A Comprehensive Report on Health and its Determinants in
Glasgow and West Central Scotland. Glasgow Centre for Population Health. Glasgow, Scotland. Retrieved from: <http://
www.understandingglasgow.com/assets/0000/4811/LetGlasgowFlourish_full.pdf>
7
Jackson, M.R., Kabwasa-Green, F., Herranz, J. (2006). Cultural Vitality in Communities: Interpretation and Indicators.
Washington, D.C.: The Urban Institute. Retrieved from: <http://www.urban.org/publications/311392.html>: 13.
8
Myers, D. (2011). The Future Demographic Outlook of Los Angeles. Population Dynamics Research Group, Price School of
Public Policy, University of Southern California. Los Angeles, CA: 2.
9
Los Angeles County Economic Development Corporation. (2008). Los Angeles County Prole. Los Angeles, CA. Retrieved
from: <http://www.laedc.org/reports/LA%20County%20Prole.pdf>: 1
10
Los Angeles County Economic Development Corporation. (2008). Los Angeles County Prole. Los Angeles, CA. Retrieved
from: <http://www.laedc.org/reports/LA%20County%20Prole.pdf>: 1
11
Los Angeles County Economic Development Corporation. (2011). Manufacturing: Still a Force in Southern California. Los
Angeles, CA. Retrieved from: <http://www.laedc.org/reports/Manufacturing_2011.pdf>: 1
12
Public Policy, University of Southern California. Los Angeles, CA: 1
13
U.S. Census Bureau (2010). American Community Survey Select Social Statistics. Retrieved from:
<http://factnder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_S1601&prodType=table>
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Public Policy Institute of California. (2005). Los Angeles County: Just the Facts. San Francisco, CA. Retrieved from: <http://
www.ppic.org/content/pubs/jtf/JTF_LACountyJTF.pdf>
15
Public Policy, University of Southern California. Los Angeles, CA.
16
17
Public Policy, University of Southern California. Los Angeles, CA: 2-3.
18
Holland, G., Quinones, S. (2011). California Demographic Shift: More People Leaving Than Moving In. Los Angeles Times.
Retrieved from: <http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-california-move-20111127,0,5338351.story>
19
www. LA2050. org
20
County of Los Angeles. (2009). Annual Report 2009-2010. Los Angeles, CA. Retrieved from: <http://le.lacounty.gov/lac/
cms1_146766.pdf>: 12.
21
22
23
24
25
26
Shrestha, L.B., Heisler, E.J. (2011). The Changing Demographic Prole of the United States. Congressional Research
Service. Washington, D.C. Retrieved from: <http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL32701.pdf>
27
28
Matsunaga, M. (2008). Concentrated Poverty in Los Angeles. Economic Roundtable. Los Angeles, CA. Retrieved from:
<http://www.lachamber.com/clientuploads/LUCH_committee/052610_ConcentratedPoverty.pdf>: 4
29
Economic Roundtable. (2011). Unemployment and Under-Employment: Los Angeles County, California and the United
States -- September 2011. Los Angeles, CA. Retrieved from: <http://www.economicrt.org/pub/Unemployment_Tracking/
Unemployment%20&%20Under-employment%20Aug%202011.pdf>: 6
30
Blume, H. (2011). L.A. Unied OKs Doomsday Budget. Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, CA. Retrieved from: <http://
articles.latimes.com/2011/feb/16/local/la-me-0216-lausd-budget-20110216>
31
The Education Trust-West. (2005). Preparing LAUSD High School Students for the 21st Century Economy: We Have the
Way, But do We Have the Will? Oakland, CA. Retrieved from: <http://www.cgu.edu/PDFFiles/Preparing%20LAUSD%20
High%20School%20Students%20for%20the%2021st%20Century%20Economy%20-%20We%20Have%20The%20Way,%20
But%20Do%20We%20Have%20The%20Will%202005.pdf>
32
Wolch, J., Wilson, J.P. & Fehrenbach, J. (2002). Parks and Park Funding in Los Angeles: An Equity Mapping Analysis. Los
Angeles, CA: University of Southern California. Retrieved from: <http://biodiversity.ca.gov/Meetings/archive/ej/USC.pdf>
33
The Los Angeles Food Policy Task Force (2010). The Good Food for All Agenda: Creating a New Regional Food System
for Los Angeles. Los Angeles, CA: Retrieved from: <http://goodfoodlosangeles.les.wordpress.com/2010/07/good-food-
full_report_single_072010.pdf>: 9
34
South Coast Air Quality Management District (2008). Multiple Air Toxics Exposure Study (MATES) III Final Report. Diamond
Bar, CA. Retrieved from: <http://www.aqmd.gov/prdas/matesIII/MATESIIIFinalReportSept2008.html>: ES-4
35
U.S. Census Bureau (2010). American Community Survey, 2010 Summary Tables. Retrieved from: <http://factnder2.
census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B19081&prodType=table>
36
Economic Roundtable. (2011). Unemployment and Under-Employment: Los Angeles County, California and the United
States -- September 2011. Los Angeles, CA. Retrieved from: <http://www.economicrt.org/pub/Unemployment_Tracking/
Unemployment%20&%20Under-employment%20Aug%202011.pdf>: 6
www. LA2050. org
37
Trust for Public Land (2004). No Place to Play: A Comparative Analysis of Park Access in Seven Major Cities. San Diego,
CA. Retrieved from: <http://www.880cities.org/Articles/Trust%20for%20Public%20Land%20No%20Place%20To%20Play.
pdf>
38
for Los Angeles. Los Angeles, CA: Retrieved from: <http://goodfoodlosangeles.les.wordpress.com/2010/07/good-food-
full_report_single_072010.pdf>: 9
39
County of Los Angeles Department of Health Services. (2003). Obesity on the Rise. Department of Public Health. Los
Angeles, CA. Retrieved from: <http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/ha/reports/habriefs/lahealth073003_obes.pdf>: 2
40
California Budget Project. (2008). Locked Out 2008: A Prole of Califonia Counties. Sacramento, CA. Retrieved from:
<http://www.cbp.org/pdfs/2008/080213_CountyProles.pdf>: 16
41
U.S. Census Bureau (2010). American Community Survey Select Economic Statistics. Retrieved from: <http://factnder2.
census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_DP03&prodType=table>
42
But%20Do%20We%20Have%20The%20Will%202005.pdf>: 3
43
The metrics and sub-metrics for Education are listed below:
For test scores, the research focused on the following: (1) academic Performance Index (API) of schools and students from K
to 12
For high school completion and dropout rates, the research focused on the following: (1) high school completion and
dropout rates for students entering high school in 2006 and (2) high school completion/dropout rates for minority and low
income students
For college-going rates, the research focused on the following: (1) students entering college from public schools and (2)
students prepared to enter college
For preschool enrollment, the research focused on the following: (1) enrollment of preschool age children and (2) levels of
state and local funding of preschool programs
For afterschool and summer school enrichment program participation, the research focused on the following: (1)
enrollment of students in afterschool and summer school programs and (2) spending on afterschool and summer school
programs
44
California Department of Education. (2009). California Private School Kindergarten through Grade 12 Enrollment and Staff
Report 2008-2009. Sacramento: California Department of Education. Retrieved from: <www.cde.ca.gov/ds/si/ps/documents/
prvtschlsca0809.doc>: 13
45
Los Angeles Unied School District. (2011). Fingertip Facts 2010-2011. LAUSD. Retrieved from: <http://notebook.lausd.
net/pls/ptl/docs/PAGE/CA_LAUSD/LAUSDNET/OFFICES/COMMUNICATIONS/11-12FINGERTIPFACT_SCNOV.8.PDF>
46
Los Angeles Unied School District. (2011). Fingertip Facts 2010-2011. LAUSD. Retrieved from: <http://notebook.lausd.
net/pls/ptl/docs/PAGE/CA_LAUSD/LAUSDNET/OFFICES/COMMUNICATIONS/11-12FINGERTIPFACT_SCNOV.8.PDF>
47
Los Angeles Unied School District. (2011). School Report Card 10-11. LAUSD. Retrieved from: <http://
getreportcard.lausd.net/reportcards/getpdf?language=ENG&grade_level=HIGHSCHOOL&school_name=&school_
code=&location=LAUSD&school_year=2011&district=&partner=&prop=TCIBCfwDEq8ZVcVy%2B845cpt9NdNIwJRFLFVlTtU
SwE08kvgrEG2z2xuN%2FAlpeQIdjPnhsq6V%2BXrF%0D%0Aq28UDVx4Gb9XSkg5tA7%2FebzJg39zN6ZvhSajTi15D2whz8ola
C0vu99xVoRVqvOL4Ejxu1FAAQf2%0D%0A1KGwnCG3IXi%2Bg2SgXljplK6ADZb0U49D%2BnH5AJe4>: 4-5.
48
C0vu99xVoRVqvOL4Ejxu1FAAQf2%0D%0A1KGwnCG3IXi%2Bg2SgXljplK6ADZb0U49D%2BnH5AJe4>: 4
49
California Department of Education. (2010). DataQuest:Create Report. Retrieved from: <http://dq.cde.ca.gov/dataquest/
Acnt2011/2011GrowthDstApi.aspx?cYear=&allcds=1964733&cChoice=2011GDst2>
www. LA2050. org
50
The Education Trust-West. (2005). California District Report Cards: Los Angeles Unied School District -- 2010 API Scores.
Oakland, CA. Retrieved from: <http://reportcards.edtrustwest.org/district-data?county=Los+Angeles&district=Los+Angeles
+Unied&report_year=2010>
51
California Department of Education. (n.d.). Educational Demographics Ofce, Cohort Outcome Data for the Class of 2009-
10, District Results for Los Angeles Unied. Retrieved August 24, 2011, from: <http://dq.cde.ca.gov/dataquest/CohortRates/
GradRates.aspx?Agg=D&Topic=Dropouts&TheYear=2009-10&cds=19647330000000&RC=District&SubGroup=Ethnic/
Racial>
52
Editorial Projects in Education (2011). Education Week Maps. School District Graduation Report. Bethesda, MD. Retrieved
from: <http://www.edweek.org/apps/gmap/details.html?year=2011&zoom=10&type=2&id=622
53
54
55
Afterschool Alliance. (2010). America After 3 PM: Los Angeles After 3PM. Washington, D.C. Retrieved from: <http://www.
afterschoolalliance.org/documents/AA3PM_Los_Angeles_10202010.pdf>: 1
56
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2011). Compendium of OECD Well-Being Indicators. Paris,
France. Retrieved from: <http://www.oecd.org/document/28/0,3746,en_2649_201185_47916764_1_1_1_1,00.html >: 24
57
58
Santa Monica, CA. Retrieved from: <http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB9164z1.html>: 1
59
Santa Monica, CA. Retrieved from: <http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB9164z1.html>: 1
60
Rivera, C. (2011). Californias Preschool Spending Holds Steady in 2009-10, Report Says. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved
from: <http://articles.latimes.com/2011/apr/26/local/la-me-preschool-20110426>
61
First 5 California Commisssion (n.d.). First Five California - About Us. Retrieved from: <http://www.ccfc.ca.gov/
commission/about_us.asp>
62
Rivera, C. (2011). Californias Preschool Spending Holds Steady in 2009-10, Report Says. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved
from: <http://articles.latimes.com/2011/apr/26/local/la-me-preschool-20110426>
63
Brown, E.G., Jr. (2012). Governors Budget Summary 2012-13. Department of Finance, Sacramento, CA. Retrieved from:
<http://www.ebudget.ca.gov/pdf/BudgetSummary/FullBudgetSummary.pdf>: 132
64
Yamamura, K. (2012). Jerry Browns Budget Proposes Killing Transitional Kindergarten Funds. The Sacramento Bee.
Retrieved from: <http://www.sacbee.com/2012/01/07/4169051/jerry-browns-budget-proposes-killing.html>
65
66
67
California Health Interview Survey (2009). Attends Preschool, Nursery School, or Head Start at Least 10 Hrs/Wk. Retrieved
from: <http://www.chis.ucla.edu/main/DQ3/output.asp?_rn=0.327099>
www. LA2050. org
68
Education Data Partnership (2011). District Prole: Fiscal Year 2009-10. Retrieved from: <http://www.ed-data.k12.ca.us/
App_Resx/EdDataClassic/fsTwoPanel.aspx?#!bottom=/_layouts/EdDataClassic/prole.asp?fyr=1011&county=19&district=64
733&Level=06&reportNumber=16>
69
10, District Results for Los Angeles Unied. Retrieved from: <http://dq.cde.ca.gov/dataquest/CohortRates/GradRates.aspx?
Agg=D&Topic=Dropouts&TheYear=2009-10&cds=19647330000000&RC=District&SubGroup=Ethnic/Racia>
70
C0vu99xVoRVqvOL4Ejxu1FAAQf2%0D%0A1KGwnCG3IXi%2Bg2SgXljplK6ADZb0U49D%2BnH5AJe4>: 2
71
2011, District Results for Los Angeles Unied. Retrieved from: <http://dq.cde.ca.gov/dataquest/CohortRates/GradRates.asp
x?Agg=D&Topic=Dropouts&TheYear=2010-11&cds=19647330000000&RC=District&SubGroup=Ethnic/Racia>
72
73
Brown, E.G., Jr. (2012). Governors Budget Detail 2012-13: Education. Department of Finance, Sacramento, CA. Retrieved
from: <http://www.ebudget.ca.gov/pdf/GovernorsBudget/6000/6110.pdf>: EDU-24
74
75
76
Brown, E.G., Jr. (2012). Governors Budget Summary 2012-13. Sacramento, CA. Retrieved from: <http://www.ebudget.
ca.gov/pdf/BudgetSummary/FullBudgetSummary.pdf>: 131
77
Abdollah, T. (2012). Education Ofcials Scramble to Assess Jerry Browns Budget Plan. 89.3 KPPC. Southern California
Public Radio. Los Angeles, CA. Retrieved from: <http://www.scpr.org/news/2012/01/05/30679/gov-brown-budget-cuts-
education-funds-billion-UC/>
78
Abdollah, T. (2012). Education Ofcials Scramble to Assess Jerry Browns Budget Plan. 89.3 KPPC. Southern California
Public Radio. Los Angeles, CA. Retrieved from: <http://www.scpr.org/news/2012/01/05/30679/gov-brown-budget-cuts-
education-funds-billion-UC/>
79
Baldassare, M., Bonner, D., Petek, S., Shrestha, J. (2011). Californians & Their Government. Public Policy Institute of
California. Sacramento, CA. Retrieved from: <http://www.ppic.org/content/pubs/survey/S_1211MBS.pdf>: 6
80
Los Angeles Unied School Distrct. (2011). News Release: LAUSD Continues Double-Digit Gains on the 2011 API
Results. Retrieved from: <http://notebook.lausd.net/pls/ptl/docs/PAGE/CA_LAUSD/FLDR_LAUSD_NEWS/FLDR_
ANNOUNCEMENTS_STUDENT_RESOURCES/API2011_0.PDF>
81
Los Angeles Unied School Distrct. (2011). News Release: LAUSD Continues Double-Digit Gains on the 2011 API
Results. Retrieved from: <http://notebook.lausd.net/pls/ptl/docs/PAGE/CA_LAUSD/FLDR_LAUSD_NEWS/FLDR_
ANNOUNCEMENTS_STUDENT_RESOURCES/API2011_0.PDF>
82
The Education Trust-West. (2005). California District Report Cards: Los Angeles Unied School District -- 2011 API Scores.
Oakland, CA. Retrieved from: <http://reportcards.edtrustwest.org/district-data?county=Los+Angeles&district=Los+Angeles
+Unied&report_year=2011>
83
But%20Do%20We%20Have%20The%20Will%202005.pdf>
www. LA2050. org
84
85
The metrics and sub-metrics for Income and Employment are listed below:
For employment and unemployment, the research focused on the following: (1) rates of employment and unemployment in
the U.S., California, and L.A. County
For household income, the research focused on the following: (1) median household income for Los Angeles County
For poverty, the research focused on the following: (1) federal & state poverty rates
For family supportive wages, the research focused on the following: (1) minimum salary and wage needed to sustain a
family in Los Angeles
86
Bureau of Labor Statistics (2012). The Employment Situation -- December 2012. U.S. Department of Labor, Washington,
D.C. Retrieved from: <http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/empsit.pdf>: 6
87
Bureau of Labor Statistics (2012). Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey. U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, D.C.
Retrieved from: <http://www.bls.gov/jlt/#news>
88
Bureau of Labor Statistics (2012). The Employment Situation -- December 2012. U.S. Department of Labor, Washington,
D.C. Retrieved from: <http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/empsit.pdf>: 1
89
State of California. (2012). Californias Labor Market at a Glance. Employment Development Department. Sacramento,
CA. Retrieved from: <http://www.labormarketinfo.edd.ca.gov/?PAGEID=4>
90
State of California. (2012). Los Angeles County Prole. Employment Development Department. Sacramento, CA.
Retrieved from: <http://www.labormarketinfo.edd.ca.gov/cgi/databrowsing/localAreaProleQSResults.asp?selectedarea=Lo
s+Angeles+County&selectedindex=19&menuChoice=localAreaPro&state=true&geogArea=0604000037>
91
Economic Roundtable. (2012). Getting to Work Unemployment and Economic Recovery in Los Angeles. Los Angeles, CA.
Retrieved from: http://www.economicrt.org/pub/Getting_to_Work/Getting_to_Work_2012.pdf
92
93
U.S. Census Bureau (2011). American Community Survery Median Income California. Retrieved: <http://factnder2.
census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_11_1YR_S1903
94
Fannie Mae. (2012). Results of Area Median Income. Retrieved from: <https://www.efanniemae.com/sf/refmaterials/
hudmedinc/hudincomeresults.jsp?STATE=CA
95
Los Angeles Times (2011). Mapping L.A.: Median Income. Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, CA. Retrieved from: < http://
projects.latimes.com/mapping-la/neighborhoods/income/median/neighborhood/list/>
96
Matsunga, M., & Flaming, D. (2009). Benchmark for Family Sustaining Wage in Los Angeles. Los Angeles, CA: Economic
Roundtable: 1
97
Zavis, A., Bloomenkatz, A., Poindexter, S. (2011). L.A. County Poverty Rate Jumps for Third Straight Year to 17.5%. Los
Angeles Times. Los Angeles, CA. Retrieved from: <http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2011/09/los-anegles-county-
poverty-rate.html>
98
California Budget Project. (2011). New Data Show That More Than 6 Million Californians -- Over One-Third of Them
Children -- Lived in Poverty in 2010. Sacramento, CA. Retrieved from: <http://www.cbp.org/pdfs/2011/110913_Income_
Poverty_Health.pdf>: 1
99
California Budget Project. (2011). New Data Show That More Than 6 Million Californians -- Over One-Third of Them
Children -- Lived in Poverty in 2010. Sacramento, CA. Retrieved from: <http://www.cbp.org/pdfs/2011/110913_Income_
Poverty_Health.pdf>: 1
www. LA2050. org
100
Insight Center for Community Economic Development. (2011). The Self-Sufciency Standard for Los Angeles County,
2011. Retrieved from: http://www.insightcced.org/uploads/cfes/2011/Los%20Angeles.pdf
101
102
103
104
105
106
Semuels, A. (2011). California to Suffer Housing Shift, UCLA Forecasters Say. Los Angeles Times: Los Angeles, CA.
Retrieved from: <http://articles.latimes.com/2011/jun/15/business/la--econ-forecast-20110615>
107
State of California. (2012). Los Angeles County Prole. Employment Development Department. Sacramento, CA.
Retrieved from: <http://www.labormarketinfo.edd.ca.gov/cgi/databrowsing/localAreaProleQSResults.asp?selectedarea=Lo
s+Angeles+County&selectedindex=19&menuChoice=localAreaPro&state=true&geogArea=0604000037>
108
census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_11_1YR_S2301&prodType=table>
109
110
census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B19081&prodType=table>
111
112
Mercer (2011). Cost-of-Living Report Survey Highlights. London: Author. Retrieved from: <http://www.mercer.com/
referencecontent.htm?idContent=1416130>
113
The metrics and sub-metrics for Income and Employment are listed below:
For vacancy rates, research focused on the following: (1) city and countywide vacancy rates, compared to other large
metropolitan areas
For median rent, research focused on the following: (1) City of Los Angeles median rents compared to other large
metropolitan areas
For median sales price, research focused on the following: (1) quarterly median sales price reports for the L.A. metropolitan
statistical area
For housing affordability, research focused on the following: (1) number of households with housing costs exceeding 30
percent of income
114
U.S. Census Bureau. (2011). American Community Survey Select Housing Statistics. Retrieved from: <http://factnder2.
census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/searchresults.xhtml?refresh=t>
115
116
117
www. LA2050. org
118
National Association of Realtors. (2012). Median Sales Price of Existing Single-Family Homes for Metropolitan Areas.
Retrieved from: <http://www.car.org/newsstand/newsreleases/2012releases/julysales>
119
Bespoke Investment Group (2012). Updated Case-Shiller Home Price Indices. Seeking Alpha. Retrieved from: <http://
seekingalpha.com/article/890691-housing-market-check-up>
120
121
122
Wardrip, K. (2012). An Annual Look at the Housing Affordability Challenges of Americas Working Households.
Housing Landscape 2012. Center for Housing Policy, Washington, D.C. Retrieved from: <http://www.nhc.org/media/les/
Landscape2012.pdf>: 11
123
124
California Association of Realtors (2012). C.A.R. Releases Q2 Housing Affordability Index. Retrieved from: <http://www.
car.org/newsstand/newsreleases/2012newsreleases/Q2ai/>
125
126
Wolch, J., Blasi, G. (2008). L.A.s Homeless: A Progress Report. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from: <http://articles.
latimes.com/2008/jun/22/opinion/op-dear22>
127
Los Angeles Homeless Services Authority (2011). 2011 Greater Los Angeles Homeless Count Report. Retrieved from:
<http://www.lahsa.org/docs/2011-Homeless-Count/HC11-Detailed-Geography-Report-FINAL.PDF>: 11
128
129
Block, M., Carter, S., & Mclean, A. (n.d.). Mapping America. New York Times. Retrieved from: <http://projects.nytimes.
com/census/2010/explorer>
130
U.S. Department of Housing and Human Development (2011). Affordable Housing. Washington, D.C. Retrieved from:
<http://www.hud.gov/ofces/cpd/affordablehousing/>
131
California Budget Project (2008). Locked Out 2008: A Prole of California Counties. Sacramento, CA: 16
132
133
Green, R. (2011). Personal interview.
134
U.S. Census Bureau (2010). American Community Survey Select Housing Statistics. Retrieved from: <http://factnder2.
135
136
137
The metrics and sub-metrics for Health are listed below:
For rates of chronic disease, research focused on the following: (1) diabetes, (2) obesity, and (3) high blood pressure
For access to healthcare, research focused on the following: (1) insurance rates, (2) prevalence of facilities (hospital beds per
1,000 people), (3) maternal health (including pre-natal care and infant mortality rates)
For mortality and morbidity, research focused on the following: (1) life expectancy and (2) causes of death
www. LA2050. org
138
Porter, K.S. et al. (2011). Health of Adults in Los Angeles County: Findings From the National Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey, 1999-2004. National Health Statistics Report, 42: Retrieved from: <www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/
nhsr042.pdf>
139
County of Los Angeles Department of Health Services. (2003). Obesity on the Rise. Department of Public Health. Los
Angeles, CA. Retrieved from: <http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/ha/reports/habriefs/lahealth073003_obes.pdf>: 2
140
Examination Survey, 1999-2004. National Health Statistics Report, 42: Retrieved from: <www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/
nhsr042.pdf>
141
Cousineau, M. R. (2009). Health and Health Care Access in Los Angeles County. University of California, Keck School of
Medicine. Los Angeles, CA. Retrieved from: <http://www.patbrowninstitute.org/documents/HPOCReport8-20-09.pdf>: 6-7
142
U.S. Census Bureau (2010). American Community Survey Selected Economic Characteristics. Retrieved from: <http://
factnder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_DP03&prodType=table>
143
Cousineau, M. R. (2009). Health and Health Care Access in Los Angeles County. University of California, Keck School of
Medicine. Los Angeles, CA. Retrieved from: <http://www.patbrowninstitute.org/documents/HPOCReport8-20-09.pdf>: 7
144
Los Angeles County Department of Public Health. (2010). Cause of Death and Premature Death: Trends for 1998-2007.
Retrieved from: <http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/dca/data/documents/2007MortalityReport.pdf>: 1
145
146
147
Bjornstrom, E. (2011). To Live and Die in L.A. County: Neighborhood Economic and Social Context and Premature Age-
Specic Mortality Rates Among Latinos. Health & Place 17: 236
148
149
150
Los Angeles County Department of Public Health. (2010). Life Expectancy in Los Angeles County: How Long Dow We
Live and Why? A Cities and Communities Health Report. Retrieved from: <http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/epi/docs/Life%20
Expectancy%20Final_web.pdf>: 2
151
Los Angeles County Department of Public Health. (2010). Life Expectancy in Los Angeles County: How Long Dow We
Live and Why? A Cities and Communities Health Report. Retrieved from: <http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/epi/docs/Life%20
Expectancy%20Final_web.pdf>: 5
152
153
154
155
U.S. Census Bureau (2010). American Community Survey Select Economic Statistics. Retrieved from: <http://factnder2.
census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_DP03&prodType=table>
156
Los Angeles Collaborative for Environmental Health and Justice (2010). Hidden Hazards: A Call to Action for Healthy,
Livable Communities. Los Angeles, CA: Liberty Hill Foundation. Retrieved from: <http://www.libertyhill.org/document.
doc?id=202>: 7
www. LA2050. org
157
South Coast Air Quality Management District (2008). Multiple Air Toxics Exposure Study (MATES) III Final Report. Diamond
Bar, CA. Retrieved from: <http://www.aqmd.gov/prdas/matesIII/MATESIIIFinalReportSept2008.html>: ES-4
158
Angeles, CA: University of Southern California. Retrieved from: <http://biodiversity.ca.gov/Meetings/archive/ej/USC.pdf >
159
Retrieved from: <http://www.8-80cities.org/Articles/Trust%20for%20Public%20Land%20No%20Place%20To%20Play.pdf >
160
Angeles, CA: University of Southern California. Retrieved from: <http://biodiversity.ca.gov/Meetings/archive/ej/USC.pdf >
161
for Los Angeles. Los Angeles, CA: Retrieved from: <http://goodfoodlosangeles.les.wordpress.com/2010/07/good-food-full_
report_single_072010.pdf>
162
report_single_072010.pdf>: 9
163
164
165
Los Angeles County Department of Public Health (2008). Childhood Obesity: Tipping the Balance Toward Healthy, Active
Children. Los Angeles, CA. Retrieved from: <http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/ha/docs/LA_HEALTH_BREIFS_2008/Childhood_
Obesity_nal.pdf>
166
Examination Survey, 1999-2004. National Health Statistics Report, 42: Retrieved from: <www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr042.
pdf>
167
Elmendorf, D.W. (2011). CBOs Analysis of the Major Health Care Legislation Enacted in March 2010: Statement of Douglas
W. Elmendorf, Director. Congressional Budget Ofce, Washington, D.C. Retrieved from: < http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/121xx/
doc12119/03-30-HealthCareLegislation.pdf>: 16-18
168
Examination Survey, 1999-2004. National Health Statistics Report, 42: Retrieved from: <www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr042.
pdf>
169
The metrics and sub-metrics for Environmental Quality are listed below:
For proximity to parks and open space, research focused on the following: (1) proportion of city land dedicated to parks and
open space, acres of park space per 1,000 residents, and (3) acres of park space per 1,000 residents, by race
For air quality, research focused on the following: (1) particle pollution rates, (2) estimated cancer risk associated with
exposure to air toxics, and (3) estimated cancer risk associated with exposure to air toxics, by race
For water quality, research focused on the following: (1) drinking and irrigation water sources, (2) historic water usage
(measured in acre feet), (3) historic water demand (acre feet), (4) water conservation (acre feet), (5) amounts of pollutants and
contaminants in drinking water, and (6) concentrations of fecal bacteria in the surf zone
170
Trust for Public Land (2010). 2010 City Park Facts. San Diego, CA. Retrieved from: <http://www.tpl.org/publications/books-
reports/ccpe-publications/city-park-facts-report-2010.html>
171
Retrieved from: <http://www.8-80cities.org/Articles/Trust%20for%20Public%20Land%20No%20Place%20To%20Play.pdf>: 3
172
Retrieved from: <http://www.8-80cities.org/Articles/Trust%20for%20Public%20Land%20No%20Place%20To%20Play.pdf>
www. LA2050. org
173
Wolch, J., Wilson, J.P. & Fehrenbach, J. (2002). Parks and Park Funding in Los Angeles: An Equity Mapping Analysis.
Los Angeles, CA: University of Southern California. Retrieved from: <www.usc.edu/dept/geography/ESPE/documents/
publications_parks.pdf>
174
South Coast Air Quality Management District (2008). Multiple air toxics exposure study (MATES) III nal report. Diamond
Bar, CA: Author. Retrieved from: <http://www.aqmd.gov/prdas/matesIII/MATESIIIFinalReportSept2008.html>: 1-1
175
176
Port of Los Angeles (2012). Port of Los Angeles Clean Truck Program. Los Angeles, CA. Retrieved from: <http://www.
portoosangeles.org/ctp/CTP_Fact_Sheet.pdf >: 1
177
doc?id=202>: 8
178
Los Angeles Department of Water & Power (2010). Urban Water Management Plan. Los Angeles, CA. Retrieved from:
<http://www.ladwp.com/ladwp/cms/ladwp014334.pdf>: 8
179
<http://www.ladwp.com/ladwp/cms/ladwp014334.pdf>: 35
180
Metropolitan Water District of Southern California (2010). Integrated Water Resources Plan: 2010 Update -- Technical
Appendix. Los Angeles, CA. Retrieved from: <http://www.mwdh2o.com/mwdh2o/pages/yourwater/irp/IRP_Appendix.pdf>:
A.14-2
181
182
183
184
Abrams, C. (2011). Danger in the Air: Unhealthy Air Days in 2010 and 2011. Sacramento, CA: Environment California
Research & Policy Center. Retrieved from: <http://media2.wcpo.com/pdfs/DangerInTheAirReport_OHE_WEB.pdf>: 9
185
South Coast Air Quality Management District (2011). Historic Ozone Air Quality Trends. Diamond Bar, CA. Retrieved
from: <http://www.aqmd.gov/smog/o3trend.html>
186
Port of Los Angeles (2012). Port of Los Angeles Clean Truck Program. Los Angeles, CA. Retrieved from: <http://www.
portoosangeles.org/ctp/CTP_Fact_Sheet.pdf >: 1
187
California Air Resources Board (2011). Truck and Bus Regulation Reducing Emissions from Existing Diesel Vehicles.
Sacramento, CA: California Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved from: <http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/onrdiesel/
documents/fsoverview.pdf>: 2
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doc?id=202>: 7
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doc?id=202>: 7
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doc?id=202>: 8
www. LA2050. org
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<http://www.ladwp.com/ladwp/cms/ladwp014334.pdf>
192
Metropolitan Water District of Southern California (2010). The Regional Urban Water Management Plan. Los Angeles, CA.
Retrieved from: <http://www.mwdh2o.com/mwdh2o/pages/yourwater/irp/IRP2010Report.pdf>: 4-1
193
Metropolitan Water District of Southern California (2010). Integrated Water Resources Plan: 2010 Update. Los Angeles,
CA. Retrieved from: <http://www.mwdh2o.com/mwdh2o/pages/yourwater/irp/IRP2010Report.pdf>: 1-11-12
194
Freeman, G. (2008). Securing Reliable Water Supplies for Southern California. Los Angeles, CA: Los Angeles
County Economic Development Corporation. Retrieved from: <http://www.laedc.org/sclc/documents/Water_
SecuringReliableWaterSupplies.pdf>: 14
195
Metropolitan Water District of Southern California (2010). Integrated Water Resources Plan: 2010 Update -- Technical
Appendix. Los Angeles, CA. Retrieved from: <http://www.mwdh2o.com/mwdh2o/pages/yourwater/irp/IRP_Appendix.pdf>:
A.14-2
196
Freeman, G. (2008). Securing Reliable Water Supplies for Southern California. Los Angeles, CA: Los Angeles
County Economic Development Corporation. Retrieved from: <http://www.laedc.org/sclc/documents/Water_
SecuringReliableWaterSupplies.pdf>: 15
197
Schwartz, M. (2006). Experts Fear Impacts of Quake on Delta. Stanford Report. Stanford, CA. Retrieved from: <http://
news.stanford.edu/news/2006/may17/delta-051706.html>
198
<http://www.ladwp.com/ladwp/cms/ladwp014334.pdf>
199
The metrics and sub-metrics for Public Safety are listed below:
For crime rates, research focused on the following: (1) number of violent crimes per 1,000 capita, (2) number of non-violent
crimes per 1,000 capita, and (3) police ofcers per 1,000 capita
For perception, research focused on the following: (1) neighborhood perceptions of crime, (2) effects of immigration on
crime, and (3) perception of crime based on socioeconomic status
200
U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation (2010). Crime in the United States. Washington, D.C.
Retrieved from: <http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2010/crime-in-the-u.s.-2010/tables/10tbl08.xls/view>
201
Barboza, T. (2011). Serious Crimes Continue Historic Drop, LAPD says. Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, CA. Retrieved
from: <http://articles.latimes.com/2011/jul/13/local/la-me-0713-crime-stats-20110713>
202
Los Angeles Times (2011). Mapping L.A.: Violent Crime. Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, CA. Retrieved from: <http://
projects.latimes.com/mapping-la/neighborhoods/violent-crime/neighborhood/list/>
203
MacDonald, J. et al. (2009). Neighborhood Effects on Crime and Youth Violence. Los Angeles, CA: RAND Corporation.
Retrieved from: <www.labidconsortium.org/pdf/RAND_TR622.pdf>
204
Jones, M., Pebley, A.R. & Sastry, N. (2010). Eyes on the Block: Measuring Urban Physical Disorder Through In-Person
Observation. Los Angeles, CA: California Center for Population Research, UCLA. Retrieved from: <http://papers.ccpr.ucla.
edu/download.php?paper=PWP-CCPR-2010-049>: 3
205
Juvonen, J., Nishina, A., Graham, S. (2006). Ethnic Diversity and Perceptions of Safety in Urban Middle Schools.
Psychological Science, 17(5).
206
Butcher, K.F. & Piehl, A.M. (2008). Crime, Corrections, and California. California Counts: Population Trends and Proles.
San Francisco, CA: Public Policy Institute of California. Retrieved from: <http://www.ppic.org/main/publication.asp?i=776>
207
Butcher, K.F., Piehl, A.M. (2008). Crime, Corrections, and California. California Counts: Population Trends and Proles. San
Francisco, CA: Public Policy Institute of California. Retrieved from: <http://www.ppic.org/main/publication.asp?i=776>: 2
208
Butcher, K.F., Piehl, A.M. (2008). Crime, Corrections, and California. California Counts: Population Trends and Proles. San
Francisco, CA: Public Policy Institute of California. Retrieved from: <http://www.ppic.org/main/publication.asp?i=776>: 2
www. LA2050. org
209
Los Angeles Police Department (2012). COMPSTAT Citywide Prole. Los Angeles, CA. Retrieved from: <www.lapdonline.
org/assets/pdf/cityprof.pdf>
210
211
Los Angeles Police Department (2004). LAPD Plan of Action: Book II. Los Angeles, CA. Retrieved from: <www.lapdonline.
org/inside_the_lapd/pdf_view/6257>
212
Hymon, S. (2007). Would More Police Mean Even Less Crime? Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from: <http://articles.latimes.
com/2007/jul/23/local/me-localgovtqa23>
213
214
215
216
Barboza, T. (2011). Serious Crimes Continue Historic Drop, LAPD Says. Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, CA. Retrieved
from: <http://articles.latimes.com/2011/jul/13/local/la-me-0713-crime-stats-20110713>
217
218
MacDonald, J. et al. (2009). Neighborhood Effects on Crime and Youth Violence. Los Angeles, CA: RAND Corporation.
Retrieved from: <www.labidconsortium.org/pdf/RAND_TR622.pdf>
219
220
Will, J.A. & McGrath, J.H. (1995). Crime, Neighborhood Perception, and the Underclass: The Relationship Between Fear
of Crime and Class Position. Journal of Criminal Justice, 23 (2): 164
221
Aizer, A. (2008). Neighborhood Violence and Urban Youth. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Retrieved from: <http:www.nber.org/papers/w13773>: 15
222
Aizer, A. (2008). Neighborhood Violence and Urban Youth. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Retrieved from: <http:www.nber.org/papers/w13773>: 15
223
edu/download.php?paper=PWP-CCPR-2010-049>
224
225
Butcher, K.F. & Piehl, A.M. (2008). Crime, Corrections, and California. California Counts: Population Trends and Proles.
San Francisco, CA: Public Policy Institute of California. Retrieved from: <http://www.ppic.org/main/publication.asp?i=776>
226
MacDonald, J. et al. (2009). Neighborhood effects on crime and youth violence. Los Angeles, CA: RAND Corporation.
Retrieved from: <www.labidconsortium.org/pdf/RAND_TR622.pdf>: 69
227
www. LA2050. org
228
The metrics and sub-metrics for Social Connectedness are listed below:
For volunteerism and giving, the research focused on: (1) rates of volunteerism and (2) rates of charitable giving to religious
and non-religious organizations or causes
For voting, the research focused on: (1) voting rates for presidential elections and (2) voting rates by educational attainment
For civic and social engagement, research focused on: (1) political engagement (discussing politics, reading newspapers,
contacting a representative), (2) diversity of friendships and number of reported social interactions, (3) levels of social trust,
and (4) levels of community satisfaction
229
The Saguaro Seminar: Civic Engagement in America (2001). The Social Capital Community Benchmark Survey Executive
Summary. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University. Retrieved from: <http://www.cfsv.org/communitysurvey/docs/exec_summ.
pdf> : 7
230
pdf> : 7
231
National Conference on Citizenship (2011). Civic Life in America: Los Angeles, CA. Washington, D.C. Retrieved from:
<http://civic.serve.gov/CA/Los-Angeles>
232
233
<http://civic.serve.gov/CA/San-Francisco>
234
California Community Foundation (n.d.). Social Capital Community Benchmark Survey: Data Highlights from the Los
Angeles Sample. Los Angeles, CA. Retrieved from: <http://www.cfsv.org/communitysurvey/docs/cala_sh.pdf>: 6
235
236
237
238
239
240
National Conference on Citizenship (2011). Civic Life in America: Los Angeles, CA. Washington, D.C. Retrieved from: <
http://civic.serve.gov/national>
241
242
National Conference on Citizenship (2011). Civic Life in America: Los Angeles, CA. Washington, D.C. Retrieved from: <
http://civic.serve.gov/national>
243
244
245
pdf> : 7
www. LA2050. org
246
Brown, E. & Ferris, J.M. (2003). Philanthropy and Social Capital in Los Angeles. The Center on Philanthropy & Public
Policy: Research and Analysis to Advance Public Problem Solving, 3 (2). Los Angeles, CA: University of Southern California.
Retrieved from: <http://cppp.usc.edu/doc/Social_Capital_highlight.pdf>
247
Brown, E. & Ferris, J.M. (2003). Philanthropy and Social Capital in Los Angeles. The Center on Philanthropy & Public
Policy: Research and Analysis to Advance Public Problem Solving, 3 (2). Los Angeles, CA: University of Southern California.
Retrieved from: <http://cppp.usc.edu/doc/Social_Capital_highlight.pdf>: 2
248
249
250
251
252
The metrics and sub-metrics for Arts and Cultural Vitality are listed below
For presence, research focused on the following: (1) art establishments per capita, (2) the number of nonprot community
celebrations, festivals, fairs and parades, (3) access to higher education arts institutions
For participation, research focused on the following: (1) K-12 arts education and after-school arts programs and (2) presence
of working artists
For support, research focused on the following: (1) public expenditures in support of the arts and (2) foundation and
nonprot contributions and expenditures in support of the arts
253
Urban Institute (2010). Arts and Culture Indicators Project Data: 2006-2008. Washington, D.C. Retrieved from: <http://
www.metrotrends.org/data.cfm>
254
Los Angeles County Economic Development Corporation (2010). Otis Report on The Creative Economy of the Los
Angeles Region: The Power of Art and Artists. Los Angeles, CA: Otis College of Art and Design. Retrieved from: <http://
www.otis.edu/creative_economy/>: 39
255
National Association of Schools of Art and Design (2011). Member Lists. Reston, VA. Retrieved from: <http://nasad.arts-
accredit.org/index.jsp?page=Member%20Lists>
256
Markusen, A. (2010). Los Angeles: Americas Artist Super City. Los Angeles, CA: Center for Cultural Innovation. Retrieved
from: <http://www.hhh.umn.edu/projects/prie/pdf/MarkusenLAArtistSuperCityFinal1010.pdf>
257
Urban Institute (2010). Arts and culture indicators project data: 2006-2008. Washington, D.C.: Author. Retrieved from:
<http://www.metrotrends.org/data.cfm>
258
Urban Institute (2010). Arts and culture indicators project data: 2006-2008. Washington, D.C.: Author. Retrieved from:
<http://www.metrotrends.org/data.cfm>
259
from: <http://www.hhh.umn.edu/projects/prie/pdf/MarkusenLAArtistSuperCityFinal1010.pdf>: 12
260
Los Angeles Unied School District Arts Education Branch (2011). Access, Equity, and Quality: Arts and Creativity in
Learning 2011-2014 (DRAFT). The Arts Education Master Plan. Los Angeles, CA.
261
Los Angeles Unied School District Arts Education Branch (2011). Access, Equity, and Quality: Arts and Creativity in
Learning 2011-2014 (DRAFT). The Arts Education Master Plan. Los Angeles, CA: 9
262
Song, J. (2011). Los Angeles Schools Budget Woes Hit Arts Programs Hard. Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, CA: Author.
Retrieved from: <http://articles.latimes.com/2011/jun/13/local/la-me-arts-funds-20110613>
263
Howard, D.B., Hyeon, J.K., Guihama, J. (2009). Arts in the Balance: A Survey of Arts Funding in Los Angeles County 1998
to 2008. Los Angeles, CA: Southern California Grantmakers & UCLA Center for Civil Society. Retrieved from: <http://www.
spa.ucla.edu/ccs/docs/LA_Arts_Funders_Full_Report_(April%202009).pdf>: 17
www. LA2050. org
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265
www.otis.edu/creative_economy/>
266
Currid, E. & Williams, S. (2010). The Geography of Buzz: Art, Culture and the Social Milieu in Los Angeles and New York.
Journal of Economic Geography, 10 (3): 423-451.
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Myers, D. (2011). The Future Demographic Outlook of Los Angeles. Population Dynamics Research Group, Price School
of Public Policy, University of Southern California. Los Angeles, CA: 1
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of Public Policy, University of Southern California. Los Angeles, CA: 2-3
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Modarres, A. (2011). Los Angeles Gets Old. New Geography. Retrieved from: <http://www.newgeography.com/
content/002566-los-angeles-gets-old>
287
Committee on the Future Health Care Workforce for Older Americans, Institute of Medicine (2008). Retooling for an
Aging America: Building the Health Care Workforce. The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C. Retrieved from: <
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12089.html>: 5
288
California Health and Human Services Agency (2003). A Strategic Plan for an Aging California Population: Getting
California Ready for the Baby Boomers. Sacramento, CA. Retrieved from: <http://www.ccoa.ca.gov/res/docs/pubs/
population.pdf>: 3
289
Bailey, T. (1991). Jobs of the Future and the Education They Will Require: Evidence from Occupational Forecasts.
Educational Researcher, 20(2): 11; Friedman, T.L., Mandelbaum, M. (2011). That Used to Be Us: How America Fell Behind in
the World it Invented and How we can Come Back. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York, NY: 103-109
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