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Fiber-Optic Communication Systems An Introduction: Xavier Fernando Ryerson University

Fiber optic communication systems use optical fiber to transmit voice, video, and data signals over long distances and with greater bandwidth than traditional copper wire networks. Optical fiber consists of thin strands of glass that carry digital signals using pulses of light. Key benefits of optical fiber include very high bandwidth, low signal loss allowing transmission over hundreds of kilometers without repeaters, and the ability to carry multiple signals simultaneously using wavelength division multiplexing. Optical fiber networks have revolutionized telecommunications and enabled the internet by providing vastly increased connectivity capabilities.

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Biswarup Mukherjee
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128 views36 pages

Fiber-Optic Communication Systems An Introduction: Xavier Fernando Ryerson University

Fiber optic communication systems use optical fiber to transmit voice, video, and data signals over long distances and with greater bandwidth than traditional copper wire networks. Optical fiber consists of thin strands of glass that carry digital signals using pulses of light. Key benefits of optical fiber include very high bandwidth, low signal loss allowing transmission over hundreds of kilometers without repeaters, and the ability to carry multiple signals simultaneously using wavelength division multiplexing. Optical fiber networks have revolutionized telecommunications and enabled the internet by providing vastly increased connectivity capabilities.

Uploaded by

Biswarup Mukherjee
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fiber-Optic Communication Systems An Introduction

Xavier Fernando Ryerson University

Why Optical Communications?


Optical Fiber is the backbone of the modern communication networks The Optical Fiber Carries:
Almost all long distance phone calls Most Internet traffic (Dial-up, DSL or Cable) Most Television channels (Cable or DSL) Most LAN, WAN and much more

One fiber can carry up to 6.4 Tb/s (1012 b/s) or 100 million conversations simultaneously

Multimedia over Fiber


Fiber carries various media
Voice (SONET/Telephony) - The largest traffic Video (TV) over
Hybrid Fiber Coaxial (HFC) or Fiber-Twisted Pair/Digital Subscriber Loops (DSL)

Data Internet traffic These three are called the Triple Play

Information revolution wouldnt have happened without the Optical Fiber

Why Optical Communications?


Lowest Attenuation: 0.2 dB/km at 1.55 m band resulting in 100s of km links without repeaters (very useful in under-see communication) Highest Bandwidth of any communication channel: Single Mode Fiber (SMF) offers the lowest dispersion highest bit rate rich content (broadband multimedia) Upgradability: Via Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) Low Cost: Fiber is made of Silica (earth), much low cost than copper

Why OPTICOM for you?


Most of you will eventually work in Information and Communications Technology (ICT) area
138,000 ICT engineers hired in US in 2006 compared to 14000 in biomedical (http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos027.htm)

Canada produces 40% of the worlds optoelectronic products (Nortel, JDS Uniphase, Quebec Photonic Cluster)

Elements of OPTICOM System

Elements of OPTICOM System


The Fiber that carries the light
Single Mode Fiber (only one EM mode exists), offers the highest bit rate, most widely used Multi Mode Fiber (multiple EM modes exist), hence higher dispersion (due to multiple modes) cheaper than SMF, used in local area networks Step Index Fiber two distinct refractive indices Graded Index Fiber gradual change in refractive index

Optical fiber cable installations

Elements of OPTICOM System


Optical Transmitter converts the electrical information to optical format (E/O)
Light Emitting Diode (LED): cheap, robust and used with MMF in short range applications
Surface emitting and edge emitting LED

LASER Diode: high performance and more power, used with SMF in high speed links
Distributed Feedback (DFB) Laser high performance single mode laser Fabry-Perrot (FP) lasers low performance multimode laser

Elements of OPTICOM System


Optical Receiver converts the optical signal into appropriate electrical format (E/O)
PIN Photo Diode: Low performance, no internal gain, low cost, widely used Avalanche Photo Diode (APD): High performance with internal (avalanche) gain

Repeater: receives weak light signal, cleansup, amplifies and retransmits (O/E/O) Optical Amplifier: Amplifies light in fiber without O/E/O

Wavelength Division Multiplexing

Fiber has the capability to transmit hundreds of wavelengths Cost effective only in long haul links in the past With low cost Coarse WDM (CWDM) equipment this is possible even in the access front Once the fiber is in place, additional wavelength can be launched at both ends by replacing transceivers

Optical Amplifier & EDFA

Continuous Wave (Constant)

An optical amplifier amplifies the light signal without converting to electrical Very useful is WDM systems Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) works in 1550 nm band

Brief Intro on Telecom Networks

Basics of Communication Networks

Long Haul Network

Brief History of Networks


Copper Telecom Networks: 4 kHz analog voice local loop (between customers and central office access end) still in Bell Telephone lines & 56k modems Digital interoffice trunks using DS-1 (Digital Signal Type 1) A voice signal digitized at a sampling rate of 8 kHz 8 bits/samples is DS-0 (64 kb/s) Carried on a single twisted copper-wire pair Required repeaters every 2 km to compensate for attenuation

Digital Transmission Hierarchy (DTH)

64-kb/s circuits are multiplexed into higher-bit-rate formats

Called Telephony or T-Networks This is Copper network

First Generation Fiber Optic Systems


Purpose: Eliminate repeaters in T-1 systems used in inter-office trunk lines Technology: 0.8 m GaAs semiconductor lasers Multimode silica fibers Limitations: Fiber attenuation Intermodal dispersion Deployed since 1974

Second Generation Systems


Opportunity: Development of low-attenuation fiber (removal of H2O and other impurities) Eliminate repeaters in long-distance lines Technology: 1.3 m multi-mode semiconductor lasers Single-mode, low-attenuation silica fibers DS-3 signal: 28 multiplexed DS-1 signals carried at 44.736 Mbits/s Limitation: Fiber attenuation (repeater spacing 6 km) Deployed since 1978

Third Generation Systems


Opportunity: Deregulation of long-distance market Technology: 1.55 m single-mode semiconductor lasers Single-mode, low-attenuation silica fibers OC-48 signal: 810 multiplexed 64-kb/s voice channels carried at 2.488 Gbits/s Limitations: Fiber attenuation (repeater spacing 40 km) Fiber dispersion Deployed since 1982

Fourth Generation Systems


Opportunity: Development of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA) Technology (deployment began in 1994): 1.55 m single-mode, narrow-band semiconductor lasers Single-mode, low-attenuation, dispersion-shifted silica fibers Wavelength-division multiplexing of 2.5 Gb/s or 10 Gb/s signals Nonlinear effects limit the following system parameters: Signal launch power Propagation distance without regeneration/re-clocking WDM channel separation Maximum number of WDM channels per fiber Polarization-mode dispersion limits the following parameters: Propagation distance without regeneration/re-clocking

Evolution of Optical Networks

History of Attenuation

Three Windows based on Wavelength

Fiber Network Topologies


Who Uses it? Core/ LongHaul Metro/ Regional Access/ LocalLoop Phone Company, Govt(s) Phone Company, Big Business Small Business, Consumer Span (km) ~103 Bit Rate (bps) ~1011 (100s of Gbps) ~1010 (10s of Gbps) ~109 (56kbps1Gbps) Multiplexing DWDM/ TDM DWDM/C WDM/TD M TDM/ SCM/ Fiber SMF/ DCF Laser EML/ DFB DFB Receiver APD

~102

SMF/ LWPF SMF/ MMF

APD/ PIN

~10

DFB/ FP

PIN

Core - Combination of switching centers and transmission systems connecting switching centers. Access- that part of the network which connects subscribers to their immediate service providers
LWPF : Low-Water-Peak Fiber, DCF : Dispersion Compensating Fiber, EML : Externally modulated (DFB) laser

Synchronous Optical Networks


SONET is the TDM optical network standard for North America (called SDH in the rest of the world) We focus on the physical layer STS-1, Synchronous Transport Signal consists of 810 bytes over 125 us 27 bytes carry overhead information Remaining 783 bytes: Synchronous Payload Envelope

SONET/SDH Bit Rates


SONET OC-1 OC-3 OC-12 OC-24 OC-48 OC-96 OC-192 Bit Rate (Mbps) 51.84 155.52 622.08 1244.16 2488.32 4976.64 9953.28 SDH STM-1 STM-4 STM-8 STM-16 STM-32 STM-64

Last Mile Bottle Neck and Access Networks


Infinite Bandwidth Backbone Optical Fiber Networks A few (Gb/s)
Few Mb/s The Last Mile ?

Virtually infinite demand end user


Additionally, supporting different QoS

Fiber in the Access End


Passive Optical Networks (PON) No active elements or O/E conversion Fibre-Coaxial (analog) or DSL (digital) fibre-copper systems Radio over fibre (FibreWireless) Systems Currently Drives the Market

Analog Systems: Sub Carrier Multiplexing (SCM)


Several RF carriers are frequency division multiplexed over single fiber Each RF Carrier is an independent communication channel
Ex: CATV System

Hybrid/Fiber Coax (HFC) TV Networks

Digital
Subscriber

Loop
DSL consists of fiber-twisted pair This is a digital fiber-copper link Multimedia (video and data) supported over voice At least 3.7 Mb/s streaming is needed for quality video Bit rate heavily depend on the length of the twisted pair link New techniques like very high rate DSL (VDSL) are tried Some new condominiums in Toronto have access to video over DSL

PON Flavours
APON/BPON: ATM/Broadband PON
Uses ATM as bearer protocol 155 or 622 Mbps downstream, 155 upstream.

EPON: Ethernet PON


Uses Ethernet frames for data transfer 10G-EPON aims at reaching high data rates of 10 Gb/s

GPON: Gigabit capable PON - successor of BPON


Enables the transmission of both ATM cells and Ethernet packets in the same transmission frame structure.

WPON: WDM-PON
Support multiple wavelengths

PON Comparison
Downstream APON BPON EPON GPON 155 Mb/s 622 Mb/s 155 Mb/s 622 Mb/s 10-1000 Mb/s 1.244 Gb/s 2.488 Gb/s Upstream 155 Mb/s 155 MB/s 155 Mb/s 622 MB/s 10-1000 Mb/s 155 Mb/s 622 Mb/s 1.244 Gb/s 2.488 Gb/s Standard ITU-T (FSAN) IEEE 802.3ah ITU-T G.983 (FSAN) ITU-T G.983 (FSAN Full Services Access Network)

Radio over Fiber (ROF)


RF signals are transmitted over fiber to provide broadband wireless access An emerging very hot area Many advantages

ROF for Fiber-Wireless Networks


Central Base Station Radio over Fiber (ROF)
Y

RAP
Up/Down links Y (Simple)

RAP
Y

802.11

voice

RAP

Single ROF link can support voice and data simultaneously

Micro Cell

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